Dickens
A Biography
To Julia, Noah, and Ben, and to the memory of my father
Contents
Illustrations
Preface, 1998
CHAPTER ONE:
Scenes of His Boyhood (1812–1822)
CHAPTER TWO:
The Hero of My Own Life (1822–1834)
CHAPTER THREE:
The First Coming (1834–1837)
CHAPTER FOUR:
Charley Is My Darling (1837–1841)
CHAPTER FIVE:
The Emperor of Cheerfulness (1842–1844)
CHAPTER SIX:
An Angelic Nature (1844–1846)
CHAPTER SEVEN:
As My Father Would Observe (1846–1849)
CHAPTER EIGHT:
No Need for Rest (1849–1853)
CHAPTER NINE:
The Sparkler of Albion (1853–1855)
CHAPTER TEN:
Superfluous Fierceness (1855–1857)
CHAPTER ELEVEN:
My Own Wild Way (1857–1859)
CHAPTER TWELVE:
A Splendid Excess (1860–1864)
CHAPTER THIRTEEN:
The Sons of Toil (1864–1868)
CHAPTER FOURTEEN:
A Castle in the Other World (1867–1870)
Notes
Image Gallery
Acknowledgments
Index
Acknowledgments
DURING THE YEARS THAT I HAVE WORKED ON THIS BOOK I HAVE incurred many professional and personal obligations, all of which, in their various permutations, have contributed to its creation. The primary institutional obligations are to libraries and universities, and to two research centers, the Huntington Library and the National Humanities Center, which provided me with substantial fellowships. The National Endowment for the Humanities also gave financial assistance. My own college and university, Queens College (which generously granted me a Presidential Research Award and Faculty Research awards) and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, kindly contributed to my having had time to work on this long but mostly happy labor.
Three libraries and their beneficent overseers head the list of my archival obligations: the Berg Collection of the New York Public Library and its curator, Lola Szladits, the Dickens House Museum in London and its curator, David Parker (who kindly read and made helpful comments on the manuscript), and the Henry E. Huntington Library in San Marino, California, and its librarian, Daniel Woodward. At the Dickens House Museum, I was also helped by Eileen Power, and at the Huntington Library by Mary Robertson, Susan Hodson, Alan Jutzi, and Martin Ridge. Other libraries and librarians whose resources and generosity I am thankful for are the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University (Marjorie Wynn), the British Library, the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center of the University of Texas (Cathy Henderson), the National Library of Scotland, the Pierpont Morgan Library, the Benoliel Collection of the Free Library of Philadelphia (Walter A. Frankel), the Parrish Collection of Princeton University Library (Jean F. Preston and Alexander D. Wainwright), the Sadleir Collection of the University of California at Los Angeles, and the Forster Collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. These and other such obligations are further detailed in the citations of sources.
The Editors and Trustees of the Pilgrim Edition of The Letters of Charles Dickens, to whom Mr. Christopher Dickens has turned over the common-law copyright for Dickens’ unpublished letters, have kindly permitted the use of summaries and brief quotations. I am especially indebted to Kathleen Tillotson for her support and cooperation. Graham Storey has kindly conveyed to me this permission on behalf of Christopher Dickens. I am also indebted to R. A. Denniston, the publisher of the Oxford University Press for permission to quote from the published letters.
Personal and professional debts begin to become indistinguishable, probably inseparable, at this point, though one has an institutional presence that allows me to acknowledge here how stimulating and helpful have been my years of participation in the Dickens Project of the University of California at Santa Cruz, and the support of its two directors, Murray Baumgarten and John Jordan, and of Edwin Eigner and my other colleagues there.
My friend and colleague David Kleinbard has contributed to some of the small moments of grace that the book may have by his kind, helpful reading of the manuscript. Rhoda Weyr, who has been the first audience for some of this book, has my warm appreciation for her help. My colleagues at the seminar in biography at New York University made useful suggestions, particularly in regard to the first chapter, and I’m especially indebted to Robert Halsband, Charles Molesworth, and Aileen Ward for their comments. My colleague at the National Humanities Center, Donald Scott, provided me with a helpful Dickens document from the Newton Antiquarian Society archives. Kirk Beetz kindly shared with me some of his wide knowledge of Wilkie Collins’ letters. I owe a debt of appreciation to Kathleen Longley, who allowed me to read and benefit from her unpublished writings on Ellen Ternan and the Ternan family. Jay Williams provided kind words and suggestions throughout.
Georges Borchardt in New York and Richard Simon in London are partly responsible for the excellent editing and production that the book has had under the capable and creative eye of Maria Guarnaschelli of William Morrow and the thoughtful suggestions that were made by John Curtis of Hodder & Stoughton. Amy Edelman of William Morrow has copyedited the manuscript with great competence and intelligence, and she and her colleagues Cheryl Asherman, Susan Halligan, and Dennis Combs have been invaluable. Sylvere Monod, during my stay in Paris, was kind enough, among his many kindnesses, to direct me to Olivier Cohen of Mazarin. Michelle Lepautre graciously brought us together. To Sylvere Monod I also am indebted for introducing me to Janine Watrin, who generously spent a day showing me all the Dickens sites and associations in the area of Condette and Boulogne. Dr. Kenneth Churchill, the cultural attaché at the British Embassy in Paris, put me in touch with his colleague Diana Neill, who graciously took me on a tour of the embassy to indulge my desire to examine the ballroom in which Dickens had given readings. Gloria Kaplan helpfully shared ideas and rendered assistance.
I am indebted, in alphabetical order, to the following people for acts of assistance that directly or indirectly contributed to my work: Laura Maslow Armand, Jerome Badanes, Maggie Blades, Doreen Blake, Charles Blitzer, Martin Blum, Philip Bolton, Charles Carlton, Philip Collins, Sandra Copeland, Mara Lemanis Cunningham, Enid Davey, Wally Davey, Morris Dickstein, Daniel Donno, Elizabeth Donno, Nan Dorsey, Robert Edwards, K. J. Fielding, Ernestine Friedl, Norman Fruman, Regenia Gagnier, Edward Geffner, Elliot Gilbert, Michael Goldberg, Harold Goldwhite, Maria Goldwhite, Mark Greenberg, Robert Greenberg, Vivian Greenberg, Edward Guiliano, Jack Hall, Katie Higby, Robert Higby, Theo Hoppen, Jean Houston, Irving Howe, Lois Hughson, Howard Hughson, Al Hutter, Gerhardt Joseph, Alfred Kazin, Shirley Strum Kenny, Maureen Kleinbard, Uli Knoepflmacher, Barbara Leavy, Peter Leavy, Jean Leuchtenberg, Townshend Luddington, Carol Mackay, Harold Marcus, Steven Marcus, Annie Monod, Linda Morgan, Kent Mulliken, Robert Patten, Gordon Philo, Robert Polehumus, Wayne Pond, Norris Pope, John Reilly, Virginia Renner, James Riddell, Murray Roston, Clyde Ryals, Andrew Sanders, Hilary Schor, Pat Schrieber, Elsa Sink, Michael Slater, Doris Smedes, Harry Stone, James Thorpe, Charles Tolk, Robert Tracy, Allan Tuttle, Rebecca Vargha, Roland Voize, Alexander Welsh, the late Elizabeth Wheeler, and Carl Woodring.
Finally, a Dickensian acknowledgment of a philosophical sort, my expression of appreciation to that long list of people who have been helpful and kind to me. It has not been more than I deserve, to paraphrase and reverse Coleridge’s sad comment. But it is a marvel to be savored and appreciated—how many people, despite the problems of life and time, generously help those who ask.
Notes
ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations and short titles are used in the notes:
MANUSCRIPTS
Berg Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection, the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations
BL British Library
DHM Dickens House Museum
HH The Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Morgan Pierpont Morgan Library, New York
NLS National Library of Scotland
PH The Free Library, Philadelphia
PR The Parrish Collection, Princeton University
TEX The Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas
V&A Forster Collection, Victoria and Albert Museum
Yale Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University
PEOPLE
ABC Angela Burdett Coutts
AD Alfred Dickens
AR Arthur Ryland
AS Albert Smith
ASM Arthur Smith
AT Augustus Frederick Tracey
B&E Bradbury and Evans
BP Bryan Procter
CaD Catherine Dickens
C&H Chapman and Hall
CC Charles Collins
CCF Cornelius C. Felton
CD Charles Dickens
CDJr Charles (Charley) Dickens, Jr.
CK Charles Kent
CL Charles Lever
CS Clarkson Stanfield
CW Charles Ward
DJ Douglas Jerrold
DkD Duke of Devonshire
DM Daniel Maclise
EBL Edward Bulwer-Lytton
ED Edward B. L. (Plorn) Dickens
EG Elizabeth Gaskell
EP Edward Pigott
ER Emile de la Rue
ET Edward Tagart
EY Edmund Yates
FB Fanny (Dickens) Burnett
FD Frederick Dickens
FDN Frances Dickinson
FE Frederick Evans
FL Frederick Lehmann
FO Frederic Ouvry
FS Frank Stone
GC George Cruikshank
GD George Dolby
GH Georgina Hogarth
GHL George Henry Lewes
HA Henry Austin
HB Henry Burnett
HC Harriet Collins
HCA Hans Christian Andersen
HFD Henry Fielding Dickens
HMB Hannah Meredith Brown
HWL Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
JD John Dickens
JET James Emerson Tennent
JF John Forster
JL John Leech
JM John Macrone
JTF James T. Fields
KD Kate (Katie) Dickens
LA Letitia (Dickens) Austin
LB Lady Blessington
LH Leigh Hunt
LW Lavinia Watson
MB Mary Boyle
MD Mary (Mamie) Dickens
ML Mark Lemon
MS Marcus Stone
MW Maria (Beadnell) Winter
PC Philip Collins
PF Percy Fitzgerald
RB Richard Bentley
RBL Robert Bulwer-Lytton
RHH Richard Henry Home
TAT Thomas A. Trollope
TB Thomas Beard
TC Thomas Carlyle
TJT Thomas James Thompson
TM Thomas Mitton
TNT Thomas Noon Talfourd
WC Wilkie Collins.
WCM William Charles Macready
WFC William F. de Cerjat
WHA William Harrison Ainsworth
WHH William Holman Hunt
WHR W. H. Russell
WHW William Henry Wills
WJC William J. Carlton
WMT William Makepeace Thackeray
WSL Walter Savage Landor
BOOKS
Dickens’ Works
The Clarendon Dickens (Oxford, 1966–1982) has been used for DC, DS, ED, LD, MC, and OT. For all other works, including the Christmas tales and stories, The Oxford Illustrated Dickens has been used with occasional textual corrections from the Penguin edition, with the exception of BkM, which has been cited from the text (1981) published by the New York Public Library, and PI, which has been cited from the edition (1973) edited by David Paroissien. Miscellaneous Papers (1914), ed. B. W. Matz, contains many otherwise uncollected short pieces.
AN American Notes, 1842
BH Bleak House, 1852–53
BkM Charles Dickens’ Book of Memoranda, 1981
BR Barnaby Rudge, 1841
DC David Copperfield, 1849–50
DS Dombey and Son, 1846–78
ED The Mystery of Edwin Drood, 1870
GE Great Expectations, 1860–61
HT Hard Times, 1854
LD Little Dorrit, 1855–57
MC Martin Chuzzlewit, 1843–44
MP Miscellaneous Papers, 1914
NN Nicholas Nickleby, 1838–39
OCS The Old Curiosity Shop, 1840–41
OMF Our Mutual Friend, 1864–65
OT Oliver Twist, 1837–38
PI Pictures from Italy, 1846
PP Pickwick Papers, 1836–37
RP Reprinted Pieces, 1850–56
SB Sketches by Boz, 1833–36
TTC A Tale of Two Cities, 1859
UT The Uncommercial Traveller, 1860, 1865, 1875
HCD The Heart of Charles Dickens, ed. Edgar Johnson, 1952
KJF The Speeches of Charles Dickens, ed. K. J. Fielding, 1960
MM Mr. and Mrs. Charles Dickens. His Letters to Her, ed. Walter Dexter, 1935
N The Nonesuch Edition of The Letters of Charles Dickens, ed. Walter Dexter, 3 vols., 1938
P The Pilgrim Edition of The Letters of Charles Dickens, volumes 1–5, ed. Madeline House, Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson, K. J. Fielding, 1965–81.
Wills Charles Dickens as Editor, ed. R. C. Lehmann, 1912
Journals
AYR All the Year Round, 1859–70
D The Dickensian, 1905–
DSA Dickens Studies Annual, 1970–1987.
GHG Gad’s Hill Gazette, 1863–65. Berg; DHM.
HW Household Words, 1850–59
Reminiscences, Articles, and Books
Adrian Arthur Adrian, Georgina Hogarth and the Dickens Circle, 1957
Allen Michael Allen, “The Dickens Family at Portsmouth, 1807–14,” D (1981), 131–43; “The Dickens Family at London and Sheerness, 1815–1816,” D (1982), 3–7; “The Dickens Family at Chatham, 1817–1822,” D (1982), 67–88; “The Dickens Family in London, 1822–1824,” D (1982), 131–51; “The Dickens Family in London 1824–1827,” D (1983), 2–20
Bred Hans Christian Andersen and Charles Dickens, A Friendship and Its Dissolution, Anglistica 7, 1956
Christian Eleanor E. Christian, “Recollections of Charles Dickens,” Temple Bar, 1888
CD Jr Charles Dickens, Jr., “Reminiscences of My Father,” Windsor Magazine, 1934
Davies James A. Davies, John Forster, A Literary Life, 1983
DD Gladys Storey, Dickens and Daughter, 1939
Dolby George Dolby, Charles Dickens as I Knew Him, 1912
F John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, 2 vols., 1876
Fitz Percy Fitzgerald, Memories of Charles Dickens, 1913
Frith W. P. Frith, My Autobiography and Reminiscences, 1889
Gaskell A. V. Chappie and Arthur Pollard, ed., Letters of Mrs. Gaskell, 1966
HFD.M Henry Fielding Dickens, Memories of My Father, 1929
HFD.R Henry Fielding Dickens, The Recollections of Sir Henry Dickens, 1934
IR Philip Collins. ed., Charles Dickens, Interviews and Recollections, 2 vols., 1981
J Edgar Johnson, Charles Dickens, His Tragedy and His Triumph, 2 vols., 1952
JTF James T. Fields, Yesterdays with Authors, 1882
Langton Robert Langton, The Childhood and Youth of Charles Dickens, 1891
Lehmann John Lehmann, Ancestors and Friends, 1962
MD Mamie Dickens, My Father as I Recall Him, 1900
MS Marcus Stone, “Reminiscences,” DHM
Nisbet Ada Nisbet, Dickens & Ellen Ternan, 1952
P&P Frederic G. Kitton, Charles Dickens by Pen and Pencil, 1889–90
Patten Robert Patten, Charles Dickens and His Publishers, 1978
Ray Gordon N. Ray, The Letters and Private Papers of William Makepeace Thackeray, 4 vols., 1945–46
Slater Michael Slater, Dickens and Women, 1983
WCM.D William Charles Macready, The Diaries of William Charles Macready, ed. William Toynbee, 2 vols., 1912
WCM.R William Charles Macready, Macready’s Reminiscences and Diaries, ed. Frederick Pollock, 1875
Wright Thomas Wright, The Life of Charles Dickens, 1935
Yates Edmund Yates, Recollections and Experiences, 1884
CHAPTER ONE
Scenes of His Boyhood (1812–1822)
1. CD to WHW, 9/4/1860, N 3, 176–77; CD to WCM, 3/1/1865, N 3, 416; DD, 106–7. Though Storey states that it was Katie who tried to save some of the letters, it is likely to have been Mamie or Georgina; Katie was in France.
2. CD to WCM, 2/1/1865, N 3, 416.
3. Christian, 483–84; Allen (“Portsmouth”), 137; CD to ABC, 8/30/1849, P 5, 602.
4. F, I, 1, 5; CD to ABC, 1/25/1855, HCD, 289; MS. DHM.
5. “The First of May” (“A Little Talk about Spring and the Sweeps”), SB (June 1836), 170.
6. J 2, 1160–61 provides genealogies for the Dickens and Barrow families that go back to 1633 and 1510 respectively. I do not believe that they are historically valid; DD, 31–33.
7. Allen (“Portsmouth”), 131–32, 137; WJC, “The Barrows of Bristol,” D (1949), 33–36; DD, 37.
8. Allen (“Portsmouth”), 138–39, 142.
9. “Dullborough Town,” UT, 126; “The First of May,” SB (June 1836), 169; “Travelling Abroad,” UT, 62.
10. Allen (“Chatham”), 67–68.
11. “Travelling Abroad,” UT, 67; “Chatham Dockyard,” UT (AYR, 1860?), 260–62; “Dullborough Town,” UT, 116–17; the question of the precise nature of his childhood and lifelong ailment has not been satisfactorily resolved. The most plausible guesses are made by W. H. Bowen in CD and His Family, 1956, 134–59.
12. KJF, 50–51; Langton, 25; F, I, 7, 10.
13. F, I, 1, 9–11.
14. MS; Arthur Heran, “Those Wonderful Eyes,” D (1926), 25–29; F I, 1, 10–11.
15. Memoirs of Grimaldi, ed. CD, 1838, ed. Richard Findlater, 1968, 9–10; F 2, 93.
16. Jane W. Stedman, “Good Spirits: Dickens’s Childhood Reading.” D (1965), 150–54; F, I, i, 10; “Dullborough Town,” UT, 120.
17. “Dullborough Town,” UT, 118.
18. “Dullborough Town,” UT, 118–19.
19. “Dullborough Town,” UT, 119.
20. “Night Walks,” UT, 131; “Nurse’s Stories,” UT, 156–57.
21. DD, 33–34; WJC, “More About the Dickens Ancestry,” D (1961), 5–10; Allen (“Chatham”), 80, 76–77.
CHAPTER TWO
The Hero of My Own Life (1822–1834)
1. “Dullborough Town,” UT, 116.
2. See WJC, “The Deed in DC,” D (1952), 101–6; William Oldie, “Mr. Micawber and the Redefinition of Experience,” D (1967), 100–110: “JD is the source for Mr. Micawber. … Perhaps this, more than anything, shows how profoundly Dickens needed to write about his father” (109). E. Davey, “The Parents of CD,” Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine (1874), 772–74, takes the untenable position that JD and Micawber and Elizabeth Dickens and Mrs. Nickleby have little in common and are not portraits of CD’s parents.
3. Davey, 773; Ephesian (C. E. Bechhofer Roberts), “The Huffams, the Barrows, and the Admiralty,” D (1928), 263–66; W. B. Matz, “Christopher Huffam, CD’s Grandfather,” D (1924), 121–24; Allen (“London,” 1), 114.
4. F, I, 1, 18–19; WJC, “The Barber of Dean Street,” D (1951), 8–12.
5. WJC, “Fanny Dickens, Pianist and Vocalist,” D (1957), 133–43, and supplementary documents, DHM.
6. DD, 46–48; WJC, “JD, Journalist,” D (1957), 5–11.
7. Allen (“London,” 1), 135.
8. WJC, “In the Blacking Warehouse,” D (1964), 11–16; for a discussion of the problem of dating the start of CD’s employment at Warren’s, see Allen (“London,” 1), 138.
9. Kathleen H. Strange, “Blacking Polish,” D (1979), 7–11; F, I, 1, 25–26.
10. WJC, “The Deed in DC,” D (1952), 101–6.
11. Angus Easson, “I, Elizabeth Dickens: Light on JD’s Legacy,” D (1971), 35–40; Allen (“London,” 1), 140–50; JD to H. Perryman, 10/6/1825, D (1913), 148.
12. Easson, 40; copies of these Public Record Office documents are at the DHM. The originals are quoted in Allen (“London,” 1), 146–47, and Allen (“London,” 2), 4.
13. WJC, “Postscripts to Forster,” D (1962), 88–89; F, I, 28; Allen, 145–46.
14. F, I, 1, 22–3, 36–37.
15. F, I, 1, 38.
16. See Albert D. Hutter, “Reconstructive Autobiography: The Experience at Warren’s Blacking,” DSA 6 (1977), 1–14; F, I, 38.
17. P&P, 128.
18. See “Our School,” UT, 567, 573; Willoughby Matchett, “Dickens at Wellington House Academy,” D (1911), 212–13, 180–81; C. M. Neale, “Did Dickens Learn Virgil?” D (1912), 89–91, 123–26; CD to O. P. Thomas, 1825–26. P 1, 1.
19. Langton, 89; “Our School,” UT, 568; Walter Dexter, “One Hundred Years Ago, Dickens’s School Days in London,” D (1926), 45.
20. WJC, “The Deed,” 104–6; the editor, “Two Early Homes of CD,” D (1951), 198–200.
21. P&P, 129.
22. P&P, 130–31.
23. WJC, “The Strange Story of TM,” D (1960), 141–52; P 1, 35 note.
24. CD to J. H. Kuenzel, 7/?/1838, P 1, 423; P 1, 9 note 4.
25. Gerald G. Grubb, “Dickens’ First Experience as a Parliamentary Reporter,” D (1940), 216; Samuel Carter Hall, Retrospect of a Long Life, 1883, 64; WJC, “JD, Journalist,” D (1957), 5–6.
26. WJC, CD Shorthand Writer (1926), 46–7; CD to Kuenzel, 7/?/1838, P1, 423; Grubb, 211–18.
27. F, I, 3. 55.
28. P 1, 2.
29. A. De Suzannet, “Maria Beadnell’s Album,” D (1935), 161–68.
30. “City of London Churches,” UT, 88–89; Michael Slater, “David to Dora: A New Dickens Letter,” D (1972), 162–66, and Slater, 54–57; “The Bill of Fare,” HH MS.; despite his disappointment, he continued to feel affection for George Beadnell, who “was most hospital, friendly, & kind,” and corresponded with him through the 1840s.
31. WJC, “A Companion of the Copperfield Days,” D (1953), 7–16.
32. CD to MW, 2/22/1855, N 2, 633; “Birthday Celebrations,” UT, 403.
33. CD to Maria Beadnell, 5/14/1833, 5/19/1833, P 1, 23, 29; CD to Henry Kolle, 5/19/1833, P 1, 29.
34. CD to JF, 12/30–31/1844, 1/1/1845, P 4, 244–45.
35. WJC, “Fanny Dickens,” 135–36; P 4, 245.
36. CD provided a fictional account of an aspect of the preparation in “Mrs. Joseph Porter” (Monthly Magazine, 1/1834); Morgan MS.
37. Morgan MS.; Charles Haywood, “CD and Shakespeare; or, The Irish Moor of Venice, O’Thello, With Music.” D (1977), 67–87.
38. CD to Kolie, 12/10/1833, P1, 33–34; WJC, “An Echo of the Copperfield Days,” D (1949), 149–52; Charles Mackay, Forty Years’ Recollections of Life Literature, and Public Affairs, 1877, I, 78; P&P, 133–34.
39. JD to TB, 12/4/1834, DHM.
CHAPTER THREE
The First Coming (1834–1837)
1. J. P. Collier, An Old Man’s Diary, 1872, IV, viii.
2. Collier, IV, 12–14.
3. P 1, 47, 60; KJF, 347.
4. P 1, 41 note 1; CD to CaD, 12/16/1835, P 1, 106–7; P 1, 106, note 3.
5. KJF, 346–47; “Preface,” SB (1850); “Preface,” PP (1867).
6. KJF, 347; Charles Mackay, P&P, 134.
7. CD to George Hogarth, 1/20/1835, P 1, 54–55.
8. PP, 138.
9. DD, 49–50; W. Forbes Gray, “The Edinburgh Relatives and Friends of CD,” D (1926), 218–23; Christian, 481.
10. WJC, “An Early Home of Dickens in Kensington,” D (1965), 20–25; CD to CaD, 7/1835. 7/9/1835. P 1. 67, 69.
11. CD to CaD, 5/1835, P 1, 61.
12. CD to CaD, 6/?/1835, P 1, 63.
13. CD to CaD, 6/1835, P 1, 63; Michael Slater, “How Dickens ‘told’ Catherine about his Past,” D (1979), 3–6.
14. CD to CaD, 11/19/1835, P 1, 95.
15. CD to CaD, 12/18/1835, 12/?/1835, P 1, no, 104.
16. CD to CaD, 11/3O?/1835, P 1, 99; P 1, 131 note, 144 note; PP, supplement, 10; TB to F. G. Kitton, 1/12/1888, DHM.
17. See G. A. Sala, The Life and Adventures of G. A. Sala, 1895, I, 172–73, for the origin of this story and John Sutherland, “JM,” DSA 13, 244 and 258 note; CD to JM, 10/27/1835, P 1, 81–84.
18. Samuel Ellis, William Henry Harrison and His Friends, 1911, I, 99, 121, 225.
19. Sala, Gentleman’s Magazine (1878). Quoted in Michael Wynn Jones, George Cruiksbank, His Life and London, 1978, 43; Blanchard Jerrold, The Life of George Cruiksbank, 1898, 109, 47–73; John Wardropper, The Caricatures of George Cruiksbank, 1978, 8; Kitton, CD and His Illustrators, 1899, 4; they had probably met in the summer of 1835. See WHA to Dear Sir, 8/30?/1835, HH.
20. Jerrold, 109; CD to JM, 12/26/1835, 12/171835, P 1, 112, 108; JTF, 230–31.
21. See Sutherland, 250, and Patten, 31–32, 40–41.
22. CD to RB, 9/17/1836, P 1, 174; P 1, 210 note; T. W. Hill, “Dickens and His ‘Ugly Duckling,’” D (1950), 190–96.
23. Patten, 60–62; Arthur Waugh, A Hundred Years of Publishing: Being the Story of C&H, 1930, 16–17; “Preface,” PP (1847).
24. Patten, 46–60; C&H to CD, 2/12/1836, P 1, 648; CD to CaD, 2/10/1836, P 1, 128–29.
25. Waugh, 20–21, 23; CD to Robert Seymour, 4/14/1836, P 1, 145–46; “Preface,” PP (1868), xxiii; for an argument on behalf of Seymour’s contributions to PP, see Diane Keitt, “CD and Robert Seymour: The Battle of Wills,” D (1986), 2–11.
26. Patten, 65; CD to C&H, 4/27/1836, P 1, 147–48.
27. See Jane R. Cohen, CD and His Original Illustrators, 1980, 53–58.
28. Speech at the Royal Academy dinner, Ray I, 312; KJF, 265.
29. Ray, I, 312; CD to JL, 8/24/1836, P 1, 168; CD to C&H, 8/24/1836, P 1, 169–70; F, I, 1, 71–72.
30. Patten, 66–67.
31. CD to C&H, 11/1/1836, P 1, 189.
32. JD to C&H, 2/14/1837, DHM transcription from Fitzgerald Collection, Rochester.
CHAPTER FOUR
Charley Is My Darling (1837–1841)
1. CD to JF, 6/20?/1837. P 1, 274.
2. WMT to Edward Fitzgerald, 5/1835, Ray, I, 287; Juston O’Driscoll, Memoir of Daniel Maclise, 1871, 20–22; Christian, 496.
3. Davies, 159–83; CD to JF, 1/8/1845, P 4, 246–47; JF to Mrs. JF, 7/8?/1869, HH; JF, “Diary,” 8/1853, 7/15/1849, 2/24/1851, 8/29/1859, 10/12/1860, HH; Henry Rawlins to Whitwell Elwin, 12/20/1879, HH.
4. JF to Mrs. Bennett, 6/20/1827, HH; Miss Bennett to Thomas Chitty, 9/12/1877, HH; extract from playbill, HH; William Andrew Mitchell, Newcastle Mercury (5/17/1828); P 3, 273 note 1.
5. Davies, 10–13; CD to Dr. Belcombe, 2/8/1838, Morgan; JF, “Diary,” 8/18/1859, HH.
6. P 1, 205 note 3, 210 note 1.
7. Samuel C. Hall, Memories of Great Men and Women of the Age 1877, 64.
8. WCM.D, 36, 72, 399.
9. P 1, 65 note; WJC, “The Death of Mary Hogarth–Before and After,” D (1967), 69; Mary Scott Hogarth to Mary Scott Hogarth II, 5/15/1836, P 1, 689; Mary Scott Hogarth to Mary Scott Hogarth II, 1/26/1837, “New letters of Mary Hogarth and Her Sister Catherine,” D (1967), 77.
10. Catherine Hogarth to Mary Scott Hogarth II, 5/30/1857, WJC, “New Letters,” D (1967), 71–72, 80; CD to ABC, 5/9/1858, HCD, 354–55.
11. CD to George Thomson, 5/8/1837, P 1, 256; WJC, “New Letters,” 80; CD to unknown correspondent, 6/8/1837, P 1, 268; CD to TB, 5/17/1837, P 1, 259.
12. Charles Klingman, “The Dream of CD,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association (1970), 783–89; P 1, 629; CD to Richard Johns, 5/31/1837, P 1, 263.
13. P 1, 632; CD to Johns, 5/31/1837, P 1, 263; CD to William Bradbury, 3/3/1839, P 1, 515; CD to CaD, 2/1/1838, P 1, 366.
14. CD to Henry Kolle, 12/10?/1833, P 1, 34; Kathleen Tillotson, ed., OT, 1966, xv-xvi.
15. From the inscription by CD on Mary Hogarth’s tombstone, P 1, 259 note 1.
16. OT, LVIII.
17. OT, XXXIX, LIII.
18. Royal A. Gettmann, A Victorian Publisher: A Study of the Bentley Papers, 1960, 15–23, 97–102; CD to RB, 8/17/1836, P 1, 164–65; P 1, 648–49.
19. P 1, 650; CD to Thomas Tegg, 8/11/1836, P 1, 163.
20. CD to RB, 11/2/1836, P 1, 189–90; CD to John Easthope, 11/18/1836, P 1, 195–96; Samuel Ellis, William Henry Harrison and His Friends, 1911, I, 305–8.
21. P 1, 207. CD to RB, 12/5/1836, P 1, 207.
22. CD to RB, 12/5/1836, 1/24/1837, P 1, 207, 227.
23. CD to RB, 6/17?/1837, 9/16/1837, P 1, 272, 308–9.
24. CD to JF, 1/21/1839, P 1, 494; CD to RB, 1/26/1839, P 1, 495–96.
25. CD to TNT, 1/31/1839, P 1, 504.
26. Thomas Powell, “Leaves from My Life,” Frank Leslie’s Sunday Magazine (1877), 98, 105; Christian, 483; CD to CaD, 3/5/1839, P 1, 521; JD to C&H, 12/19/1837, Berg; CD to JF, 11/15/1838, P 1, 454.
27. Powell, 97; Christian, 484; CD to CaD, 3/5/1839, P 1, 517–18; CD to JF, 3/5/1839, P 1, 520.
28. John Greaves, Dickens at Doughty Street, 1975, 11–25; P&P, 138–39.
29. CD to James Hall, 11/19/1839, P 1, 603.
30. CD to RB, 3/28/1838, P1, 392; CD to JF, 3/30/1838, 10/29/1839, P1, 392, 595; CD to C&H, 2/9/1841, P 2, 206.
31. WCM.D, 1, 493–96; Charles H. Shattuck, Bulwer and Macready, 1958, 56–78; CD to TJT, 2/13/1848, P 2, 26–27, 27 note; B. R. Jerman, The Young Disraeli, 1960, 192, 280–81.
32. CD to JF (“Louisa” to “Dear Sir”), 7/27/1838, P 1, 422.
33. WCM.D, 1, 262; Hall, 265–28?; William Jerdan, The Autobiography of William Jerdan, 1853, III, 168–206; Grantley F. Berkeley, My Life and Recollections, 1865, III, 185–200; JF to WHA, n.d/1841?, HH; DM to CD, n.d./1841?, HH; DM to “My dear friends and fellow sufferers,” n.d./1840?, V&A.
34. CD to Richard Milnes, 2/1/1840, P 2, 16; CD to WSL, JF, TJT, and DM, 2/9–13/1840, P 2, 23–28.
35. CD to JF, 4/29/1841, P 2, 275; see Phillip Bolton, Dickens Dramatized, 1986.
36. See John Turpin, “Maclise as a Dickens Illustrator,” D (1980), 67–77; DM to CD, 7/16/1841, HH; CD to DM, 8/16/1841, H. R. Woudhuysan, “Sales of Books and Manuscripts,” Times Literary Supplement (8/14/1987), 888, and Sotheby’s “Catalogue,” 1987.
37. WCM.D, 1, 426, 2, 25–26; P 2, 138 note.
38. See Fred Kaplan, Thomas Carlyle, A Biography, 1983, 131–32.
39. P 2, 310 note; F, 1, 2, 168–74; R. Shelton Mackenzie, Life of CD, 1870, 130; KJF, 8–15; CD to C&H, 6/26/1841, P 2, 312; CD to JF, 6/30/1841, P 2, 315.
40. CD to JF, 7/9/1841, 7/11/1841, P 2, 324, 326–28.
41. CD to JF, 7/9/1841, 7/11/1841. P 2, 324, 326–28; CD to DM, 7/12/1841, P 2, 332.
42. CD to JF, 5?/1840, P 2, 70; see Kaplan, Sacred Tears, Sentimentality in Victorian Literature, 1987, 43–50.
43. CD to Edward Chapman, 11/4/1839, P 1, 601–2.
44. CD to John Landseer, 11/5/1841, P 2, 418.
45. OCS, LXXII.
46. CD to WCM, 1/6/1841, P2, 180; CD to JF, 1/8?/1841, P 2, 181–82.
47. CD to Mrs. George Hogarth, 10/24/1841, P 2, 408; CD to JF, 10/25/1841, 10/?/1841, P 2, 410-11.
CHAPTER FIVE
The Emperor of Cheerfulness (1842–1844)
1. CD to TB, 5/1/1842, P 3, 227; CD to TM, 1/31/1842, P 3, 43; CD to DM, 1/2/1842, P 3, 8; CD to T.C. Grattan, 1/22/1842, P 3, 16; AN, 73.
2. AN, 60; CD to JF, 3/22/1842, 7/14/1839, P 3, 165, P 1, 564; CD to WCM, 8/10/1840, P 2, 113.
3. WJC, “Dickens’s Insurance Policies,” D (1955), 133–37; CD to C&H, 1/1/1842, P 3. 1–2; CD to Joseph Lunn, 11/15/1841, P 2, 421.
4. CD to Washington Irving, 4/21/1841, P 2, 267; CD to Lewis Gaylord Clark, 9/28/1841, 12/1841, P 2, 394, 445; Sidney P. Moss, CD’s Quarrel with America, 1984, 82–87.
5. P 3, 49 note 5; JTF, 127–29; CD to JF, 1/29/1842, P 3, 33.
6. CD to JF, 2/17/1842, P 3, 71; CD to DM, 2/27/1842, P 3, 94; CD to TB, 5/1/1842, P 3, 225; “Diary of Levi Lincoln Newton,” 2/5/1842, Newton family papers, American Antiquarian Society.
7. KJF, 21–22, 24–25.
8. CD to WCM, 8/24/1841, P 2, 368; CD to Jonathan Chapman, 2/22/1842, P 3, 76–77; CD to John S. Bartlett, 2/24/1842, P 3, 79.
9. CD to JF, 3/22–23/1842, P 3, 165.
10. Edward Wagenknecht, “Dickens in Longfellow’s Letters and Journals,” D (1955), 8; E. Lattimer, “A Girl’s Recollection of Dickens,” Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine, VII, 1893, 338; CD to JF, 4/24/1842, P 3, 204–5.
11. Sam Ward to HWL, 2/22/1842, Wagenknecht, 10; CCF to Henry R. Cleveland, 1/24/1842, Wagenknecht, 10; CD to JF, 2/17/1842, P 3, 69.
12. KJF, 397; Lattimer, 338–39; The Journal of Richard Henry Dana, ed. Robert F. Lucid, 1968, 1, 56–59; P 3, 31 note 2; Richard Henry Dana to William Cullen Bryant, 2/5/1842, Wagenknecht, 9.
13. CD to Bryant, 2/14/1842, P 3, 58–59; CD to WCM, 2/22/1842, P 3, 160; CD to JF, 2/28/1842, P 3, 96; P 3, 59 note 2; George Washington Putnam, “Four Months with CD … By his Secretary,” Atlantic Monthly, XXVI (1870), 478, 588–89; N. C. Peyrouten, “Mr. ‘Q’, Dickens’s American Secretary,” D (1963), 156–59.
14. CD to JF, 2/17/1842, 2/28/1852, 3/17/1842, P 3, 70, 96, 138; KJF, 32, 28–29; Julia Ward Howe, Reminiscences, 1819–1899 (1899), 27; CD to Lady Holland, 3/22/1842, P 3, 150.
15. CD to Albany Fonblanque, 3/12/1842, P 3, 119–20; CD to JF, 3/6/1842, 3/13/1842, 3/28/1842, P 3, 100, 170, 126.
16. CD to Fonblanque, 3/12/1842, P 3, 117; CD to JF, 3/15/1842, P 3, 133; TC to John Carlyle, 6/20/1839, The Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle, ed. KJF and Richard Sanders, 1985, XI, 138.
17. CD to JF, 3/15/1842, P 3, 134; CD to David Colden, 3/10/1842, P 3, 111; CD to Fonblanque, 3/12/1842, P 3, 118.
18. CD to JF, 2/21/1842, P 3, 140–41; CD to Lord Brougham, 2/22/1842, P 3, 145; CD to Charles Lanman, 2/5/1868, N 3, 616–17.
19. CD to JF, 4/15/1842, P 3, 192–94; AN, 302.
20. AN, 216.
21. CD to JF, 4/24/1842, P 3, 205, 208; AN, 225, 228, 231.
22. CD to JF, 5/26/1842, P 3, 245–47.
23. AN, 243–44; CD to JF, 4/26/1842, P 3, 210–11; CD to Charles Sumner, 5/16/1842, P 3, 239.
24. CD to Sumner, 5/16/1842, P 3, 239; AN, 245.
25. CD to Frederick Granville, 10/20/1842, P 3, 354; CD to Fonblanque, P 3, 120; CD to JF, 5/26/1842, P 3, 248.
26. See PC, “Dickens and the Prison Governor George Laval Chesterton,” D (1961), 11–26.
27. CD to Colden, 3/10/1842, P 3, 111; PC, Dickens and Crime, 1962, 1968, 133–39.
28. CD to the Editor of the Morning Chronicle, 7/25/1842, P 3, 278–85.
29. CD to Charles Smithson, 2/9?/1841, P 2, 300; Samuel C. Hall, Memories of Great Men and Women of the Age, 1877, 404; Grantley F. Berkeley, My Life and Recollections, 1865, III, 201–31; P 1, 414 note; CD to TM, 7/22/1843, P 3, 525.
30. CD to Brougham, 9/24/1843, P 3, 570; PC, “Dickens and the Ragged Schools,” D (1959), 95; CD to ABC, 9/16/1843, P 3, 564; “A Sleep to Startle Us” (HW, 3/13/1852), MP, 308–16.
31. CD to Charles Molloy, 12/28/1839, P 1, 624.
32. Diana Orton, Made of Gold, A Biography of Angela Burdett Coutts, 1980, 111–31; Edna Healy, Lady Unknown, The Life of Angela Burdett Coutts, 1978, 83–114; CD to JF, 9/24/1843, P 3, 573; CD to ABC, 2/28/1843, P 3, 533.
33. CD to ABC, 9/16/1843, P 3, 564; Norris Pope, Dickens and Charity, 1978, 152–99; CD to Macvey Napier, 9/16/1843, P 3, 565.
34. PC, Dickens and Crime, 16–26; CD to James Kay-Shuttleworth, 3/28/1846, P 4, 527.
35. CD to ABC, 9/24/1843, P 3, 572.
36. CD to W. H. Prescott, 7/31/1842, P 3, 295; CD Jr, 8; CD to Mrs. WCM, 7/4/1842, P 3, 255; CD to TB, 7/11/1842, P 3, 264; Letters of Thomas Hood, ed. Peter Morgan, 1973, 486. Quoted in P 3, 164 note 3.
37. CD to H. P. Smith, 7/14/1842, P 3, 270; CD to JF, 8/31/1842, P 3, 312; CD to CCF, 9/1/1842, P 3, 315; CD to WHA, 9/14/1842, P 3, 323; N. C. Peyrouton, “Some Boston Abolitionists on Boz, A Lost American Note,” D (1964), 20–26.
38. Journals of R. W. Emerson, ed. W. H. Gilman and J. E. Parons, VIII, 222. Quoted in P 3, 271 note 4; Wagenknecht, 11; CD to HWL, 9/28/1842, P 3, 334.
39. HWL to JF, 5/8/1845, P 3, 335 note 4.
40. WCM.R, 509; Francis Crew, “A Dickens Dinner Party,” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 36 (1953–54), 13; Fred Kaplan, “Dickens Mixed the Salad: Henry Rawlins’ Memoir of JF,” Cabiers Victoriens & Edouardiens, ed. Sylvere Monod, 1984, 97–105; S. M. Ellis, “Mrs. Touchet,” D (1932), 184.
41. DM to JF, n.d./1846?, V&A; CD to WCM, 6/9/1843, P 3, 505; Pietr van der Merwe, The Spectacular Career of Clarkson Stanfield, 1793–1867, 1979, 19; CD to TC, 10/26/1842, P 3, 357; Arthur A. Adrien, ML, First Editor of Punch, 1966, 110–137.
42. CD Jr, 11; Jane Carlyle, Letters to Her Family, ed. Leonard Huxley, 1924, 170–71; WMT to Mrs. WMT, 5/3/1843, Ray, II, no.
43. CD to ABC, 11/12/1842, P 3, 367; CD to CCF, 9/1/1843, P 3, 550; CD to JF, 8/15/1843, P 3, 541.
44. CD to JF, 6/28/1843, P 3, 516–17.
45. CD to TM, 9/28/1843, P 3, 575–76; CD to John Wilson, 11/24/1843, P 3, 601.
46. CD to CCF, 9/1/1843, P 3, 551; CD to Prescott, 11/10/1843, P 3, 597; CD to Mrs. FL, 3/8/1865, TEX; P 3, 487; CD to Charles Smithson, 5/10/1843, P 3, 487.
47. CD to FB, 9/6/1843, DHM.
48. CD to Mrs. George Hogarth, 5/8/1843, P 3, 483; CD to HWL, 12/29/1842, P 3, 409; MC, 832.
CHAPTER SIX
An Angelic Nature (1844–1846)
1. CD to D. M. Moir, 5/19/1843, P 3, 493; CD to GHL, 8/11/1847, P 5, 147; CD to JF, 8/29?/1843, P 3, 547.
2. CD to Thomas Powell, 8/2/1845, p 4. 346; P 2, 199 note; WJC, “‘Who was the Lady?’ Mrs. Christian’s Reminiscences of Dickens,” D (1964), 68–77; Christian, 484–85, 491.
3. CD to JF, 5/12–17?/1845, P 4. 310; CD to Frances Colden, 2/14/1842, 4/29/1842, P 3, 80, 219–20; CD to David Colden, 4/4/1842, P 3, 183.
4. CD to CaD, 2/26/1844, P 4, 52; KJF, 56–7; CD to TJT, 2/28/1844, P 4, 54–56.
5. P 3, 446 note 2, note 4; CD to CaD, 2/26/1844, P 4, 51; P 4, 54 note 4.
6. CD to TJT, 2/28/1854, 3/11/1854, P 4, 55, 69; CD to FB, 3/1/1844, P 4, 56–57; CD to Powell, 3/2/1844, P 4, 61; CD to T. E. Weller, 3/1/1844, P 4, 58; P 3, 69.
7. CD to TJT, 3/11/1844, P 4, 69–70.
8. CD to TJT, 3/11/1844, P 4, 70; CD to WCM, 10/17/1845, P 4, 406.
9. WJC, “‘Old Nick’ at Devonshire Terrace: Dickens Through French Eyes in 1843,” D (1963), 142–43.
10. P 3, 472–73 notes 1, 3; CD to JF, 11/1/1843, P 3, 587–88.
11. Patten, 140; CD to TM, 12/4/1843, P 3, 604–5; P 4. 691; CD to B&E, 5/8/1844, P 4, 121–23.
12. P 4, 147 note 1; F, I, 360.
13. F, 1, 362; CD to Count Alfred D’Orsay, 8/7/1844, P 4, 166; see P 4, 155 note 1, and PI, 39–63; CD to JF, 7/14?/1844, P 4, 155.
14. CD to JF, 8/3/1844, P 4, 166; CD to DM, 7/22/1844, P 4, 158–60.
15. CD to D’Orsay, 8/7/1844, P 4, 169–70.
16. TC to JF, 8/10–11?/I844, P 4, 174; CD to TM, 8/12/1844, P 4, 178; P 4, 188.
17. CD to FD, 7/22/1844, P 4, 158; CD to CaD, 9/7/1844, P 4, 192; CD to JF, 9/10?/1844, 10/8/1844, P 4, 193, 199; CD to TM, 8/12/1844, P 4, 176–77.
18. CD to JF, 9/20?/1844, P 4, 196–97.
19. CD to FD, 12/30/1843, P 3, 617; CD to Charles Mackay, 12/19/1843, P 3, 610; CD to ET, 12?/1842–2/1843, P 3, 449; CD to CCF, 3/2/1843, P 3, 455–56.
20. See Fred Kaplan, Dickens and Mesmerism: The Hidden Springs of Fiction, 1975.
21. CD to JF, 10/6 or 8?/1844, 10/15?/1844, P 4, 199–201; CD to FB, 12/6?/1844, DHM; CD to LB, 11/20/1844, P 4, 224; CD to TM, 11/5/1844, P 4, 211.
22. CD to JF, 10/15/1844, 11/1 or 2?/1844, 11/3/1844, P 4, 201, 209–10; CD to TM, 11/5/1844, P 4, 211.
23. CD to JF, 11/12/1844, P 4, 216–17; CD to DJ, 11/16/1844, P 4, 219–20; PI, 131, 140; CD to CaD, 11/23/1844, P 4, 228.
24. CD to CaD, 12/2/1844, P 4, 234–35; DM to CaD, 12/8/1844. Quoted in KJF, “Two Sketches by Maclise: The Dickens Children and the Chimes Reading,” Dickens Studies, II (1966), 13; CD to FB, 12/6/1844, DHM.
25. CD to JF, 12/30–31/1844, 1/1/1845, P 4, 244.
26. CD to ER, 12/26/1844, P 4, 243; CD to J. S. Le Fanu, 11/24/1869, N 3, 752–53.
27. CD to Dr. R. H. Collyer, 1/27/1842, P 3, 23.
28. CD to JF, 4/2/1842, P 3, 180; WCM.D II, 170–80.
29. CD to Le Fanu, 11/24/1869, N 3, 752–53; CD to ER, 1/25/1845, P 4, 219.
30. CD to ER, 1/27/1845, 2/10/1845, 2/23/1845, 10/23/1857, P 4, 253, 264, 273, Berg; CD to CaD, 12/5/1863, MM, 227–29.
31. CD to TM, 2/22/1845, P 4, 269–71; CD to ER, 2/23/1845, P 4, 272–73; CD to LB, 5/9/1845, P 4, 303.
32. CD to JF, 2/11/1845, 1/31?/1845, 5/12/1845, P 4, 266, 257, 309; CD to LB, 5/9/1845, P 4, 302; PI, 168–76; CD to GH, 2/4/1845, P 4, 261; CD to ABC, 3/18/1845, P 4, 280; CD to Angus Fletcher, 3/26/1845, P 4, 288.
33. CD to D’Orsay, 3/18/1845, P 4, 283–84; CD to JF, 3/9/1845, P 4, 277. See Leonee Ormond, “Dickens and Painting,” D (1984), 3–25, and Richard Lettis, “Dickens and Art,” DSA 14, 93–146.
34. CD to Charles Bodenham, 3/24/1845, P 4, 286; CD to Le Fanu, 11/24/1869, N 3, 752–53.
35. CD to Fletcher, 3/26/1845, P 4, 288; CD to Lord Robertson, 4/28/1845, P 4, 301; CD to CaD, 12/5/53, MM, 225–29.
36. CD to LB, 5/9/1845, P 4, 302–3; CD to TB, 5/20/1845, P 4, 311; CD to Thomas Chapman, 4/10/1845, P 4, 292.
37. CD to JF, 4/13/1845, 6/15/1845, P 4, 295, 320–22; P 4, 317–18 note 4; CD to ER, 6/29/1845, P 4, 324–25.
38. CD to D’Orsay, 7/5/1845, P 4, 325; CD to DJ, 7/9/1845, P 4, 329; CD to ER, 7/19/1845, P 4, 324; DM to JF, 4/1/1847, n.d./1845?, V&A; JF to WHA, 10?/1845?, HH; CD to ABC, 9/17/1845, P 4, 380.
39. CD to CS, 7/9/1845, P 4, 334; P&P, 105–10; CD to TJT, 7/28/1845, P 4, 342; CD to WCM, 8/7/1845, P 4, 348; Blanchard Jerrold, “JF,” Gentleman’s Magazine, NS. XVI (1876), 313–15; CD to Mrs. ER, 9/27/1845, P 4, 391, P 4, 388 note 2.
40. CD to AD, 9/8/1845, P 4, 372; CD to John Willmott, 9/10?/1845, P 4, 376; CD to WCM, 9/18/1845, P 4, 382; CD to Mrs. ER, 9/27/1845, P 4, 387–89; CD to Powell, 9/29/1845, P 4. 392.
41. CD to JF, 7/1845, P 4, 327–28.
42. CD to TM, 7/25/1845, 10/20/1845, P 4, 336, 410–11.
43. CD to TM, 10/20/1845, P 4, 411–12; WCM.D II, 307, 309.
44. CD to B&E, 11/3/1845, P 4, 423–24.
45. CD to Robertson, 1/17/1846, P 4, 474.
46. CD to TB, 11/4/1845, P 4, 424.
47. CD to JF, 11/1/1845, P 4, 423; CD to B&E, 11/3/1845, 11/6/1845, 11/7/1845, P 4, 423–24, 426–27, 431; CD to TB, 11/4/1845, P 4, 424; CD to Julian Harney,?/4/1845, P 4, 425; CD to Macvey Napier, 11/10/1845, P 4, 433.
48. JD to TB, 12/20/1845, DHM.
49. CD to J. H. Stocqueler, 12/1–4?/1845, P 4, 446; CD to Joseph Paxton, 1/16/1846, P 4, 473.
50. P&P, 142–43.
51. WMT to Mrs. BP, 7/7/1840, Ray I, 454; Daily News, 2/28/1846, quoted in PC, Dickens and Crime, 1962, 226; CD to the editors of the Morning Chronicle, 7/21/1840, 7/26/1840, P 2, 86, 90–91; CD to Napier, 7/28/1845, P 4, 340–41.
52. CD to WFC, 12/29/1849, P 5, 683; “Lying Awake,” HW (10/30/1852), RP, 434.
53. P 4, 438 notes 1 and 3; WCM.D II, 321; CD to B&E, 1/30/1845, P 4, 485.
54. CD to JF, 10/26–29/1846, 4/17?/1845, P 4, 648, 537–38; CD to Stocqueler, 2/24/1846, P 4, 504; CD to Robertson, 2/27/1846, P 4, 508; CD to Mrs. ER, 4/17/1846, P 4, 534.
CHAPTER SEVEN
As My Father Would Observe (1846–1849)
1. P 4, 532 notes 1, 2; CD to Mrs. ER, 4/17/1846, P 4, 534.
2. CD to JF, 11/30?/1846, P 4, 669; CD to LB, 5/26?/1846, P 4, 552.
3. CD to JF, 6/7?/1846, 6/13–14?/1846, 6/22/1846, P 4, 558, 560–61, 568; CD to DM, 6/14/1846, P 4, 561–62; CD to FD, 6/16/1846, P 4, 562–64; CD to DJ, 6/16/1846, P 4, 565–66.
4. CD to ABC, 6/25/1846, P 4, 560–70; CD to JF, 6/28?/1846, P 4, 573.
5. See John Butt and Kathleen Tillotson, Dickens at Work, 1957, 90–113; CD to JF, 1/175/1841, 7/5/1846, P 2, 188, P 4, 579; CD to H. P. Smith, 7/9/1846, P 5, 582.
6. CD to JF, 6/25/1846, P 4, 571–72.
7. CD to JF, 8/30/1846, 6/28?/1846, 7/18/1846, 9/20/1846, P 4, 614, 573, 586, 622–23.
8. CD to JF, 9/26/1846, 11/3O?/1846, P 4, 625–27, 670.
9. CD to JF, 8/30/1846, P 4, 612–13.
10. CD to JF, 9/6?/1846, 10/3/1846, 10/11/1846, 10/18/1846, 10/20/1846, P 4, 618–19, 627, 631, 637–38; CD to TM, 9/24/1846, P 4, 624; CD to ABC, 10/5/1846, P 4, 630; CD to ER, 10/12/1846, P 4, 635.
11. CD to JF, 8/2/1846, 8/9–10/1846, P 4, 594, 601; CD to DJ, 10/24/1846, P 4, 644; CD to WCM, 10/24/1846, P 4, 646.
12. CD to ER, 8/20/1846, 10/12/1846, 3/24/1847, P 4, 608, 636, P 5, 41; CD to WCM, 10/24/1846, P 4, 647.
13. CD to Count Alfred D’Orsay, 8/5/1846, P 4, 597.
14. CD to ER, 3/24/1847, P 5, 43; extracts from Richard Watson’s diary from “Sidelight on a Great Friendship,” D (1950), 16–21.
15. CD to JF, 7/25–26/1846, 8/24–25/1846, 10/11/1846, P 4, 591–92, also 591, note 3, 633, 610; CD to ER, 8/17/1846, 8/20/1846, P 4, 604, 608; CD to DJ, 10/21/1846, P 4, 642.
16. D (1950), 18; CD to JF, 10/11/1846, 9/20?/1846, 10/26–29/1846, P 4, 631, 650, 622.
17. CD to WCM, 10/24/1846, P 4, 646; CD to JF, 11/13/1846, 11/15/1846, P 4, 656–57; CD to William Haldimand, 11/27/1846, P 4, 664–66; CD to Watson, 11/27/1846, P 4, 666–67.
18. CD to JF, 11/30?/1846, P 4, 668–69; CD to LA 1/2/1847, P 5, 2; CD to Haldimand, 11/27/1846, P 4, 665.
19. “Travelling Abroad,” UT, 64; “Lying Awake,” RP, 436; F, 1, 513.
20. CD to Edmund B. Green, 2/14/1842, P 3, 61; CD to Amedee Pichot, 4/10/1845, P 4, 293; CD to JF, 11/4/1846, P 4, 653; Alan Horsman, “Introduction,” DS (1974); PC, “Dickens’s Autobiographical Fragment and DC,” Cahiers Victoriens & Edouardians, ed. Sylvere Monod, 1984, 87–95.
21. PC, 89.
22. CD to ABC, 1/18/1847, P 5, 9.
23. CD to JF, 12/6/1846, P 4, 675–76; CD to ER, 1/22/1847, 3/24/1847, P 5, 11, 42.
24. CD to LB, 1/27/1847, P 5, 13, 15; F, 1, 520–1; DM to JF, 1/13/1847, V&A; CD to ET, 1/28/1847, P 5, 19.
25. CD to CaD, 12/21–22/1846, 2/20/1847, P 4, 681–82, P 5, 31; CD to ER, 3/24/1847, P 5, 41.
26. CD to Mrs. FL, 3/8/1865, TEX.
27. CD to H. K. Browne, 3/15/1847, P 5, 36; CD to ER, 3/24/1847, P 5, 41.
28. CD to JF, 4/9/1847, 12/1847, P 5, 55. 218; CD to ER, 3/24/1847, P 5, 41–43; CD to FB, 3/31/1848, DHM.
29. DM to JF,?/1846,?/1848,?/1849, 12/1850, V&A; CD to ER, 3/24/1847, P 5, 43; CD to FB, 5/24/1847?, DHM; CD to JF, 1/7/1848, P 5, 225.
30. DM to JF, 6/21/1849?, V&A; CD to FB, 5/24/1847?, DHM; Lynn Linton, My Literary Reminiscences of Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, Etc, 1899, 55–56; Mrs. Gaskell quoted in P 5, 497 note 3; WCM.D II, 376.
31. P 5, 227 note 1.
32. Ray II, 293–308; WCM.D II, 368; CD to JF, 6/9/1847, P 5, 82; WMT to Mrs. Carmichael-Smyth, 7/2/1847, Ray II, 308–9; CD to WMT, 3/30/1848, P 5, 267.
33. CD to JF, 9/2/1847, P 5, 156; CD to ML, 3/25/1849, P 5, 514; CD to CaD, 3/27/1848, P 5, 265.
34. CD to HA, 4/26/1847, P 5, 60; Linton, 59.
35. P 5, 698–99, 703–5; CD to ABC, 11/3/1847, P 5, 183.
36. CD to W. B. Hodgson, 6/4/1847, P 5, 77; Mary Cowden Clarke, Recollections of Writers, 1878, 321–22.
37. CD to Hodgson, 6/12/1847, P 5, 87–88; Davies, 14–24; P 5, 77 note 3; CD to the “Friends of LH,” 6/23/1847, P 5, 98 and notes 1, 3; Kathleen Tillotson, “Dickens and a Story by John Poole,” D (1956), 69–70.
38. CD to TJT, 6/19/1847, 7/10/1847, P 5, 95, 123.
39. CD to HCA, 7/30/1847, P 5, 134; CD to GHL, 8/11/1847, P 5, 148; CD to TM, 8/8/1847, P 5, 144–45; P 5, 133 note 2.
40. CD to GHL, 8/11/1847, P 5, 148; CD to TM, 8/8/1847, P 5. 145; P 5. “Appendix E,” 700–702; CD to JF, 9/19/1847, P 5, 165; James Sheridan Knowles to WSL, 6/2/1847, V&A.
41. CD to Spencer Lyttleton, 12/10/1847, P 5, 207; CD to AD, 1/1/1848, P 5, 221; CD to GH, 12/30/1847, P 5, 217; CD to JF, 12/30/1847, P 5, 216.
42. See Charles Shattuck, Bulwer and Macready, 1958; KJF, 95–96.
43. CD to TB, 5/10/1848, P 5, 302; CD to FB, 5/9/1848, P 5, 302; CD to ABC, 5/24/1848, P 5. 317.
44. Clarke, 295–341; CD to FB, 5/1/1848, DHM; DM to JF,?/1848, V&A.
45. Clarke, 305–25.
46. CD to Mrs. Cowden Clarke, 7/22/1848, P 5, 374; CD to FB, 3/31/1848, DHM.
47. CD to FB, 3/31/1848, 5/3/1848, DHM; CD to HB, 9/5/1848, 10/9/1848, DHM.
48. CD to FB, 5/3/1848, DHM; MD, 114; CD to ABC, 7/25/1848. P 5, 376; CD to TB, 7/28/1848. P 5, 379; CD to CaD, 9/1/1848, P 5, 399; “A Child’s Dream of a Star,” HW (April 1850), RP, 387–90; CD to HB, 9/5/1848, 1/31/1849, DHM, P 5, 482; CD to JL, 9/6/1848, P 5, 402.
49. CD to ]F, 9/25?/1848, P 5, 414; CD to LW, 10/5/1848, P 5, 419; CD to William Bradbury, 12/1/1848, P 5, 451.
50. CD to Earl of Carlisle, 1/2/1849, P 5, 466–67.
51. CD to CaD, 1/8/1849, P 5, 470; CD to JF, 1/12/1849, P 5, 474; P 5, 473 note 1 and F, II, 6, 101.
52. CD to Samuel Rogers, 2/18/1849, P 5, 498; CD to ML, 2/?/1849, P 5, 496; CD to ABC, 2/27/1849, P 5, 502; CD to JF, 2/18/1849, 2/23/1849, 2/26/1849, 4/19?/1849, 3?/1849, P 5, 498, 500, 502, 526, 518; CD to B&E, 3/21/1849, P 5, 511.
53. CD to the Committee for Mr. Giles’s Testimonial, 2/12/1849, P 5, 474; CD to HB, 1/31/1849, P 5, 482; CD to LA, 2/1/1849, P 5, 483; CD to JL, 3/9/1849, P 5, 506.
54. CD to JF, 4/19?/1849, 6/6/1849, 6/21/1849, 7/10/1849, P 5, 526, 551, 557, 569; CD to FE, 7/4/1849, P 5, 563.
55. CD to JF, 7/?/1849, P 5, 580; CD to CaD, 7/16/1849, P 5, 573.
56. CD to JF, 7/28/1849, 8/?/1849, 8/4–5/1849, 9/23/1849, P 5, 583, 588 and notes 1 and 2, 599, 611; P 5, 606 note 2; CD to TB, 7/18/1849, P 5, 573–74; JL to ML, 7?/1849, DHM; P 5, 588 note 1, 2; P 5, 597 note 1.
57. CD to JF, 9/24/1849, 9/26/1849, P 5, 613, 615; CD to FE, 9/25/1849, 9/27/1849, P 5, 614, 616; CD to ML, 9/26/1849, P 5, 615–16.
58. CD to CaD, 7/16/1849, P 5, 573; CD to TB, 7/18/1849, P 5, 574; CD to William Bradbury, 7/28/1849, P 5, 583; CD to ABC, 8/15/1849, P 5, 594; CD to JF, 8/?/1849, P 5, 605; CD to JL, 10/5/1849, P 5, 620.
CHAPTER EIGHT
No Need for Rest (1849–1853)
1. CD to JF, 10/21/1850, N 2, 240; “Preface” to DC, October 1850; CD to MB, 10/15/1850, Morgan; CD to WHW, 9/17/1850, N 2, 234; CD to Dr. William Brown, 9/22/1850, Morgan; CD to JF, 10/23/1850, N 2, 240.
2. DD, 24.
3. DC, VIII, IX, XIII; MS. DHM.
4. DC, XVIII; XLII; CD to Dr. Stone, 2/2/1851, N 2, 267–70.
5. CD to MB, 1/15/1851, Morgan.
6. DC, XLVIII, LX.
7. CD to LW, 3/9/1851, HH; CD to HA, 3/12/1851, Morgan.
8. CD to TB, 3/31/1851, N 2, 293–94, MM, 150–51.
9. CD to CaD, 3/26/1851, MM, 152–53; CD to JF, 3/31/1851, N 2, 293; CD to TM, 4/19/1851, TEX.
10. CD to CaD, 4/4/1851, MM, 153–54; KJF, 122; F, II, 6, 115.
11. F, II, 6, 115–16; KJF, 124; CD to CaD, 4/15/1851, MM, 155–56; CD to FE, 4/17/1851, Berg; CD to RHH, 4/17/1851, Yale; MD, 38.
12. CD to ABC, 2/4/1850, 4/12/1852, HCD, 165, 167–68; CD to ABC, 2/4/1850, 7/30/1850, Morgan.
13. CD to ABC, 2/4/1851, HCD, 164.
14. CD to ABC, 11/19/1852, 9/23/1852, 2/12/1850, 7/31/1850, 3/23/1851, HCD, 215, 208, 171, 182–83.
15. CD to ABC, 4/18/1852, HCD, 200; CD to HA, 2/27/1850, 1/21/1852, Morgan.
16. CD to ABC, 4/18/1852, 1/7/1853, HCD, 198–99, 219.
17. CD to ABC, 3/24/1849, P 5, 513; CD to Cornelius Matthews, 3/22/1849, P 5, 512; CD to ABC, 1/13/1852, 4/12/1850, HCD, 192–93, 167–68; CD to HA, 5/12/1850, Morgan.
18. CD to JF, 8/1849, 9/22/1849, 7/19/1849, P 5, 580, 611, 621–23; P 5, 622 note 3; Anne Lohrli, Household Words, Table of Contents, List of Contributors, and Their Contributions, 1973.
19. CD to WHW, 7/12/1850, 1/22/1850, N 2, 222, 200; Anne Lohrli, “Wife to Mr. Wills,” D (1985), 23–25; CD to ABC, 2/2/1850, HCD, 164; CD to HA, 3/21/1850, Morgan; CD to EG, 12/17/1850, Berg.
20. Patten, 240; WSL to Elizabeth Landor, 5/1851, HH; WSL to JF, 8/3/1850, HH; CD to EG, 2/5/1850, Berg.
21. CD to James White, 7/13/1850, N 2, 223; Patten, 240–46; CD to JF, 3/14/1850, N 2, 210; HW (4/23/1853), 169–75; CD to ABC, 4/12/1852, Morgan.
22. CD to ABC, 3/17/1852, HCD, 198; CD to Mrs. Catherine Gore, 9/7/1852, Berg.
23. CD to HA, 1/30/1851, 3/12/1851, 7/14/1851, Morgan; CD to ABC, 2/10/1851, Berg; CD to Richard Owen, 5/7/1851, TEX; CD to CaD, 9/11/1851, MM, 156–58.
24. MS. DHM; CD to HA, 10/1/1851, 10/14/1851, 10/17/1851, 11/18/1851, Morgan; CD to ABC, 10/9/1851, 11/17/1851, HCD, 187, 190; MD, 39.
25. CD to L. H. Sigourney, 5/24/1851, Berg; MD, 47.
26. CD to George Putnam, 7/24/1851, N 2, 331; CD to ABC, 6/27/1852, Morgan; CD to FS, 9/8/1851, N 2, 342–43; CD to LW, 3/22/1852, HH; CD to George Beadnell, 5/4/1852, N 2, 391–92; CD to MB, 7/22/1852, N 2, 403.
27. R. R. Madden, Correspondence of the LB, 1855, 1, 195–96, 205; CD to LB, 4/14/1849, P 5, 524–25.
28.