CONTENTS

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HALF TITLE PAGE

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PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CONTRIBUTORS LIST

STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS

GETTING THE MOST OUT OF YOUR DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY

GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR PERFORMING BLOOD TESTS

PREPARATION FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION

COLLECTION TUBES

SAMPLE HANDLING AND STORAGE

SENDING SPECIMENS WITH THE LAB COURIER

GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR PERFORMING FECAL TESTS

SAMPLE COLLECTION

SAMPLE STORAGE

SAMPLE HANDLING

GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR PERFORMING URINE TESTS

COLLECTION TIMING

COLLECTION METHODS

CHOICE OF COLLECTION CONTAINER

SAMPLE STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENDOSCOPY

INDICATIONS FOR ENDOSCOPY

INSTRUMENTATION

PROCEDURAL CARE OF PATIENT AND ENDOSCOPE

POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS

REPORTING RESULTS

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RADIOGRAPHY

INDICATIONS FOR PERFORMING RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES

PRINCIPLES OF RADIOLOGY

RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT

RADIOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION

RISKS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE

CONTRAINDICATIONS

INTERFERING FACTORS

INFLUENCE OF SIGNALMENT ON PERFORMING AND INTERPRETING THE PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE AND PATIENT CARE

POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS

REPORTING OF RESULTS

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY

INDICATIONS FOR PERFORMING ULTRASONOGRAPHY

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY

PATIENT PREPARATION AND CARE

TECHINIQUE

INTERFERING FACTORS

ARTIFACTS

POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS

DOCUMENTATION

SAFETY

ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ABDOMINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ABDOMINOCENTESIS AND FLUID ANALYSIS

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR ANTIBODY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ACTH ASSAY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ACTH STIMULATION TEST

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ACTIVATED CLOTTING TIME

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ADRENAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ALBUMIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ALLERGEN-SPECIFIC SEROLOGY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ALPHA-1 PROTEASE INHIBITOR

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

AMBULATORY ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

AMMONIA

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

AMYLASE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ANGIOGRAPHY AND ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ANION GAP

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ANTICOAGULANT PROTEINS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ANTICOAGULANT SCREEN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

AQUEOCENTESIS AND VITREOCENTESIS

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ARTHROCENTESIS WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID ANALYSIS

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ARTHROSCOPY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BABESIA

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BACTERIAL CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BARIUM-IMPREGNATED POLYETHYLENE SPHERES (BIPS)

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BARTONELLA

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BENCE-JONES PROTEINS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BICARBONATE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BILE ACIDS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BILIRUBIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BLADDER TUMOR ANALYTE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BLEEDING TIME

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BLOOD GASES

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION: NONINVASIVE AND INVASIVE

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BLOOD SAMPLE COLLECTION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BLOOD SMEAR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BLOOD SMEAR PREPARATION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BLOOD TYPING

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BONE BIOPSY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BONE MARROW ASPIRATE AND BIOPSY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BONE MARROW ASPIRATE CYTOLOGY: MICROSCOPIC EVALUATION

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BONE SCAN

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BRAIN-STEM AUDITORY EVOKED RESPONSE

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BRAIN ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BRONCHOSCOPY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BRUCELLOSIS SEROLOGY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

BUFFY COAT PREPARATIONS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CALCITRIOL

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CALCIUM

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CARNITINE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CATHETER-ASSISTED STONE RETRIEVAL

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID TAP

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CHLORIDE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CHOLESTEROL

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

COAGULATION FACTORS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

COBALAMIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

COLONOSCOPY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT

BASICS

SAMPLE

MISCELLANEOUS

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CONJUNCTIVAL SCRAPING AND CYTOLOGY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

COOMBS’ TEST

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CORTISOL

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CORTISOL/CREATININE RATIO

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CREATINE KINASE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CREATININE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CROSSMATCH

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CYSTOCENTESIS

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CYSTOMETRY AND URETHRAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

CYSTOURETHROSCOPY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

D-DIMER

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

DERMATOPHYTE CULTURE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

DESMOPRESSIN RESPONSE TEST

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

DISTEMPER

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

EHRLICHIA/ANAPLASMA

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ELECTRONEUROGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

EPIDUROGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ERYTHROPOIETIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ESOPHAGOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ESTRADIOL

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ETHYLENE GLYCOL

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FECAL DIRECT SMEAR AND CYTOLOGY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FECAL ELASTASE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FECAL FAT

BASIC

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FECAL FLOTATION

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FECAL OCCULT BLOOD

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FECAL SEDIMENTATION AND BAERMANN EXAM

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FELINE CORONAVIRUS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FERRITIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FIBRINOGEN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FLUID ANALYSIS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FLUORESCEIN DYE TEST

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FLUOROSCOPY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FOLATE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FOOD TRIAL

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

FRUCTOSAMINE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GASTRIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GASTROINTESTINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GASTROSCOPIC AND COLONOSCOPIC FOOD-SENSITIVITY TESTING

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GENETIC TESTING

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GIARDIA FECAL ANTIGEN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GINGIVAL SULCUS MEASUREMENT

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GLOBULINS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GLUCOSE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GLUCOSE CURVE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

HEARTWORM SEROLOGY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

HEINZ BODIES

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

HEMATOCRIT

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

HEMOGLOBIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

HEMOTROPHIC MYCOPLASMAS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

HIGH-DOSE DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

HORIZONTAL BEAM RADIOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ASSAYS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

IMPRESSION SMEAR

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

INSULIN AND INSULIN/GLUCOSE RATIO

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

INTRADERMAL TESTING

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

IRON LEVEL AND TOTAL IRON-BINDING CAPACITY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

KNOTT’S TEST

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LACTATE

BASIC

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LAPAROSCOPY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LEAD

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LEPTOSPIRA

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LIPASE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LIVER AND GALLBLADDER ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LIVER BIOPSY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LOW-DOSE DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST STUDIES

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LOWER URINARY TRACT ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LUPUS ERTHEMATOSUS CELL PREPARATION

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LUTEINIZING HORMONE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LYME DISEASE SEROLOGY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

MAGNESIUM

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

MASTICATORY MUSCLE MYOSITIS (2M ANTIBODY ASSAY)

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

METHEMOGLOBIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

MUSCLE AND NERVE BIOPSY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

MYELOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

NASAL FLUSH AND BIOPSY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

NASOLACRIMAL IRRIGATION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

OCULAR ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

OSMOLALITY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

OSMOTIC FRAGILITY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PANCREATIC LIPASE IMMUNOREACTIVITY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PANCREATIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PARATHYROID HORMONE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PARATHYROID HORMONE–RELATED PROTEIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME, ACTIVATED

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PERICARDIOCENTESIS

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PHOSPHORUS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PIVKA TEST

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PLATELET ANTIBODY DETECTION

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PLATELET COUNT AND VOLUME

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PLATELET FUNCTION TESTS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

POTASSIUM

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PROGESTERONE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PROSTATIC WASH

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PROTHROMBIN TIME

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PULMONARY PERFUSION SCAN

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

PULSE OXIMETRY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RECTAL SCRAPING AND CYTOLOGY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RED BLOOD CELL COUNT

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RED BLOOD CELL ENZYME ACTIVITY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RED BLOOD CELL INDICES

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RED BLOOD CELL MORPHOLOGY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RELAXIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RENAL BIOPSY AND ASPIRATION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RENAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RETICULOCYTE COUNT

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RHEUMATOID FACTOR

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

RHINOSCOPY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SCHIRMER TEAR TEST

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SEMEN ANALYSIS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SEMEN COLLECTION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SEMEN PRESERVATION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SKELETAL RADIOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SKIN BIOPSY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SKIN SCRAPING AND TRICHOGRAM

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SKIN SURFACE AND OTIC CYTOLOGY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SKULL RADIOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SODIUM

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SOMATOMEDIN C

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

SPLENIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

T3 SUPPRESSION TEST

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

TAURINE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

TESTOSTERONE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THORACIC RADIOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THORACIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THORACOCENTESIS AND FLUID ANALYSIS

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THORACOSCOPY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THYROGLOBULIN AUTOANTIBODY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THYROID AND PARATHYROID ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THYROID-RELEASING HORMONE RESPONSE TEST

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THYROID SCINTIGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE STIMULATION TEST

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THYROXINE (T4), FREE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

THYROXINE (T4), TOTAL

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

TISSUE BIOPSY: NEEDLE AND PUNCH

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

TONOMETRY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

TOTAL PROTEIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

TOXOPLASMOSIS SEROLOGY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

TRACHEAL WASH

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

TRANSSPLENIC PORTAL SCINTIGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

TRIGLYCERIDES

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

TROPONINS, CARDIAC SPECIFIC

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

TRYPSIN-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ULTRASOUND-GUIDED MASS OR ORGAN ASPIRATION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST STUDIES

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

UREA NITROGEN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URETHRAL CATHETERIZATION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINALYSIS OVERVIEW

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE ALBUMIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE BILIRUBIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE FRACTIONAL EXCRETION OF ELECTROLYTES

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE/CREATININE RATIO

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE GLUCOSE

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE HEME PROTEIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE KETONES

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE PH

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE PROTEIN

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE PROTEIN/CREATININE RATIO

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE SEDIMENT

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

UROLITH ANALYSIS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

UTERINE ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

VAGINOGRAPHY

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

VOIDING UROHYDROPROPULSION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

WATER-DEPRIVATION TEST, MODIFIED

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT AND DIFFERENTIAL

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

WHITE BLOOD CELLS: BASOPHILS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

WHITE BLOOD CELLS: EOSINOPHILS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

WHITE BLOOD CELLS: LYMPHOCYTES

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

WHITE BLOOD CELLS: MONOCYTES

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

WHITE BLOOD CELLS: NEUTROPHILS

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

WOOD’S LAMP EXAMINATION

BASICS

PROCEDURE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

ZINC

BASICS

SAMPLE

INTERPRETATION

MISCELLANEOUS

APPENDIX 1. TABLES OF LABORATORY NORMAL VALUES

APPENDIX 2 THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING

APPENDIX 3. REFERRAL LABORATORIES

INDEX

BLACKWELL’S FIVE-MINUTE VETERINARY CONSULT: LABORATORY TESTS AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES: CANINE & FELINE

Edition first published 2009
©2009 Wiley-Blackwell

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Blackwell’s five-minute veterinary consult. Lab tests and diagnostic procedures / Shelly Vaden … [et al.].
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1748-4 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8138-1748-X (alk. paper)
1. Veterinary clinical pathology–Laboratory manuals. I. Vaden, Shelly L. II. Title: Five-minute veterinary consult. Lab tests and diagnostic procedures.

III. Title: Lab tests and diagnostic procedures.
[DNLM: 1. Laboratory Techniques and Procedures–Veterinary–Handbooks. 2. Animal Diseases–Diagnosis–Handbooks. SF 772.6 B632 2008]
SF772.6.B53 2008
636.089’6075–dc22

A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.

Disclaimer

The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by practitioners for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

1 2009

PREFACE

Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine & Feline is designed to provide busy veterinary practitioners and students with a complete and quick reference to diagnostic procedures and laboratory tests that are used daily in the diagnosis and management of medical problems of dogs and cats. Our goal in creating this textbook is also to provide up-to-date information in an easy-to-use format. Prior to the publication of this book, this information could be found scattered throughout a variety of clinical resources. We are unaware of another comprehensive book that brings all of these diagnostic procedures and laboratory tests under one cover. The laboratory tests section of the book enables rapid access to clinically relevant laboratory tests, with comprehensive information on test preparation, performance, factors that affect each test, and a brief guide to test interpretation. This information can be used to optimize results, while avoiding repeat testing necessitated by problems in sample handling or patient preparation. The diagnostic procedures section is intended to provide clinically relevant information that will enable practitioners to determine quickly whether a procedure is indicated in a particular case. In many chapters, enough information is included to enable veterinary practitioners or technicians to perform a procedure in house. Other chapters provide practicing veterinarians with sufficient information to understand a procedure and prepare clients and patients for a possible referral.

The book is intended to serve as a companion to Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, 4th Edition. The uniqueness and value of Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult approach as a quick reference are based on the consistency of presentation, the breadth of coverage, the contribution of large numbers of experts, and the timely preparation of the topics. The format of every topic is identical, making it easy to find information. An extensive list of topic headings ensures complete coverage of each topic.

This book contains information about more than 250 diagnostic procedures and laboratory tests. As the title implies, one objective of this book is to make information available quickly. To this end, we have organized topics alphabetically. Most topics can be found without using the index. General information concerning appropriate test collection and principles that can be applied to major procedures such as ultrasonography, radiography, and endoscopy can be found in the front section of the book. Appendices at the end of the book contain tables of laboratory normal values, therapeutic drug concentrations, and a list of diagnostic laboratories.

Each topic is presented in a standardized fashion that enables rapid and easy localization of specific information. All chapters provide information about related physiology, indications, contraindications, potential complications, and client education related to the subject. The laboratory test chapters include sections that are uniquely applicable to a laboratory test: the type of specimen required; information about sample collection, handling, storage, and stability; the protocol for running the test; and important test limitations, as well as a table that lists causes of test abnormalities. Information specific to diagnostic procedures is included in those chapters: patient preparation, detailed description of the technique, sample handling, and appropriate aftercare. All chapters include sections that provide guidance during interpretation of the test or procedural results, including normal findings or range, abnormal findings, critical values that would prompt immediate intervention, and lists of drugs or other factors that may interfere with results, performance, or interpretation of the test or procedure. Each chapter also contains a clinical perspective section that provides clinical wisdom about the use and interpretation of the test or procedure. The chapters end with information about ancillary tests, related topics, and suggested reading and Internet resources. To this end, the chapters should provide practitioners with enough information to understand and apply a laboratory test or diagnostic procedure to the daily practice of veterinary medicine.

We are delighted and privileged to have had the assistance of numerous experts in veterinary medicine from around the world. More than 125 veterinary specialists contributed to this text, allowing each chapter to be written by an expert on the subject. In addition to providing outstanding information, this large pool of experts enabled us to publish this major text in a timely manner. Each chapter was written by an expert in the field, which allows for insight into each subject that only experience can provide.

This first edition constitutes an important, up-to-date medical reference source for your practice and clinical education. We strived to make it complete, yet practical and easy to use. Our dreams are realized if this text helps you to quickly locate and use the momentarily important information that is essential to the practice of high-quality veterinary medicine. We would appreciate your input so that we can make future editions even more useful. If you would like to see any changes in content or format, additions, or deletions, please let us know. Send comments to the following:

Wiley-Blackwell
2121 State Avenue
Ames, IA 50014

Editors
Shelly L. Vaden
Joyce S. Knoll
Francis W.K. Smith, Jr.
Larry P. Tilley

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of this textbook provides a welcome opportunity to recognize in writing the many individuals who have helped along the way. The editors gratefully acknowledge the contributors who, by their expertise, have so unmistakably enhanced the quality of this textbook. In addition, we would like to thank Beth Mellor, the medical illustrator who provided line drawings for several of the laboratory test chapters, including those on erythrocyte morphology and urine sediment.

We would also like to acknowledge and thank our families and colleagues for their support of this project and the sacrifices they made to allow us the time to complete the book.

In addition to thanking veterinarians who have referred patients to us, we would like to express our gratitude to each of the veterinary students, interns, and residents whom we have had the privilege of teaching. Their curiosity and intellectual stimulation have enabled us to grow and have prompted us to undertake the task of writing this book.

We would also like to acknowledge all of the small-animal patients and the pet owners that have allowed us to gain the knowledge and expertise necessary to practice high-quality medicine and amass a resource such as this textbook.

Finally, a special thank you goes to Antonia Seymour, Nancy Simmerman, Erin Gardner, and all the rest of the staff at Wiley-Blackwell and everyone in the production and editing departments. The marketing and sales departments also must be acknowledged for generating such an interest in this book. We are grateful to the copy editor, John Flukas, whose eye for detail enhanced the final product. They are all meticulous workers and kind people who have made the final stages of preparing this book both inspiring and fun. An important life goal of ours has been fulfilled: to provide expertise in veterinary medicine worldwide and to teach the principles contained in this textbook to veterinarians and students everywhere.

Editors
Shelly L. Vaden
Joyce S. Knoll
Francis W.K. Smith, Jr.
Larry P. Tilley