CONTENTS
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Electric Charge
1.2 Coulomb’s Law
1.3 Conductors and Insulators
1.4 Capacitors
1.5 Dielectrics and Capacitance
1.6 Dielectric Polarizability
1.7 Voltage
1.8 Electric Currents
1.9 Resistance and Resistivity
1.10 Ohm’s Law
1.11 Semiconductors
1.12 Superconductivity and Superconductors
1.13 Piezoelectricity
1.14 Pyroelectricity
1.15 Ferroelectricity
1.16 Methods for Generating Electric Energy
Further Readings
Chapter 2: Polymeric Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Polymerization
2.3 Molecular Weights and Molecular Weight Distributions
2.4 Configuration
2.5 Glass Transition Temperature and Melting Temperature
2.6 Solutions of Polymers
2.7 Polymer Compatibility
2.8 Deformation Behavior
2.9 Polymeric Foams
2.10 Liquid Crystals
2.11 Nanocomposites
2.12 Commercial Polymers
2.13 General Technological Characteristics of Polymers
2.14 Processing of Polymers
2.15 Adhesion and Adhesives
Further Readings
Chapter 3: Polymers as Electrical Insulators
3.1 Dielectric Constants of Polymers
3.2 Dielectric Relaxation
3.3 Tangent of the Dielectric Loss Angle
3.4 Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers
3.5 Static Charges
Further Readings
Chapter 4: Specialty Polymers
4.1 Intrinsically Conductive Polymers
4.2 Ferroelectric Polymers
4.3 Thermotropic Liquid-Crystal Polymers
4.4 Ionomers
Further Readings
Chapter 5: Commercial Polymers Used in Practical Electrical and Electronic Applications
5.1 Polymeric Materials Used as Insulators
5.2 Wire and Cable Technology
5.3 Other Applications of Polymers and Polymeric Systems
Further Readings
Chapter 6: Applications of Specialty Polymers
6.1 Applications of Conjugated Polymers
6.2 Applications of Ferroelectric Polymers
6.3 Applications of Liquid-Crystal Polymers
6.4 Applications of Ionomers
6.5 Lithium Ion Polymer Batteries
Further Readings
Chapter 7: Testing of Electrical Properties of Polymers
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Individual Tests of Electrical Properties
Further Readings
Chapter 8: Current Trends and Developments
8.1 Molecular Electronics
8.2 Intelligent Material Systems
8.3 Other Developments and Trends
Further Readings
Appendix I: Typical Values of Electrical Properties of Selected Polymers
Appendix II: Electrical Properties, ASTM Test Methods, and Specifications
Appendix III: Basic Electrical Tests: ASTM and Corresponding International Standards
Appendix IV: Nobel Prize 2000 for Chemistry, Title Page
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Drobny, Jiri George.
Polymers for electricity and electronics : materials, properties, and applications / Jiri George Drobny.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-45553-1 (hardback)
1. Electronic apparatus and appliances—Materials. 2. Polymers. I. Title.
TK7871.15.P6D76 2012
621.381—dc23
2011026135
To Julia, Joshua, Daniel, Abigail, and Leah
PREFACE
There have been several excellent books published recently that mainly concentrate on the theoretical aspects of polymers for electronics. Therefore an updated publication focusing on the practical side of this subject and complementing it would be very useful. This book has two goals. One is to provide a ready reference for professionals working in industrial practice and the other is as a textbook for advanced students of electrical and electronic engineering, material science, polymer science, and engineering. It will also be useful for educators, attorneys, and marketing specialists.
The introduction concentrates on the basic principles involved with the electrical properties of materials. Chapter 2 covers polymeric materials and focuses on structure–property relationships as well as standard process technologies. The main purpose of Chapter 2 is to cover the basic concepts of polymer science and the technology deemed necessary to understand polymers as valuable materials, which are used in electrical and electronic applications. Chapter 3 covers the specific electrical and electronic behavior of polymers, not only as well-established insulating materials, but also as conductive materials of equal importance. Chapter 4 provides essential information on special polymers, including intrinsically conductive and ferroelectric polymers, and so on. Chapters 5–7 deal with some examples of specific industrial fabrication methods. These methods include examples of formulations (essentially compounding concepts and starting formulations for different applications) and practical applications of polymers and polymer-based materials with their essential measuring methods. Chapter 8 covers current known developments and trends. There are numerous references at the end of each chapter, which may be used for additional information and/or an in-depth study. In addition, a list of recommended publications for further reading on the subjects covered in that chapter is provided. The appendices include a table of electrical properties of selected polymers and lists of additional ASTM testing standards and corresponding international standards. In addition, there is a list of pertinent acronyms and abbreviations, as well as a general bibliography and a rather comprehensive glossary.
Throughout the text, SI units are preferred, although occasionally, other units are also shown (e.g., degrees Fahrenheit for temperature, pounds for weight, pounds per square inch for pressure, and poise for viscosity).
My thanks go the John Wiley & Sons team for bringing this work to fruition: To Jonathan Rose for encouragement and coordination of this demanding project, to Kristen Parrish for production, and to Jeannette Stiefel for meticulous copyediting.
Thanks are also due to the American Institute of Physics, Cambridge University Press, Elsevier Books, Hanser Punlishers, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Nature Publishing Group, Panasonic Corporation, Springer SBM, Springer Verlag, Taylor and Francis, and others for permissions to reprint their copyrighted material. The following companies provided valuable illustrations: Arkema Inc., Bayer Material Science, Belden Wire & Cable Co., Davis Standard, LLC, DuPont Company, Energy Sciences, Inc., IBA Industrial, The Okonite Company, Royle Systems Group, RTP Company, and Teknor Apex Company.
Special thanks go to my friend Professor Ivan Chodak from the Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences for providing valuable materials and for his cooperation on many projects related to this publication.
Jiri G. Drobny
Merrimack, NH and Prague, The Czech Republic, April 2011