Table of Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 The 30 most prevalent chronic painful diseases, disorders, and dysfunctions that occur in the orofacial region
1.1 Introduction and definitions
1.2 Facial pain related to muscle pain
1.3 Facial pain due to derangement and non-autoimmune arthritis or capsulitis of the temporomandibular joint
1.4 Autoimmune arthritic, connective tissue, and vascular disorders causing facial pain
1.5 Headache pains that cause orofacial pain
1.6 Orofacial neurogenous pain: neuralgia, neuropathy, burning mouth
1.7 Facial pain related to chronic oral inflammatory disease
1.8 Facial pain related to oral motor disorders
Chapter 2 Top 60 most important medications used in an orofacial pain treatment center
2.1 What is chronic orofacial pain? What is pharmacologic treatment success?
2.2 What are the top 60 medications used to manage chronic orofacial pain?
2.3 What has the recent literature said about pharmacologic treatment of chronic orofacial pain?
2.4 Why should we be cautious about the current literature?
2.5 Drugs 1–5: opioids (morphine, oxycodone, methadone, codeine, hydrocodone)
2.6 Drug 6: analgesic (tramadol)
2.7 Drugs 7 and 8: analgesics (acetaminophen, aspirin)
2.8 Drugs 9–15: NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, nabumetone, piroxicam, sodium diclofenac, celecoxib, meloxicam)
2.9 Drugs 16–18: corticosteroids (methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, fluocinonide)
2.10 Drugs 19 and 20: local anesthetics and sodium channel blockers (lidocaine, benzocaine)
2.11 Drugs 21–25: anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, zonisamide)
2.12 Drugs 26 and 27: anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin)
2.13 Drugs 28–30: chronic daily headache preventatives (valproic acid, topiramate, tizanidine)
2.14 Drugs 31–34: migraine abortives (sumatriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, rizatriptan)
2.15 Drugs 35 and 36: miscellaneous migraine medications (butalbital, dihydroergotamine)
2.16 Drugs 37–39: miscellaneous headache preventatives (timolol, propranolol, verapamil)
2.17 Drugs 40 and 41: tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, nortriptyline)
2.18 Drugs 42 and 43: serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, duloxetine)
2.19 Drugs 44–46: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (escitalopram, citalopram, fluoxetine)
2.20 Drugs 47–49: muscle relaxants (metaxalone, methocarbamol, carisoprodol)
2.21 Drug 50: antispasmodic (cyclobenzaprine)
2.22 Drug 51: antispasmodic (botulinum toxin type A)
2.23 Drugs 52 and 53: GABA-ergic drugs (baclofen, tiagabine)
2.24 Drugs 54–56: benzodiazepine drugs (diazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam)
2.25 Drug 57: episodic headache abortive (indomethacin)
2.26 Drug 58: N-methyl-D-aspartate–blocking drug (ketamine)
2.27 Drug 59: antivirals (acyclovir and others)
2.28 Drug 60: antibacterial drugs (azithromycin and others)
2.29 Conclusions: pharmacotherapeutic management of orofacial pain disorders
Acknowledgment
Chapter 3 Nonopioid analgesics, salicylates, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids for chronic pain
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nonopioid analgesics
3.3 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications
3.4 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
3.5 Systemic Corticosteriods
3.6 Special uses of salicylates, nonopioid analgesics, and NSAIDs
3.7 Final recommendations
Chapter 4 Opioids for chronic orofacial pain with a focus on nonmalignant chronic pain
4.1 Opioids for pain control
4.2 Chronic use of opioids for noncancer pain
4.3 Opioid therapy for cancer pain
4.4 Choosing an analgesic agent
4.5 Special considerations with opioids
4.6 Conclusion, caveats, and recommendations regarding opioids for noncancer orofacial pain
Chapter 5 Nocebo-responsive patients and topical pain control agents used for orofacial and mucosal pain
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nocebo-responsive patients
5.3 Topical pain medications: what are they and why use them?
5.4 Delivery systems for topical agents in the orofacial region
5.5 Six final recommendations on topical medications for chronic orofacial pain
Chapter 6 Anticonvulsant agents used for neuropathic pain including trigeminal neuralgia
6.1 Four common orofacial neuropathic pains
6.2 Anticonvulsant drug therapy
6.3 Ten final recommendations on anticonvulsants for chronic neurogenic pain
Chapter 7 Skeletal muscle relaxants and antispasticity drugs for orofacial pain disorders
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Muscle relaxants
7.3 Antispasticity drugs
7.4 Reported adverse drug reactions for muscle relaxants (P450 issues)
7.5 Six final recommendations for skeletal muscle relaxants and chronic orofacial pain
Chapter 8 Psychopharmacologic agents (antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and psychostimulants) used in chronic pain
8.1 Introduction to psychoactive agents and pain
8.2 Antidepressants and pain suppression
8.3 Antipsychotics and pain
8.4 Anxiolytics
8.5 Stimulants and pain
8.6 Psychopharmacologic agents: special concern for older adult patients
8.7 Final considerations
Chapter 9 Antibacterial agents as analgesics in chronic pain
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Indirect effect of antibiotics on tooth pain due to reduction of swelling and inflammation
9.3 Known antinociceptive action of various antibiotics
9.4 Placebo effect of antibiotics
9.5 Downside effects of frequent use of antibiotics for persistent pain
9.6 Four final recommendations on the use of antibiotics as a pain suppression medication
Chapter 10 Using oral medications, infusions, and injections for differential diagnosis of orofacial pain
10.1 Diagnostic dilemmas in orofacial pain
10.2 Local anesthetic use in orofacial pain
10.3 Corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory medications in orofacial pain
10.4 Limited opening testing
10.5 Comparative intravenous infusions for diagnostic–predictive purposes
10.6 Special-case medications
10.7 Recommendations on the use of medications as diagnostic tests
Acknowledgment
Chapter 11 Interventional therapy and injected agents for orofacial pain and spasm (including botulinum toxin)
11.1 Needle- and injection-based interventional treatments
11.2 Botulinum toxin in orofacial pain disorders
11.3 Final recommendations on botulinum toxin type A
Chapter 12 Treatment for oral mucositis and noninfectious, non-neoplastic oral ulcerations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Oral mucositis management
12.3 Nonmalignant and noninfectious oral ulcerations
12.4 Treatment of noninfectious, non-neoplastic oral ulcers
12.5 Conclusions for oral mucositis and oral ulcers
Acknowledgment
Chapter 13 Management of orofacial pain and other co-morbidities in oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancer patients
13.1 Oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal cancer pain
13.2 Pain prevalence in cancer patients
13.3 Orofacial pain as the first sign of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancer
13.4 Co-morbidities as a result of cancer and its therapy
13.5 Challenges in cancer pain management
13.6 Management of cancer pain
13.7 Eighteen final recommendations on treatment of cancer-related orofacial pain and dysfunction
Acknowledgment
Chapter 14 Burning mouth syndrome: an update on diagnosis and treatment methods
14.1 Diagnosis of burning mouth syndrome
14.2 Are there subpopulations of burning mouth syndrome?
14.3 Epidemiology
14.4 Quantitative sensory testing in burning mouth syndrome
14.5 Other local oral factors and burning mouth syndrome
14.6 Other common co-morbid systemic diseases
14.7 Psychological factors
14.8. Possible salivary and serologic biomarkers of burning mouth syndrome
14.9 Current etiologic theories
14.10 Management strategies for burning mouth syndrome
14.11 Prognosis
14.12 Nine final recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of burning mouth syndrome
Acknowledgment
Chapter 15 Headaches with a focus on chronic daily headache medications
15.1 Introduction to headaches
15.2 Suggested etiologies and mechanisms for episodic headaches
15.3 Episodic headache treatment
15.4 Chronic daily headaches
15.5 Treatment protocols for chronic daily headaches
15.6 Seven final recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic daily headache
Chapter 16 Differential diagnosis and management of masticatory myogenous pain and dysfunction
16.1 Understanding muscle pain classification and causation
16.2 Treatment of masticatory myogenous pain
16.3 Six final recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic masticatory myogenous pain
Acknowledgment
Chapter 17 Diagnosing and managing chronic trigeminal neuropathy
17.1 Chronic trigeminal neuropathy
17.2 Neuropathic pain mechanisms
17.3 Differential diagnosis of chronic trigeminal pain
17.4 Etiology of spontaneous chronic trigeminal pain in the otherwise healthy tooth
17.5 Treatment of chronic trigeminal neuropathy
17.6 Long-term prognosis for chronic trigeminal neuropathy
17.7 Seven final recommendations for persistent atypical odontalgia and/or phantom tooth pain disorders (also known as chronic trigeminal neuropathy)
Acknowledgment
Chapter 18 Temporomandibular joint arthritis: implications, diagnosis, and management
18.1 The normal temporomandibular joint
18.2 Arthritic disease of the TMJ
18.3 Polyjoint or generalized osteoarthritis and rheumatic diseases
18.4 When pain in the TMJ becomes neuropathic
18.5 Seven final recommendations on the use of medications for TMJ arthritis
Chapter 19 Five oral motor disorders: habitual tooth clenching and other involuntary oral motor disorders
19.1 Habitual tooth clenching
19.2 Bruxism
19.3 Oromandibular dystonia
19.4 Oral dyskinesia
19.5 Drug-induced dystonic-type extrapyramidal reactions
19.6 Final recommendations
Acknowledgment
Chapter 20 Diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular joint internal derangements
20.1 Description of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint
20.2 Mechanism and etiology of internal derangement
20.3 Diagnostic tests for temporomandibular joint internal derangements
20.4 Treatment of DDWR disorder
20.5 Treatment of DDNR
20.6 Chronic temporomandibular joint dysfunction and joint arthrosis
20.7 Which interventions are most efficacious for DDWR and DDNR?
20.8 Final recommendations
Appendix: Drug list
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Index
