Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 A global challenge
1.2 Why focus upon the built environment?
1.3 Resilience in the built environment
1.4 Disasters as a window of opportunity
1.5 Structure of the book
Chapter 2: Capacity Development for Post-Disaster Reconstruction of the Built Environment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Capacity needs for post-disaster reconstruction
2.3 Capacity gaps in post-disaster reconstruction
2.4 Capacity development framework
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3: Capacity of the Construction Industry for Post-Disaster Reconstruction: Post-Tsunami Sri Lanka
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Impact of tsunami
3.3 Disaster risk management
3.4 Role of the construction sector in post-disaster recovery
3.5 Post-tsunami Sri Lanka: the role of the Sri Lankan construction industry
3.6 Capacity of the construction industry in post-tsunami reconstruction
3.7 Summary
Chapter 4: Resourcing for Post-Disaster Reconstruction: A Longitudinal Case Study Following the 2008 Earthquake in China
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The impact of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake
4.3 Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction process
4.4 Resourcing for Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction
4.5 Key resourcing problems and solutions adopted by the Chinese reconstruction teams
4.6 Summary
Chapter 5: Empowerment in Disaster Response and Reconstruction: Role of Women
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The concept of empowerment
5.3 Women's empowerment
5.4 Women in a post-disaster setting
5.5 Women's empowerment in post-disaster reconstruction
5.6 Summary
Chapter 6: Community-Based Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction: Examples from Indonesia
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Disaster vulnerability
6.3 National policy
6.4 Community participation in reconstruction
6.5 Community-based reconstruction practices
6.6 Summary
Chapter 7: Stakeholder Consultation in the Reconstruction Process
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Defining stakeholders
7.3 Stakeholders and post-disaster reconstruction
7.4 Classifying stakeholders
7.5 Expectation gaps in post-disaster housing reconstruction
7.6 Developing a stakeholder engagement strategy
7.7 Summary
Chapter 8: Project Management of Disaster Reconstruction
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Procurement and contract management
8.3 Sourcing of labour, material and equipment
8.4 Resource management
8.5 Quality control
8.6 Financing
8.7 Governance
8.8 Disaster risk reduction
8.9 Summary
Chapter 9: Legislation for Effective Post-Disaster Reconstruction: Cases from New Zealand
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Recovery and reconstruction
9.3 Legislative and regulatory considerations post disaster
9.4 Improving recovery through legislation
9.5 Impediments to post-disaster reconstruction: the New Zealand Building Act (BA) 2004
9.6 New Zealand Case Study 1: Manawatu-Wanganui Floods, 2004
9.7 New Zealand Case Study 2: Matata (Bay of Plenty) Floods, 2005
9.8 Lessons for post-disaster legislation changes
9.9 Summary
Chapter 10: Conflict, Post Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Exploring the Associated Challenges
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Conflicts
10.3 Conflict circle
10.4 Post conflict
10.5 Post-conflict reconstruction
10.6 Summary
Chapter 11: Private Construction Sector Engagement in Post-Disaster Reconstruction
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Challenges in post-disaster reconstruction
11.3 What is the role of the private sector?
11.4 Business and humanitarian collaborations
11.5 Corporate social responsibility
11.6 Encouraging private sector participation
11.7 Integrating private construction sector support for post-disaster reconstruction
11.8 Summary
Chapter 12: Knowledge Management Practices and Systems Integration
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Disaster management cycle
12.3 Knowledge management in disaster management context
12.4 Sharing and transferring disaster management knowledge
12.5 Case studies of good practices and lessons learned
12.6 Capacity enhancing and knowledge strategies: the ISLAND project
12.7 Summary
Chapter 13: Restoration of Major Infrastructure and Rehabilitation of Communities
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Impact of disasters on infrastructure
13.3 Impact of the failure of infrastructure in disaster-affected communities and infrastructure interdependencies
13.4 Post-disaster infrastructure reconstruction and restoring major infrastructure
13.5 Post-disaster infrastructure reconstruction for improved quality of life
13.6 Summary
Chapter 14: Sustainable Post-Disaster Waste Management: Construction and Demolition Debris
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Construction and demolition debris management in post-disaster situations
14.3 C&D debris management
14.4 C&D debris management and sustainability
14.5 Summary
Chapter 15: Linking Reconstruction to Sustainable Socio-Economic Development
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Post-disaster reconstruction as a window of opportunity for development
15.3 Millennium development goals as a framework of action for sustainable socio-economic development and infrastructure reconstruction
15.4 Post-disaster infrastructure reconstruction as a sustainable socio-economic development strategy
15.5 Summary
Chapter 16: Disaster Risk Reduction and its Relationship with Sustainable Development
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Disasters: a result of poor development
16.3 Disasters: a barrier for development
16.4 Disaster risk reduction for sustainable development and vice versa
16.5 Summary
Chapter 17: Conclusion
Index
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Post-disaster reconstruction of the built environment : rebuilding for resilience / edited by Dilanthi Amaratunga and Richard Haigh.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4443-3356-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Buildings–Repair and reconstruction–Standards. 2. Disasters–Social aspects. 3. Architectural design–Technological innovations. 4. Architecture and society. I. Amaratunga, Dilanthi. II. Haigh, Richard.
TH3401.P75 2011
690′.24–dc22
2011002981
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781444344912; Wiley Online Library 9781444344943; ePub 9781444344929; Mobi 9781444344936
This book is dedicated to disaster-affected communities around the world
About the Editors
Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga (r.d.g.amaratunga@salford.ac.uk) is the Professor of Disaster Management at the University of Salford, UK where she leads the University’s Centre for Disaster Resilience, responsible for supporting research on disaster management portfolios. She is also the Associate Head of International Development for the School of the Built Environment at the University of Salford. Her research interests include: post-disaster reconstruction including conflict mitigation, gender and projection; capability and capacity building in managing disasters; socio-economic measures for conflict-affected re-construction and women in construction. She is the Co-Editor of the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment. She has presented widely at international conferences, has led international disaster management workshops and seminars and is working actively with the United Nations. As a member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), she leads several of their disaster management initiatives. She has supervised and supported a wide range of postgraduate research students and to date she has produced over 200 publications, refereed papers and reports, and has made a large number of presentations in over 25 countries. Dilanthi co-chairs the International Conference on Building Resilience: Interdisciplinary approaches to disaster risk reduction, and the development of sustainable communities and cities' to be held in July 2011 (www.buildresilience.org) which encourages debate on individual, institutional and societal coping strategies to address the challenges associated with disaster risk. It will also explore inter-disciplinary strategies that develop the capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to disaster-related hazards, to adapt, by resisting or changing, in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure. Dilanthi’s profile can be found at www.dilanthiamaratunga.net
Dr Richard Haigh (r.p.haigh@salford.ac.uk) is a Senior Lecturer at the Centre for Disaster Resilience, which is based in the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. He is Programme Director of the School’s Disaster Mitigation and Reconstruction Masters programme and also Joint Editor of the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment.
Richard undertakes research related to the application of disaster risk reduction in the built environment. His main research interests include the reintegration and rehabilitation of conflict-affected communities in Sri Lanka, and corporate social responsibility in disaster risk reduction. He is working closely with local government and major stakeholders to reduce the level of disaster risk in the Sri Lankan District of Batticaloa as part of the UNISDRs Resilient Cities campaign.
He was previously Joint Coordinator of CIBs Task Group 63 on Disasters and the Built Environment (2006–2010) and Co-Chair of the 2008 Building Education and Research Conference, held in Kandalama, Sri Lanka. The conference focused on the built environment field’s role in developing a society’s resilience to disasters.
A detailed list of Richard’s publications and activities can be found at www.richardhaigh.info.
List of Contributors
Yan Chang is an active researcher on project management requirements for post-disaster reconstruction. She is currently studying for a PhD with the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, and is also part of the national research team ‘Resilient Organisations’ where she is working on resourcing for post-disaster reconstruction. Yan holds a BSc degree with First Class Honours in Civil Engineering and a Masters degree in Management Science and Engineering from Central South University in China. Apart from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China, she has been involved in the reconstruction studies of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Indonesia and the 2009 Victorian ‘Black Saturday’ bushfires in Australia. Her current research interests are cross-culture disaster reconstruction studies, longitudinal post-disaster recovery, reconstruction housing project management, sustainability planning for disaster reduction, and resource availability in post-disaster situations.
Kanchana Ginige is a full time doctoral researcher at the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. Her doctoral research focuses on mainstreaming women into disaster risk reduction in the built environment. She earned her BSc degree with First Class Honours in Quantity Surveying from the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka in 2005. Kanchana worked as a research assistant in the Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka for about one year. She then worked as a researcher attached to a project titled ‘Constructing Women Leaders’ at the Research Institute for the Built and Human Environment, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK in 2007. Currently, she contributes to a CIB/UN-HABITAT initiative on ‘Capacity Development for Disaster Mitigation and Reconstruction in the Built Environment’ at the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford as the project research assistant.
Gayani Karunasena is a senior lecturer in Building Economics, attached to the Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. She obtained her BSc(Hons) degree in Quantity Surveying and MPhil in Construction Information Technology from the same university. Currently, she is reading for her split site PhD in the area of disaster waste management at the University of Salford, UK. She has won awards for outstanding research performance by academic staff for 2008 and 2009, awarded by the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. Her current research interests are on disaster management, construction information technology and value management.
Kaushal Keraminiyage is a lecturer at the University of Salford, UK teaching on both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. He completed his PhD on construction process improvements in 2009. Kaushal is also the co-programme director for the BSc (Quantity Surveying) programme. He is an active member of the research centre for disaster resilience at the University of Salford. His research interests are decision-making in post-disaster reconstruction, ICT for the Built Environment in disaster management contexts, collaborative environments for construction education and research, building capacities of construction in Higher Education Institutions through ICT-enabled collaborations, energy conscious construction through process/ICT co-maturation and virtual learning and research environments for the built environment. Kaushal’s publication profile includes edited books, book chapters, journal papers, various reports and international conference papers and presentations. He served as an editor for the proceedings of the CIB International World Congress 2010. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment and he has facilitated a number of international research workshops and served as an organising committee member for a number of international conferences.
Udayangani Kulatunga has over 6 years’ experience in teaching and research in the UK and Sri Lanka. She is a member of the Centre for Disaster Resilience at the University of Salford. She completed her PhD in performance measurement in construction research and development in 2008 at the University of Salford. She is currently attached to the same university as a lecturer in Quantity Surveying and teaches on both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Udayangani leads the research themes ‘disaster risk reduction’ and ‘culture and disaster risk reduction’ at the Centre for Disaster Resilience at the University of Salford. In 2010, she won an INSPIRE exploratory grant funded by the British Council to explore disaster risk reduction activities in Bangladesh. Her research capabilities have also been rewarded with the New Researcher Scheme funded by the Faculty of Business, Law and the Built Environment, University of Salford to explore the cultural impact on disaster risk reduction. Udayangani was the guest editor for a special issue of Facilities journal on performance measurement and management and for a special issue of the International Journal of Strategic Property Management on disaster management. Her research output is demonstrated by the number of publications in both journals and international conferences. More details on her experiences can be found at http://www.seek.salford.ac.uk/profiles/U.KULATUNGA.jsp
Dean Myburgh has held senior leadership roles in public and private sector organisations, both in New Zealand and abroad. He is currently a director of two consultancies focused on the facilitation of strategic and operational decision-making related to risk, business continuity and emergency management, organisational change management and process improvement. From 1996 to 2005 he was a member of the Executive Steering Group of the Auckland Civil Defence Emergency Management Group. Dean is an Industry Researcher on the ‘Resilient Organisations’ research programme (publications at http://www.resorgs.org.nz/pubs.shtml). His main interest is in the leadership and decision-making aspects related to recovery and resilience and he has recently addressed whole-brained thinking approaches to emergency management (in association with Auckland University of Technology).
Taufika Ophiyandri is a lecturer at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia. He completed his BSc in Civil Engineering from the same university and was awarded an MSc in Construction Management from the University of Birmingham, UK. He has been working for the University of Andalas since 1998 and taught engineering economics and construction management. Currently he is a full time doctoral student at the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. His research interest is on risk management for community-based post-disaster housing reconstruction and is fully funded by the Ministry of National Education, Republic of Indonesia.
Roshani Palliyaguru successfully completed her PhD in Infrastructure Development and Environmental Concerns in Disaster Management in November 2010 at the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. Having completed her PhD, she is involved in lecturing at the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford and works as a research assistant at the Centre for Disaster Resilience in the same university on the research initiative called CEREBELLA (Community Engagement for Risk Erosion in Bangladesh to Enhance LifeLong Advantage). In 2005, Roshani was recruited at the Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa on completion of her BSc (Hons) in Quantity Surveying degree from the same department. In 2006, Roshani was awarded the Graduate Teaching Assistantship at the University of Salford. Since then she has made contributions to the academic discipline in the domain of construction management, including lecturing undergraduates, conducting and publishing research work. From 2006, Roshani has been lecturing on construction economics, construction measurement and economics & management at the University of Salford. Roshani is a researcher in disaster management discipline whereas her research interests are ranged in a widespread area including disaster risk reduction, post-disaster reconstruction, vulnerability reduction for natural hazards, and socio-economic development in post-disaster contexts. With over 5 years of research and teaching experience, Roshani has published over 19 research papers, of which five are in international journals.
Chaminda Pathirage completed his PhD in Knowledge Management from the University of Salford, UK. He is currently working as a lecturer and a programme director at the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, delivering lectures on both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the fields of construction management and financial management. Chaminda has worked on several RICS (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors)-funded research projects on knowledge management in disaster management and facilities management, and has developed his specific research interest in exploring the role of knowledge management in the disaster management cycle. He is also an Editorial Advisory Board member of the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment and an Editorial Review Board Member of International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations. With over 8 years of research and teaching experience, Chaminda has published extensively in both journals and international conferences, and he is leading the research theme ‘Knowledge Management for Disaster Resilience’ within the Research Centre for Disaster Resilience, University of Salford.
Regan Potangaroa has been an Associate Professor at the Department of Architecture, UNITEC, New Zealand for the last 7 years. However, his professional background is as a structural engineer with over 25 years experience in 17 different countries. In the last 13 years, he has completed over 50 humanitarian assignments and consequently has seen the ‘good, the bad and the ugly’ of post-disaster reconstruction. He has worked through the concepts of ‘durable solutions’ and ‘aid dependency’, then ‘participatory design’ and more recently ‘build back better’ and ‘up scaling’. The thread through these has been ‘resilience’ which he believes holds promise for more effective and efficient assistance for those in disasters.
James Olabode Rotimi’s PhD thesis examined the improvements that could be made to disaster-related legislation so that it can facilitate post-disaster reconstruction. His study makes particular reference to the Civil Defence Emergency Management, Resource Management and Building Acts in New Zealand. He has written several papers around this subject area to show how subsisting legislation could become a source of vulnerability after significant disasters. His view is that proper consideration should be given to the peculiarities of post-disaster reconstruction within building and environmental development legislation. A ‘business as usual’ approach should not be expected to be operable during significant reconstruction programmes. James has over 15 years of teaching and research experience in universities in Nigeria and New Zealand. His background is in construction management and he has industry experience including an associate role in a quantity surveying consultancy before becoming an academic. James holds professional membership of the Nigerian Institute of Building, Chartered Institute of Building and the New Zealand Institute of Building. He currently lectures at the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand.
Krisanthi Seneviratne is a postgraduate research student in the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. She is currently reading for her PhD in post-conflict reconstruction, focusing especially on the area of housing. Krisanthi is working on the ISLAND-II (Inspiring Sri-Lankan reNewal and Development-Phase II) research project which is jointly sponsored by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) and the School of the Built Environment. This research aims at increasing the effectiveness of disaster management by facilitating the sharing of appropriate knowledge and good practices relating to the key phases of knowledge capturing within the disaster management cycle. Following completion of her first degree at the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, she worked as an assistant quantity surveyor in UAE, Dubai. Krisanthi joined the Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka in 2006 as a research assistant and was promoted to lecturer. She has won an Overseas Research Studentships Awards Scheme (ORSAS) for her outstanding academic ability and research potential.
Erica Seville leads the ‘Resilient Organisations’ research programme (www.resorgs.org.nz) which involves 17 researchers from Canterbury and Auckland Universities as well as key industry players, working to making organisations more resilient in the face of major hazards in the natural, built and economic environments. In addition to leading Resilient Organisations, Erica is also a director of Risk Strategies Research and Consulting where she works with clients from a variety of sectors including major health providers, the mining industry, construction contractors, and critical infrastructure providers to offer strategic risk management advice and proactively build their resilience capabilities. Erica has a Bachelor of Civil Engineering degree and a PhD in risk assessment.
Nuwani Siriwardena is a PhD researcher attached to the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. She obtained her first degree and Masters degree from the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Nuwani has been working at the Department of Commerce, University of Colombo since 2001. She has published and presented several papers within and outside the UK. Her current focus is on stakeholder expectations of post-disaster housing reconstruction in Sri Lanka. Corporate social responsibility, corporate governance, stakeholder theories and budgetary controls are other inspirational areas of research.
Richard Sutton is a Project Manager with a major non-governmental organisation involved in humanitarian and reconstruction work across the globe. Richard graduated with a BSc (Hons) in Construction Management and initially worked in the UK construction industry for a major management contractor before moving to the humanitarian sector. His research interests include the development of socially responsible ways to engage private sector construction firms in post-disaster environments.
Nirooja Thurairajah is a full time PhD researcher at the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford. Her PhD research is on women’s empowerment in post-disaster reconstruction. Nirooja holds a BSc degree with First Class Honours in Quantity Surveying from the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. Currently she is working as a researcher for a community engagement project ‘Resilient Homes’. She has also worked as a researcher for an ESF-funded project ‘Constructing women leaders’. Her research interests are on women’s issues within the built environment, organisational policies related to gender equality, community engagement, empowerment of women and post-disaster reconstruction.
Suzanne Wilkinson is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The University of Auckland, New Zealand. Suzanne is part of the national research team ‘Resilient Organisations’ where she leads a team of researchers working in the area of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. Recently the team have been examining the post-disaster reconstruction of Samoa following the tsunami which destroyed parts of the coastline and coastline villages and Australia following the Australian bush fires north of Melbourne, which destroyed whole communities. Suzanne also teaches construction management, construction administration and construction law and is leader of the construction management research team.
Foreword
Disasters, both natural and man-made, seem to beset communities across the world with increasingly regularity. It may be, of course, that in such a connected world we are simply more immediately aware of these horrendous events, but this very global access to information presents the opportunity to endeavour to accelerate learning about how best we can predict, mitigate and recover from disasters. This is the context for this book, which puts the spotlight on the pervasive contribution that the construction industry could and should make on a very broad front.
Thus, Professor Amaratunga and Dr Haigh, their dedicated and passionate team of researchers and several other invited authors have taken a whole life cycle approach to the subject, but with a strong emphasis on how to break out of strong negative spirals, by focusing on sustainable human and capital development. Strategic perspectives are connected to practical experiences drawn from Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia and New Zealand. Chapters in the book cover a range of economic, social and technical issues.
This extensive treatment of the subject should meet two connected aims. First it will provide a benchmark of the various ways in which construction can make a positive contribution. Secondly, it is to be hoped that it will raise awareness and motivation within the built environment community to actively grasp these opportunities and to promote and deliver rational, balanced responses to these typically unbounded threats to humankind.
As mankind pushes the boundaries of the Earth’s carrying capacity to the limit and injects social disasters, such as wars and famine, into the mix, it seems clear that the issues are both technical and social in character. Thus, I am confident that this initiative will link to a positive stream of activities engaging the many stakeholders necessary to build an effective response to disasters of whatever form.
Professor Peter Barrett
University of Salford, UK
Acknowledgements
The Editors of the book express their gratitude to all the contributing Authors for sharing their knowledge pertaining to various aspects of post-disaster reconstruction, in particular, towards rebuilding for resilience. Without this input detailing various examples in the international context, this book wouldn’t have been produced.
Further, the Editors and the Publisher acknowledge the help of those who granted their permission to reproduce the material (as indicated within individual chapters) for the benefit of the readers. Authors have taken every step to secure prior permission in this process, but if there are any omissions and errors, we as Editors apologise on behalf of all Authors and will take steps to rectify any mistakes.
Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga
Dr Richard Haigh