Contents

List of Illustrations

Maps

Figures

Plates

List of Contributors

Preface

Notes on Style

List of Abbreviations

Frequently Cited Ancient Authors

Frequently Cited Modern Collections of Ancient Literary and Epigraphical Material

Frequently Cited Modern Works

Maps

PART I Preamble

1 Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What this Companion is About

PART II Evidence

2 The Literary and Epigraphic Evidence to the Roman Conquest

1 Introduction

2 Literary Evidence

3 Epigraphic Evidence

4 Conclusion

3 The Numismatic Evidence¹

1 Money Matters

2 The Tribes

3 The Cities

4 The Kings36

5 The Roman Province of Macedonia

6 Case Study − From Coin to History: Rome, Macedonia and Alexander the Great

PART III Macedonia and Macedonians

4 The Physical Kingdom

1 Introduction

2 Creating a Kingdom

3 Rivers

4 Mountains

5 Expansion from the Core

6 Expansion by 336

7 Conclusion

5 Macedonians and Greeks

1 Macedonian Ethnic Identity and Ethnicity

2 Methodological Problems Resulting from Our Sources

3 Makedon as Mythical Ancestor, the Kings, Macedonian Language and Focal Places for all Macedonians

6 Perspectives on the Macedonians from Greece, Rome, and Beyond

1 Introduction

2 Classical and Hellenistic Perceptions of the Kings of Macedonia

3 Greek Perspectives on the Macedonian Soldiery

4 Roman Perspectives on the Macedonians and their Kings

5 Two Eastern Perspectives on the Macedonian Victors: Persian and Egyptian

6 Conclusion

PART IV History

7 The Early Temenid Kings to Alexander I

1 Perdiccas and the Dynastic Tradition of the Temenidae

2 Formation of the Early Macedonian State

3 Amyntas I and the Coming of the Persians

4 Alexander I in the Time of Xerxes’ Invasion of Greece

5 The Aftermath of Persian Withdrawal

6 Alexander I and the Greeks

7 Final Remarks

8 Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III

1 Introduction

2 Perdiccas II

3 From Archelaus to Amyntas III

4 Amyntas III

5 From Alexander II to Perdiccas III

6 Review

9 Philip II

1 The Early Years of Philip’s Reign

2 Philip’s Expansion and Athens’ Reaction

3 The End of the Third Sacred War, the Peace of Philocrates and the Way to Chaeronea

4 The League of Corinth and Philip’s Persian Plans

5 Philip’s Last Years and End

6 Philip’s Impact on Macedonia

10 Alexander the Great, Macedonia and Asia

1 Youth and Upbringing

2 Early Kingship

3 Alexander in Asia

4 Macedonia in Alexander’s Absence

5 The Lamian War

6 Conclusion

11 Alexander’s Successors to 221 BC

1 Introduction

2 In the Wake of Alexander (323–319)

3 The Struggle for Macedonia (319–316)

4 Cassander’s Regency (316–310)

5 The Final Struggle (310–298)

6 Demetrius I Poliorcetes and Limbo (298–277)

7 Antigonus II Gonatas (277–239)

8 Demetrius II (239–229)

9 Philip V and Antigonus III Doson (229–221)

12 Macedonia and Rome, 221–146 BC

1 Introduction

2 Sources

3 Rome, Macedonia, and Illyria (230–217)

4 The First War Between Rome and Macedonia

5 The Crisis in the Greek State– System and the Second War between Rome and Macedonia

6 The Recovery of Macedonia and the Third Macedonian War

7 The End of Macedonian Freedom

8 Conclusion

13 Provincia Macedonia

1 Introduction

2 Sources

3 The Creation of the Province

4 The Province in the Republican Period

5 The Via Egnatia

6 Macedonia during the Civil Wars

7 Macedonia in the Imperial Period

8 Conclusion

PART V Neighbours

14 Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus

1 Introduction

2 Early Contacts

3 Contacts to Philip II and Alexander the Great

4 Philip II and Alexander the Great

5 After Alexander

6 Perseus, Epirus and Illyria

15 Macedonia and Thessaly

1 Thessalian Topography, Politics and Society

2 Before Philip II

3 Philip II and Alexander the Great

4 After Alexander the Great

5 Beyond Politics

16 Macedonia and Thrace

1 Thrace – A Geographical Expression

2 Macedonians and Thracians: Competitive and Competing Societies

3 Conclusions

17 Macedonia and Persia

1 Persian Rule in Macedonia (about 512/511–479)

2 Macedonia Under Philip II versus Persia under Artaxerxes III Ochus

3 Alexander III and Darius III – The Great War (334–330)

4 Breakthrough Political Reforms in Parthia – Alexander and Iranian Ways (330)

5 Alexander’s Policies vis-à-vis the Iranians in Central Asia (329–327)

6 Macedonian–Iranian Cooperation in the Indian War (327–325): Politics and Propaganda Images

7 The Political Reforms in Persis, Susa and Opis (324)

8 Iranians in Alexander’s Army and City Foundations

9 Between Macedonia and Iran: Alexander and the New Empire

PART VI Politics, Society, Economy and Culture

18 Macedonian Kingship and Other Political Institutions¹

1 Constitution versus Autocracy

2 Kingship before Philip II (about 510–359)

3 Institutions under Philip II and Alexander III (359–323)

4 Institutions after Alexander III (323–167)

19 Social Customs and Institutions: Aspects of Macedonian Elite Society

1 Court Symposia⁶

2 Hunting

3 The Institution of the paides

4 Conclusion

20 Macedonian Women

1 The Argead Era (seventh century to c.316)

2 Royal Women in the Argead Era

3 The Transitional Period (c.316–c.277/6)

4 The Antigonid Era (c.277/6–169/8)

5 The Roman Period

21 Macedonian Religion

1 Deities of Particular Significance to Macedonians

2 Death as a Passage into an Afterlife

3 Openness to Foreign Influences

4 Tombs not Temples

5 Role of the King

6 Divine Rulers

7 Conclusion

22 The Macedonian Army

I MACEDONIAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION

II THE MACEDONIAN SOLDIER

23 The Political Economy of Macedonia

1 The Way Ahead

2 At the Edge of the World?

3 Philip’s Military, Alexander’s Moral Economy

4 Return to the Edge of the World?

24 Classical Art to 221 BC

1 Patronage³

2 The Material: Painting

3 The Material: Metalwork

4 The Material: Other Media

5 Conclusion

25 Hellenistic and Roman Art, 221 BC–AD 337

1 Introduction: Approaches to Macedonian Art under the Roman Empire

2 The End of the Macedonian Monarchy and the Origins of the Provincia Macedonia

3 Macedonian Art in the Roman Empire

4 Macedonia in the Late Empire

PART VII After Rome

26 Macedonia in Late Antiquity

1 Sources

2 Movable Provinces

3 The Enhanced Role of Thessaloniki

4 Political, Military and Economic Developments

5 Christianity in Macedonia

6 Cities, Towns, Villages and Fortifications

7 Conclusion

27 Ancient Macedonia, Alexander the Great and the Star or Sun of Vergina: National Symbols and the Conflict between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia

1 The Macedonian Question: An Overview

2 The Construction of National Identities, Cultures and Histories

3 Ancient Macedonia

4 Alexander the Great

5 The Star or Sun of Vergina

6 The First International Congress on Macedonian Studies

7 International Recognition of the Republic of Macedonia

8 The Macedonian Minority of Northern Greece

9 Conclusion

Bibliography

ins

Index

BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD

This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twentyfive and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers.

ANCIENT HISTORY

Published

A Companion to the Roman Army

Edited by Paul Erdkamp

A Companion to the Roman Republic

Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein-Marx

A Companion to the Roman Empire

Edited by David S. Potter

A Companion to the Classical Greek World

Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl

A Companion to the Ancient Near East

Edited by Daniel C. Snell

A Companion to the Hellenistic World

Edited by Andrew Erskine

A Companion to Late Antiquity

Edited by Philip Rousseau

A Companion to Ancient History

Edited by Andrew Erskine

A Companion to Archaic Greece

Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees

A Companion to Julius Caesar

Edited by Miriam Griffin

A Companion to Byzantium

Edited by Liz James

A Companion to Ancient Egypt

Edited by Alan B. Lloyd

A Companion to Ancient Macedonia

Edited by Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington

In preparation

A Companion to the Punic Wars

Edited by Dexter Hoyos

A Companion to Sparta

Edited by Anton Powell

LITERATURE AND CULTURE

Published

A Companion to Classical Receptions

Edited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Stray

A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography

Edited by John Marincola

A Companion to Catullus

Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner

A Companion to Roman Religion

Edited by Jörg Rüpke

A Companion to Greek Religion

Edited by Daniel Ogden

A Companion to the Classical Tradition

Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf

A Companion to Roman Rhetoric

Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall

A Companion to Greek Rhetoric

Edited by Ian Worthington

A Companion to Ancient Epic

Edited by John Miles Foley

A Companion to Greek Tragedy

Edited by Justina Gregory

A Companion to Latin Literature

Edited by Stephen Harrison

A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought

Edited by Ryan K. Balot

A Companion to Ovid

Edited by Peter E. Knox

A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language

Edited by Egbert Bakker

A Companion to Hellenistic Literature

Edited by Martine Cuypers and James J. Clauss

A Companion to Vergil’s Aeneid and its Tradition

Edited by Joseph Farrell and Michael C. J. Putnam

A Companion to Horace

Edited by Gregson Davis

In preparation

A Companion to the Latin Language

Edited by James Clackson

A Companion to Greek Mythology

Edited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone

A Companion to Sophocles

Edited by Kirk Ormand

A Companion to Aeschylus

Edited by Peter Burian

A Companion to Greek Art

Edited by Tyler Jo Smith and Dimitris Plantzos

A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman World

Edited by Beryl Rawson

A Companion to Tacitus

Edited by Victoria Pagán

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

Edited by Daniel Potts

This edition first published 2010

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ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)

Illustrations

Maps

1 Mainland Greece

Adapted from map 2 in R.M. Errington, A History of the Hellenistic World: 323–30 BC (Wiley-Blackwell 2008), pp. xvi-xvii

2 Regions of Macedonia

Created for C.G. Thomas by Lance Jenott and altered by Jason Shattuck

3 Expansion of Macedonia

Created for C.G. Thomas by Lance Jenott and altered by Jason Shattuck

4 Alexander the Great’s Conquests

Taken from W. Heckel and L.A. Tritle, Alexander the Great: A New History (Wiley-Blackwell 2009), pp. xx-xxi

5 Roman Macedonia and the Neighbouring Provinces

Created by J. Vanderspoel

6 Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus

Created for W.S. Greenwalt by Elwood Mills

7 Macedonia and Thessaly

Reproduced with the permission of Yale University Press

8 Macedonia and Thrace

Copyright Z.H. Archibald

9 Macedonia in Late Antiquity

Created by C.S. Snively

10 A map of Macedonia that appeared in the New York Times on February 4, 1993, illustrating the portrayal of the existence of two Macedonias

Figures

8.1 Macedonian royal family tree 454–336 BC (Roisman)

21.1 Drawing of the Lead Curse Tablet from Pella (Christesen and Murray) Reproduced with the permission of Emmanuel Voutiras

24.1 Reconstruction drawing of the Philippeum at Olympia (Hardiman) Reproduced with the permission of David Boggs

25.1 Reconstruction drawing of monument of Aemilius Paullus, about 167 BC (Kousser)

Plates

(between pages 356 and 357)

1 Alexander I, octodrachm, 29.06 g, 31 mm, about 475 BC, Berlin 18200785

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

2 Argilus, tetradrachm, 13.92 g, 27 mm, about 490/80 BC, Berlin 18200925

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

3 Chalcidic League, tetradrachm, 14.43 g, 25 mm, 9 h, about 390/80 BC, Berlin 18216681

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

4 Amphipolis, tetradrachm, 14.52 g, 26 mm, 6 h, about 370/60 BC, Berlin 18215936

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

5 Philip II, tetradrachm, Amphipolis mint, 14.29 g, 24 mm, 7 h, about 355–349/48 BC, Berlin 18201161

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

6 Alexander III, tetradrachm, Amphipolis mint, 17.04 g, 25 mm, 4 h, about 330 BC, Berlin 18204190

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

7 Macedonian first meris, tetradrachm, Amphipolis mint, 16.67 g, 31 mm, 12 h, about 158–150 BC, Berlin 18204055

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

8 Philippi, bronze coin, 9.99 g, 27 mm, 12 h, about 10 BC–AD 14, Berlin 18215890

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

9 Pella, bronze coin, 8.55 g, 25 mm, 12 h, AD 238–244, Berlin 18215892

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

10 Macedonian koinon, bronze coin, 10.42 g, 25 mm, 12 h, AD 238–244, Berlin 18214409

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

11 The Macedonians/Aesillas the quaestor, tetradrachm, Thessalonike mint, 16.73 g, 32 mm, 12 h, about 90–75 BC, Berlin 18204057

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

12 The delta of the Axios

Photo taken for C.G. Thomas by Theo Antikas

13 The Petra Pass

Photo taken for C.G. Thomas by Richard Johnson

14 The Haliacmon

Photo taken for C.G. Thomas by Richard Johnson

15 Left edge of the Lead Curse Tablet from Pella

Reproduced with the permission of Emmanuel Voutiras

16 The facade of the Lefkadia Great Tomb

Reproduced with the permission of the Archaeological Society at Athens

17 Hades Abducting Persephone, painting from Tomb I (Vergina)

Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock

18 Facade, painting of hunting scene from Tomb II (Vergina)

Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock

19 The Derveni Krater

Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock

20 Stag Hunt Mosaic, Pella

Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock

21 Abduction of Helen Mosaic, Pella

Reproduced with the permission of the Hellenic Republic Ministry of Culture, Archaeological Receipts Fund (TAP Services, Athens)

22 Silver tetradrachm of Philip V, portrait of Philip on the obverse and an archaistic Athena on the reverse, late third century BC

Reproduced with the permission of the American Numismatic Society

23 Gold stater of T. Quinctius Flamininus, portrait of Flamininus on the obverse and a Nike with palm branch on the reverse, about 196 BC

Reproduced with the permission of the Trustees of the British Museum, courtesy Art Resource, NY

24 Relief showing scene of riderless horse from the Battle of Pydna, monument of Aemilius Paullus, Delphi, about 167 BC

Photo courtesy Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY

25 Grave stele of Onesimus from the outskirts of Thessalonica, late second century AD, Thessaloniki Museum, inv. no. 1524 Photo courtesy Museum of Casts and Archaeological Collection, University of Thessaloniki; photo number AGME 86 by M. Skiadaressis

26 View of Villa of Dionysus, Dium, towards Mount Olympus, about AD 200

Photo taken by R. Kousser

27 Small Arch of Galerius from the Residence of Galerius, Thessalonica, late third century AD, Thessaloniki Museum, inv. no. 2466

Photo courtesy Museum of Casts and Archaeological Collection, University of Thessaloniki; photo number AGME 12 by M. Skiadaressis

28 View of octagonal reception hall in residence of Galerius, Thessalonica, late third century AD

Photo taken by R. Kousser

List of Contributors

Winthrop Lindsay Adams

Professor of History, Department of History, University of Utah, USA

Edward M. Anson

Professor of History, Department of History, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA

Zosia Archibald

Lecturer in Classical Archaeology, School of Archaeology, Classics, and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, England

Sulochana R. Asirvatham

Associate Professor of Classics and General Humanities, Department of Classics and General Humanities, Montclair State University, USA

Elizabeth Carney

Professor of History, Department of History, Clemson University, USA

Paul Christesen

Associate Professor of Classics, Department of Classics, Dartmouth College, USA

Karsten Dahmen

Curator at the Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Germany

Loring M. Danforth

Charles A. Dana Professor of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Bates College, USA

Arthur M. Eckstein

Professor of History and Distinguished Scholar-Teacher, Department of History, University of Maryland, USA

Johannes Engels

apl. Professor of Ancient History, Historisches Seminar I, Alte Geschichte, Universität zu Köln, Germany

Dawn L. Gilley

Assistant Professor of Humanities, Department of History, North-West Missouri State University, USA

Denver Graninger

Director and Professor, American Research Center in Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

William S. Greenwalt

Professor of Classics, Department of Classics, Santa Clara University, USA

Craig I. Hardiman

Assistant Professor of Classics, Department of Classical Studies, University of Waterloo, Canada

Carol J. King

Assistant Professor of Classics, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, Canada

Rachel Kousser

Associate Professor of Art, Department of Art, Brooklyn College, CUNY, USA

Paul Millett

Senior Lecturer in Classics and Fellow of Downing College, University of Cambridge, England

Sabine Müller

Lecturer in Ancient History, Historisches Seminar, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Sarah C. Murray

PhD student in Classics, Department of Classics, Stanford University, USA

Marek Jan Olbrycht

Head, Department of Ancient History and Oriental Studies, University of Rzeszow, Poland

P.J. Rhodes

Honorary Professor of Ancient History, Department of Classics, University of Durham, England

Joseph Roisman

Professor of Classics, Department of Classics, Colby College, USA

Noriko Sawada

Associate Professor of History, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shizuoka University, Japan

Nicholas Victor Sekunda

University Professor, Institute of Archaeology, Gdansk University, Poland

Carolyn S. Snively

Professor of Classics, Department of Classics, Gettysburg College, USA

Sławomir Sprawski

Assistant Professor of History, Department of Ancient History, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

Carol G. Thomas

Vidalakis Professor of Hellenic Studies, Department of History, University of Washington, USA

John Vanderspoel

Professor of Roman History, Department of Greek and Roman Studies, University of Calgary, Canada

Ian Worthington

Professor of History, Department of History, University of Missouri, USA