This edition first published 2011
© 2011 Nicholas Atkin, Michael Biddiss, Frank Tallett
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Atkin, Nicholas James, 1960-, author.
The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 / Nicholas Atkin, Michael Biddiss, and Frank Tallett.
p. cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-8922-4 (hardback)
1. Europe–History–1789-1900–Encyclopedias. 2. Europe–History–20th century–Encyclopedias. 3. History, Modern–Encyclopedias. I. Biddiss, Michael D.
(Michael Denis), 1942- , author. II. Tallett, Frank, author. III. Title.
D299.A84 2011
940.203–dc22
2010044399
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Summary Listing of Entries and Principal Cross-Headings
A
Aaland (Åland) Islands
Abdul Hamid II (of Turkey)
Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of
Abgrenzung
absolutism
Abwehr
Abyssinian War (see ITALO-ETHIOPIAN WAR)
acquis communautaire
Action Française
Adenauer, Konrad
Adrianople, Treaty of
Aehrenthal, Alois Baron Lexa von
Africa, Scramble for (see under IMPERIALISM)
Agadir crisis (see under MOROCCAN CRISES)
agitprop
agriculture (see under RURAL SOCIETY)
Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of (see under CONGRESS SYSTEM)
Albania
Albert
Alexander I (of Russia)
Alexander I (of Yugoslavia)
Alexander II (of Russia)
Alexander III (of Russia)
Alfonso XII (of Spain)
Alfonso XIII (of Spain
Algeciras Conference (see under MOROCCAN CRISES)
Algerian War
Alsace-Lorraine
Alto Adige (see SOUTH TYROL)
Amendola, Giovanni
Amiens, Treaty of
Amsterdam, Treaty of
anarchism
Ancien Regime
Andorra (see MICRO-STATES[1])
Andrassy, Count Gyula
Andreotti, Giulio
Andropov, Yuri
Anglo-French Union
Anglo-German naval agreement
Anglo-Russian Entente
Anschluss
anticlericalism
Anti-Comintern Pact
antisemitism
Antonescu, Ion
apparatchik
appeasement
aristocracy
Armenian genocide
Arrow Cross
artel
artisans
Aryanism (see under RACISM)
assignats
Attatürk, Kemal
August decrees
Auschwitz camp (see under CONCENTRATION CAMPS)
Ausgleich
Austerlitz, Battle of
Austria
Austrian Netherlands
Austro-Hungarian empire (see under HABSBURG EMPIRE; AUSGLEICH)
Austro-Prussian War
Axis, Rome–Berlin
Azaña, Manuel
B
Baader–Meinhof Group
Babeuf, François-Noël (“Gracchus”)
Bach, Alexander, Baron von
Badoglio, Pietro
Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich
Balbo, Cesare
Balkan Entente
Balkan Leagues
Balkan Pact
Balkan Wars
Balkans
Ballhausplatz
Baltic States
banking
Barbarossa, Operation
Barrès, Maurice
Basic Treaty
Basle, Treaties of
Basques
Bastille, fall of the
Batavian Republic
Battle of Britain
Bauer, Gustav
Bavaria
Beck, Józef
Beer Hall putsch
Belarus
Belgium
Benelux
Beneš, Edvard
Beria, Lavrenti
Berlin blockade
Berlin Conference
Berlin Congress
Berlin Wall
Berlinguer, Enrico
Berlusconi, Silvio
Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste
Bernstein, Eduard
Bessarabia (see under MOLDAVIA; MOLDOVA; ROMANIA)
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von
Beust, Count Friedrich Ferdinand von
biennio rosso
Bierut, Bolesław
Bismarck, Otto von
Black Hand
Blair, Tony
Blanc, Louis
Blanqui, Louis Auguste
Blitzkrieg
Bloc National
Bloody Sunday (see under RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905; IRELAND)
Blücher, Gebhardt von
Blum, Léon
Bohemia
Bolsheviks
Bonaparte, Joseph
Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon (see NAPOLEON III)
Bonaparte, Napoleon (see NAPOLEON I)
Bonapartism
Bonomi, Ivanoe
Bormann, Martin
Borodino, Battle of
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bosnian Civil War (see under BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA)
Bosphorous
Boulanger affair
Bourbon dynasty
bourgeoisie (see under CLASS)
Brandt, Willy
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of
Bretton Woods agreement
Brezhnev, Leonid
Briand, Aristide
Brissot, Jacques-Pierre
Britain, Battle of (see BATTLE OF BRITAIN)
Britain and Europe
Brousse, Paul
Brumaire, Coup of
Brüning, Heinrich
Brusilov offensive
Brussels, Treaty of
Bucharest, Treaties of (1812, 1913, 1918)
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich
Bukovina
Bulganin, Nikolai
Bulgaria
Bulgarian massacres (see under BULGARIA)
Bulge, Battle of the
Bülow, Bernhard von
Buonarotti, Filippo
bureaucracy
Burgenland (see under TRIANON, TREATY OF)
Burschenschaften
C
Cabet, Étienne
caciquismo
Caetano, Marcello
Cagoulards
Campo Formio, Treaty of
Canning, George
Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio
capital cities
capitalism
Caporetto, Battle of
Caprivi, Leo Graf von
Carbonari
Carlism
Carlsbad Decrees
Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite
Carol II (of Romania)
Cartel des Gauches
Casablanca Conference
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount
Catalonia
Catherine II (of Russia)
Catholicism
Cattaneo, Carlo
Caudillo
Cavaignac, General Louis-Eugène
Cavour, Camillo
Ceauşescu, Nikolae
Center Party (Germany) (see ZENTRUM)
Central Powers
Champ de Mars massacre
Charles I of Austria (see under HABSBURG EMPIRE)
Charles X (of France)
Charles Albert (of Piedmont-Sardinia)
Charles Felix (of Piedmont-Sardinia)
Chateaubriand, François René, Vicomte de
Chaumont, Treaties of
Chechnya
Cheka
Chemin des Dames (see under NIVELLE)
Chernenko, Konstantin
Chernobyl disaster
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai
Chetniks
Chirac, Jacques
Chouans
Christian Democracy
Churchill, Winston
Ciano, Galeazzo
Cisleithania
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
class
Clausewitz, Karl Philipp Gottlieb von
Clemenceau, Georges
Code Civil
Code Napoléon (see CODE CIVIL)
Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea
Cold War
collaboration
collectivization
colonialism (see under IMPERIALISM; DECOLONIZATION)
Comecon
Cominform (see under THE INTERNATIONAL)
Comintern (see under THE INTERNATIONAL)
Committee of Public Safety
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
Common Market (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
communications
communism
Compromise of 1867 (see AUSGLEICH)
Comte, Auguste (see under POSITIVISM)
concentration camps
concordat
Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT)
confederalism (see under FEDERALISM[1])
Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT)
Confederation of the Rhine
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (see HELSINKI CONFERENCE)
Congress of Europe
Congress System
Consalvi, Ercole
conservatism
Constantinople agreements
Constituent Assembly
constitutionalism (see under LIBERALISM)
Consulate
Continental System
Convention
Copenhagen, Battles of
Cordeliers Club
Corfu incident
corporate state
Council of Europe
Craxi, Bettino
Crimean War
Crispi, Francesco
Crna Gora (see MONTENEGRO)
Croatia
Croix de Feu
Crystal night (see KRISTALLNACHT)
Curzon line
Custozza, Battles of
Cuza, Alexandru
Cyprus
Czartoryski
Czech Republic
Czechoslovakia
D
D'Annunzio, Gabriele
D'Azeglio, Massimo
Daladier, Edouard
Danton, Georges-Jacques
Danube question
Danubian principalities
Danzig corridor
Dardanelles
Darlan, Jean François
Darnand, Joseph
Darwinism (see SOCIAL DARWINISM)
Dawes Plan
Dayton Accord
D-Day (see NORMANDY LANDINGS)
DDR (see GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC)
de Gasperi, Alcide
de Gaulle, Charles
de Valera, Eamon
Deák, Ferenc
Déat, Marcel
Debré, Michel
Decembrist conspiracy
dechristianization
Declaration of the Rights of Man (see RIGHTS OF MAN)
decolonization
Degrelle, Léon Marie Joseph Ignace
Delcassé, Théophile
Delors, Jacques
democracy
demography (see POPULATION)
Denmark
Depressions (see GREAT DEPRESSIONS)
Depretis, Agostino
Déroulède, Paul
détente
Dimitrov, Georgi
Directory
Djilas, Milovan
Dolchstoss
Dollfuss, Engelbert
Doriot, Jacques
Dreikaiserbund (see THREE EMPERORS' LEAGUE)
Dreyfus Affair
Dual Alliance
Dual Entente (see FRANCO-RUSSIAN ALLIANCE)
Dual Monarchy (see under HABSBURG EMPIRE)
dualism (see under HABSBURG EMPIRE)
Dubček, Alexander
Duce (see MUSSOLINI)
Duma
Dunant, Henri (see under RED CROSS, INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE)
Dunkirk, evacuation from
Dunkirk, Treaty of
E
East Germany (see GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC)
Eastern Question
Eastern Rumelia
Ebert, Friedrich
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
Eden, Anthony
education
Eichmann, Adolf
Eire (see under IRELAND)
emancipation of the serfs (see under SERFDOM)
emigration (see under MIGRATION)
Ems Telegram
Enabling Act
Engels, Friedrich
ENIGMA (see under ULTRA)
Enlightenment
enosis
Entente Cordiale
environmentalism
Erfurt Union
Erhard, Ludwig
Erlander, Tage
Estado Novo
Estates General
Estonia (see under BALTIC STATES)
Ethiopian War (see ITALO-ETHIOPIAN WAR)
ethnic cleansing
Eupen-Malmédy
Euratom
Eurocommunism
Europe des patries (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION; DE GAULLE)
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
European Commission (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
European Community (EC) (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
European Constitution Treaty (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
European Convention on Human Rights
European Council (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
European Court (of Justice; of Human Rights)
European Defence Community (EDC) (see under WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION)
European Economic Area (EEA) (see under EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION)
European Economic Community (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
European integration
European Monetary Union (see ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION)
European Parliament (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
European Political Community (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
European Union (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
extermination camps (see under CONCENTRATION CAMPS)
F
Fabius, Laurent
Falange Española
Falkenhayn, Erich von
Falloux Law
Fanfani, Amintore
Fascism
Fashoda crisis
February Revolution (see under RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS OF 1917)
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)
federalism
feminism
Ferdinand I (of Austria)
Ferry, Jules
Fifth Republic (France)
Final Solution
Finland
First Empire (France) (see under NAPOLEON I)
First International (see under THE INTERNATIONAL)
First Republic (France) (see under FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789)
First World War (see WORLD WAR I)
Fiume
Five-Year Plans
Foch, Ferdinand
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (see under MACEDONIA; YUGOSLAVIA)
Fouché, Joseph
Fourier, Charles
Fourteen Points
Fourth Republic (France)
France (see, principally and in broad chronological sequence, FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789; FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS; NAPOLEON I; NAPOLEONIC WARS; LOUIS XVIII; CHARLES X; JULY MONARCHY; SECOND REPUBLIC; NAPOLEON III; FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR; PARIS COMMUNE; THIRD REPUBLIC; VICHY REGIME; FOURTH REPUBLIC; FIFTH REPUBLIC)
Francis I (of Austria)
Francis Ferdinand, Archduke
Francis Joseph I (of Austria-Hungary)
Franco, Francisco
Franco-Austrian War
Franco-Prussian War
Franco-Russian alliance
Frankfurt, Treaty of
Frankfurt parliament
Frederick III (of Prussia)
Frederick William III (of Prussia)
Frederick William IV (of Prussia)
Free French
free trade (see LAISSEZ-FAIRE)
Freemasonry
Freikorps
French Revolution of 1789
French Revolutionary Wars
Front National
Führer (see HITLER)
G
Galicia (regions in [1] Habsburg empire and [2] Spain)
Gallipoli campaign
Gambetta, Léon
Gamelin, Maurice
Garibaldi, Giuseppe
Gastein, Convention of
Gaullism (see under DE GAULLE)
gender
Generalgouvernement
Geneva Conventions
German Confederation
German Democratic Republic (GDR)
German empire
German Federal Republic (see FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY)
German reunification
German Revolution of 1918–19
German unification
Germany (see, principally and in broad chronological sequence, HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE; HABSBURG EMPIRE; CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE; GERMAN CONFEDERATION; BISMARCK; AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR; NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION; GERMAN UNIFICATION; GERMAN EMPIRE; WEIMAR REPUBLIC; HITLER; NAZISM; FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY; GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC; GERMAN REUNIFICATION)
Gestapo
Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe
Gibraltar
Gierek, Edward
Gioberti, Vincenzo
Giolitti, Giovanni
Girondins
Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry
glasnost (see under GORBACHEV)
Gleichschaltung
Gneisenau, Count August von
Goebbels, Joseph
Goering, Hermann
gold standard
Gömbös, Gyula
Gomulka, Władisław
González, Felipe
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Gottwald, Klement
Gramsci, Antonio
Great Depressions ([1] 1873–96; [2] 1929–34)
Great Fear
Great Purges
Great War (see WORLD WAR I)
Greece
Greek Civil War
Greek colonels
Greek War of Independence
Greek–Turkish War
Greenland (see under DENMARK; SCANDINAVIA)
Gregory XVI, Pope
Gromyko, Andrei
grossdeutsch/Grossdeutschland (see under GERMAN UNIFICATION).
Guderian, Heinz Wilhelm
Guernica
Guesde, Jules
Guizot, François
Gulag
H
Habsburg empire
Hague Conferences
Hague Tribunals
Hallstein, Walter
Hanover
Hardenberg, Karl August von
Haussmann, Georges Eugène, Baron
Havel, Václav
Heath, Edward
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Helsinki Conference
Helvetic Confederation (see SWITZERLAND)
Helvetic Republic (see under SWITZERLAND)
Herriot, Edouard
Herzen, Alexander
Herzl, Theodor
Hess, Rudolf
Himmler, Heinrich
Hindenberg, Paul von
Hitler, Adolf
Hitler Youth
Hoare–Laval Pact
Hohenzollern candidature (see EMS TELEGRAM)
Hohenzollern dynasty
Holocaust (see FINAL SOLUTION)
Holy Alliance
Holy Roman Empire
Honecker, Erich
Horthy de Nagybánya, Miklós
Hossbach meeting
Hoxha, Enver
human rights (see RIGHTS OF MAN; EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS)
Humboldt, Wilhelm von
Hundred Days
Hungarian rising of 1956
Hungary
Husák, Gustáv
I
Iceland
Illyrian movement
immobilisme
imperialism
industrialization
The International
International Brigades (see under SPANISH CIVIL WAR)
International Working Men's Association (see under THE INTERNATIONAL)
Ireland
Iron Curtain (see under COLD WAR)
Iron Guard
irredentism
Islam (see MUSLIMS)
Istria
Italian unification
Italo-Ethiopian War
Italo-Turkish War
Italy
Izvolsky, Alexander Petrovich, Count
J
Jacobins
Jaruzelski, Wojciech
Jaurès, Jean Léon
Jelačić, Josip
Jena-Auerstädt, Battles of
Jenkins, Roy
Jews
Joffre, Joseph
John XXIII, Pope
John Paul II, Pope
Juan Carlos I (of Spain)
July crisis
July Days (see under RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS OF 1917)
July Monarchy
July plot
July Revolution (see under JULY MONARCHY; REVOLUTIONS OF 1830–2)
June Days
Junkers
Jutland, Battle of
K
Kádár, János
Kadets
Kaliningrad
Kamenev, Lev
Kapp putsch
Karadjordjević dynasty (see under SERBIA)
Karamanlis, Constantine
Károlyi, Mihály
Katyn massacre
Kautsky, Karl
Kekkonen, Urho
Kellogg–Briand Pact
Kerensky, Alexander
Keynes, John Maynard
KGB
Khrushchev, Nikita
Kiesinger, Kurt Georg
Kirov, Sergei
kleindeutsch/Kleindeutschland (see under GERMAN UNIFICATION)
Kohl, Helmut
kolkhoz
Kolowrat, Count Anton
Königgrätz, Battle of (see SADOWA)
Kornilov affair
Kosovo
Kossuth, Louis
Kosygin, Alexei
Kreisky, Bruno
Kristallnacht
Kronstadt uprising
Kropotkin, Peter
Krupps
kulaks
Kulturkampf
Kun, Béla
Kursk, Battle of
L
Lafayette, Gilbert Motier, Marquis de
Laibach, Congress of (see under CONGRESS SYSTEM; TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF)
laissez-faire
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de
Lamennais, Félicité Robert de
Lassalle, Ferdinand
Lateran Treaties
Latvia (see under BALTIC STATES)
Lausanne, Treaty of
Laval, Pierre
Le Chapelier Law
Le Pen, Jean-Marie
League of Nations
Lebensraum
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre
legitimism
Leipzig, Battle of
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
Leningrad, Siege of
Leninism (see under LENIN; COMMUNISM)
Leo XII, Pope
Leo XIII, Pope
Leopold II (of Belgium)
Lesseps, Ferdinand Marie de
liberalism
Lidice massacre
Liebknecht, Karl
Liechtenstein (see MICRO-STATES[2])
Lisbon, Treaty of, 2007 (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
List, Friedrich
literacy
Lithuania (see under BALTIC STATES)
Little Entente
Litvinov, Maxim Maximovich
Lloyd George, David
Locarno Treaties
London, Treaties of (1827, 1839, 1852, 1913, 1915)
Louis XVI (of France)
Louis XVIII (of France)
Louis Napoleon (Bonaparte) (see NAPOLEON III)
Louis-Philippe, of France (see JULY MONARCHY)
Ludendorff, Erich
Ludwig II (of Bavaria)
Lueger, Karl
Lunéville, Treaty of
Luxemburg
Luxemburg, Rosa
Luxemburg compromise
M
Maastricht, Treaty of
Macedonia
Macmahon, Marie Edmé Patrice Maurice de
Madrid, Siege of (see under SPANISH CIVIL WAR)
Mafia
Maginot Line
Mahmud II (of Turkey)
Makarios III, Archbishop
Malenkov, Georgi
Malta
mandates
Manin, Daniele
Marat, Jean-Paul
March on Rome
Marchais, Georges
Marengo, Battle of
Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France
Marne, Battles of the
Marshall Plan
Marx, Karl
Marxism (see under MARX; COMMUNISM; SOCIALISM)
Masaryk, Jan
Masaryk, Tomáš
mass society
Matignon agreements
Matteotti affair
Maura, Antonio
Maurras, Charles
Mazzini, Giuseppe
Mediterranean agreements
Medvedev, Dmitri (see under PUTIN)
Memel
Mendès-France, Pierre
Mendizábal, Juan Álvarez
Mensheviks
Merkel, Angela
Mers-el-Kébir
Messina Conference
Metaxas, Ioannis
Metternich, Klemens von
mezzogiorno
Mickiewicz, Adam
micro-states (Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City)
middle class (see under CLASS)
migration
Millerand, Alexandre Etienne
Milošević, Slobodan
mir
Mitteleuropa
Mitterrand, François
modernism (cultural, religious)
Moldavia
Moldova
Molotov, Vyacheslav
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (see NAZI–SOVIET PACT)
Moltke, Helmut Karl Bernhard, Count von, “the Elder”
Monaco (see MICRO-STATES[3])
monarchism
Monnet, Jean
Montenegro
Montreux Convention
Moravia (see under BOHEMIA; CZECH REPUBLIC; CZECHOSLOVAKIA)
Morgenthau plan
Moro, Aldo
Moroccan crises
Moscow, retreat from
Münchengrätz Convention
Munich agreement
Munich putsch (see BEER HALL PUTSCH)
Murat, Joachim
Muslims
Mussolini, Benito
Mustafa Kemal (see ATATÜRK, KEMAL)
N
Nagy, Imre (see under HUNGARIAN RISING OF 1956)
Nansen, Fridtjof
Naples and Sicily, Kingdom of (see TWO SICILIES)
Napoleon I (of France)
Napoleon III (of France)
Napoleonic Wars
Narodniks (see under POPULISM)
nation-state (see under NATIONALISM)
National Guards
National Socialism (see NAZISM)
nationalism
NATO
naturalism
Navarino, Battle of (see under GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE)
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Nazism
Necker, Jacques
Negrin, Juan
Nelson, Vice-Admiral Horatio, Viscount
NEP (see NEW ECONOMIC POLICY)
Nesselrode, Karl Robert, Count
Netherlands
Neuilly, Treaty of
neutrality
New Economic Policy (NEP)
New Order
newspapers
Nice, Treaty of, 2001 (see under EUROPEAN INTEGRATION)
Nicholas I (of Russia)
Nicholas II (of Russia)
Night of the Long Knives
Nightingale, Florence
nihilism
Nivelle, Robert Georges
NKVD
nomenklatura
Nordic Council
Normandy landings
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (see NATO)
North German Confederation
Norway
Novara, Battles of (1821, 1849)
Novi Pazar, Sanjak of
Novotny, Antonín
Nuremberg laws
Nuremberg trials
O
Obrenović dynasty (see under SERBIA)
October days
October manifesto
October Revolution (see under RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS OF 1917)
Oder–Neisse line
oil crises
Ollivier, Emile
Olmütz agreement
Opus Dei
Oradour massacre
Organization for European Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (see under HELSINKI CONFERENCE)
Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele
Orleanism
Orsini plot
Orthodox Christianity
Ostpolitik
Ottoman empire (see under TURKEY AND EUROPE)
P
Palacký, František
Pale of Settlement
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount
Panama Canal scandal (see under LESSEPS)
Pan-Germanism
Pan-Slavism
papacy (see under CATHOLICISM; PAPAL STATES)
Papadopoulous, Georgios (see under GREEK COLONELS)
Papal States
Papen, Franz von
Paris, Pact of (see KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT)
Paris, Treaties of (1814, 1856, 1947)
Paris Commune
Paris Congress (see under CRIMEAN WAR)
Paris Peace Settlement
parliamentary government (see under DEMOCRACY)
Partitions of Poland (see under POLAND)
Pašić, Nikola
Passchendaele, Battle of
Paul I (of Russia)
Pavelić, Ante
peasantry (see under RURAL SOCIETY)
Peninsular War
perestroika (see under GORBACHEV)
Pétain, Henri Philippe Omer
philhellenism
phoney war
Piedmont-Sardinia
pillarization
Pillnitz, Declaration of
Piłsudski, Józef
Pius VII, Pope
Pius IX, Pope
Pius XI, Pope
Pius XII, Pope
place names
Plekhanov, Georgi
Plombières agreement
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin
pogroms
Poincaré, Raymond
Poland
Polignac, Jules, Prince de
Polish corridor (see DANZIG CORRIDOR)
Polish-Soviet War (see RUSSO-POLISH WAR)
Politburo
Pompidou, Georges
Popular Fronts
population
populism
Porte, the Sublime
Portugal
positivism
Potsdam Conference
Poujade, Pierre
Prague, Treaty of (see under AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR)
Prague Spring
Pressburg, Treaty of
Primo de Rivera, Miguel and José Antonio.
proletariat (see under WORKING CLASS)
Protestantism
Proudhon, Pierre
Prussia
Putin, Vladimir
Q
Quadrilateral, The
Quadruple Alliance
Quai d'Orsay
Quintuple Alliance (see under QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE)
Quisling, Vidkun
R
racism
Radetzsky, Josef Wenzel, Count
Radical Party (France)
railways (see under COMMUNICATIONS)
Rákosi, Mátyás
Ralliement
Rapallo, Treaties of (1920, 1922)
ras
Rasputin, Grigori
Rathenau, Walter
realism (see under NATURALISM)
Realpolitik
Red Army
Red Brigades
Red Cross, International Committee of the (ICRC)
Reichstag Fire
Reinsurance Treaty
reparations
republicanism (see under MONARCHISM)
resistance
Restoration (see under VIENNA CONGRESS; MONARCHISM)
Revolutions of 1830–2
Revolutions of 1848–9
Revolutions of 1989–91
Rexists
Reynaud, Paul
Rhine, Confederation of the (see CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE)
Rhineland crisis
Ribbentrop, Joachim von
Ricasoli, Bettino
Riga, Treaty of (see under RUSSO-POLISH WAR)
Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Declaration of the
Riom Trials
Risorgimento
Rivoli, Battle of
Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de
Röhm, Ernst
Roman question (see under PAPAL STATES)
Romania
Romanov dynasty (see under RUSSIA; and in chronological order CATHERINE II, PAUL I, ALEXANDER I, NICHOLAS I, ALEXANDER II, ALEXANDER III, NICHOLAS II)
romanticism
Rome, Treaties of
Rome Statute
Rommel, Erwin
Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil, Graf von
Rothschild family (see under BANKING)
Ruhr occupation
rural society
Russia
Russian Civil War
Russian Revolution of 1905
Russian Revolutions of 1917
Russification
Russo-Finnish War
Russo-Japanese War
Russo-Polish War
Russo-Turkish Wars
Ruthenes
S
SA (see STURMABTEILUNG)
Saarland
Sadowa, Battle of
Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine-Léon
Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy
Salazar, António de Oliveira
Salò Republic
Sammlungspolitik
San Marino (see MICRO-STATES[4])
San Stefano, Treaty of (see under RUSSO-TURKISH WARS; TURKEY AND EUROPE; BERLIN CONGRESS)
Sanjak of Novi Pazar (see NOVI PAZAR)
sans-culottes
Sarajevo assassination, 1914 (see JULY CRISIS)
Sarkozy, Nicolas
Saverne affair (see ZABERN AFFAIR)
Saxony
Scandinavia
Scharnhorst, Gerhardt Johann David, Graf von
Schengen Agreement
Schleswig-Holstein question
Schlieffen Plan
Schmidt, Helmut
Schönbrunn, Treaty of (see VIENNA, TREATIES OF[1])
Schröder, Gerhard
Schuman, Robert
Schuschnigg, Kurt von
Schutzstaffel
Schwarzenberg, Karl Philipp, Count
Scramble for Africa (see under IMPERIALISM)
SD (see SICHERHEITSDIENST)
Second Empire (France) (see under NAPOLEON III)
Second International (see under THE INTERNATIONAL)
Second Reich (see GERMAN EMPIRE)
Second Republic (France)
Second Republic (Spain)
Second World War (see WORLD WAR II)
secret police (see, for different countries, CHEKA; GESTAPO; KGB; NKVD; STASI)
secularization
Sedan, Battle of
separatism
September massacres
Serbia
serfdom
Sevastapol, Siege of (see under CRIMEAN WAR)
Sèvres, Treaty of
sexuality
Shoah (see FINAL SOLUTION)
Sicherheitsdienst
Sicily (see under TWO SICILIES)
Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph, Abbé
Sikorski, Władysław Eugeniusz
Silesia
Single European Act (SEA)
The Six
Six Weeks War (see AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR)
Slavophiles
Slovakia
Slovenia
Soares, Mário
social Darwinism
social democracy (see under SOCIALISM)
Social Democratic Party of Germany
socialism
Socialist Revolutionary Party
Solidarity
Solidarność (see SOLIDARITY)
Somme, Battle of the
Sonderbund (see under SWITZERLAND)
Sorbs
Sorel, Georges
South Tyrol
Soviet Union.
Soviets
Spaak, Paul-Henri
Spain
Spanish Civil War
“Spanish” influenza
Spartacist rising
Speer, Albert
Speransky, Mikhail Mikhailovsky, Count
squadristi
Srebrenica massacre
SS (see SCHUTZSTAFFEL)
St Germain, Treaty of
“stab in the back” (see DOLCHSTOSS)
Stalin, Josef
Stalingrad, Battle of
Stalinism (see under STALIN; COMMUNISM)
Stamboliisky, Alexandar
Stambolov, Stefan
Stasi
Stavisky affair
Stein, Karl, Baron vom
Stolypin, Pyotr
Straits question
Stresa Front
Stresemann, Gustav
student revolts of 1968
Sturmabteilung
Suárez González, Adolfo
subsidiarity
succession states
Sudetenland
Suez crisis
Svoboda, Ludvík
Sweden
Switzerland
Sykes-Picot agreement
syndicalism
Szálasi, Ferenc (see under ARROW CROSS)
Széchenyi, Count István,
szlachta
T
Taaffe, Count Eduard
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice
Tannenberg, Battle of
Tehran Conference
Tennis Court Oath
The Terror
terrorism
Teschen dispute
Thatcher, Margaret
Thermidor
Thiers, Louis Adolphe
Third International (see under THE INTERNATIONAL)
Third Reich (see under HITLER; NAZISM)
Third Republic (France)
Thorez, Maurice
Three Emperors' League
Tilsit, Treaties of
Tirpitz, Alfred von
Tiso, Jozef
Tisza, István (see under TISZA, KÁLMÁN)
Tisza, Kálmán
Tito
Tocqueville, Alexis de
totalitarianism
trade unionism
Trafalgar, Battle of
Transleithania (see under CISLEITHANIA)
Transnistria (see under MOLDOVA)
transport (see under COMMUNICATIONS)
Transylvania
trasformismo
Treaty on European Union (see MAASTRICHT TREATY)
trialism (see under HABSBURG EMPIRE)
Trianon, Treaty of
Trieste
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Tripolitanian War (see under ITALO-TURKISH WAR)
Troppau, Congress of
Trotsky, Leon
Truman doctrine
Tudjman, Franjo
Tuileries, attack on the (see under FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789)
Turkey and Europe
Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the
U
Ukraine
Ulbricht, Walter
Ulm, Battle of
ULTRA
ultramontanism (see under CATHOLICISM)
Ultras
Uniates (see under CATHOLICISM; ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (see SOVIET UNION)
United Kingdom (see BRITAIN AND EUROPE)
United Nations
UNRRA (see under UNITED NATIONS)
urbanization
USSR (see SOVIET UNION)
Ustaše (see under PAVELIĆ)
utopian socialism
V
Valmy, Battle of (see under FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS)
Varennes, flight to
Vatican City (see MICRO-STATES[5])
Vatican Councils
Vendée
Vendémiaire, rising of (see under NAPOLEON I)
Venizelos, Eleftherios
Verdun, Battle of
Verona, Congress of (see under CONGRESS SYSTEM)
Versailles, Treaty of
Vichy regime
Victor Emmanuel II (of Italy)
Victor Emmanuel III (of Italy)
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland
Vienna Congress
Vienna Treaties (1809, 1815, 1864, 1866)
Villafranca, truce of
Visegrád states
Vojvodina
von Moltke, Helmut Karl Bernhard, Count (see MOLTKE)
von Papen, Franz (see PAPEN)
vozhd
W
Wagram, Battle of
Waldheim, Kurt
Wałesa, Lech
Wall Street Crash (see under GREAT DEPRESSIONS[2])
Wallachia (see under DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES; ROMANIA)
Wannsee conference
War Communism
warfare
Warsaw, Grand Duchy of
Warsaw ghetto
Warsaw Pact
Warsaw rising
Waterloo, Battle of
Weimar Republic
welfare state (see under WELFARISM)
welfarism
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, first Duke of
Weltpolitik
Wends (see SORBS)
West Germany (see FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY)
Western European Union (WEU)
White Terror
Wilhelmine empire (see GERMAN EMPIRE)
Wilhelmstrasse
William I (of Germany)
William II (of Germany)
Wilson, Thomas Woodrow (see under FOURTEEN POINTS; PARIS PEACE SETTLEMENT)
Windischgrätz, Prince Alfred
Windthorst, Ludwig
Winter War (see RUSSO-FINNISH WAR)
Witte, Sergei
Wollstonecraft, Mary
women, emancipation of (see under FEMINISM; GENDER)
working class
World War I
World War II
Württemberg
Y
Yalta Conference
Yeltsin, Boris
Yezhovshchina (see under GREAT PURGES)
Young Czechs
Young Italy (see under MAZZINI)
Young Plan
Young Turks
Ypres, Battles of (1914, 1915, 1917)
Ypsilantis, Alexander
Yugoslavia
Z
Zabern affair
zemstva
Zentrum
Zhdanovshchina
Zhivkov, Todor
Zhukov, Georgi
Zinoviev, Grigori
Zionism
Zog (of Albania)
Zollverein