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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Climate change impacts on freshwater ecosystems / edited by Martin Kernan, Rick Battarbee and Brian Moss.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-7913-3 (hardback)
1. Freshwater habitats. 2. Freshwater ecology. 3. Climatic changes–Environmental aspects. I. Kernan, M. R. II. Battarbee, R. W. III. Moss, Brian, 1943–
QH541.5.F7C65 2010
577.6′22–dc22
2010016420
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10.5/12pt Classical Garamond by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
Contents
Preface
The evidence that greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from fossil fuel combustion, is and will increasingly be a principal cause of climate change has been compelling for some time. Although uncertainties remain, the threat is sufficiently real for research now to focus not only on the climate system itself but also on how changes in the climate system in future might affect the functioning of natural ecosystems.
In this book, we are concerned with how climate change might affect freshwater ecosystems. The ideas and examples presented in the book stem largely from the ‘Euro-limpacs’ project, a major EU-funded project on ‘the impact of global change on European freshwater ecosystems’. Euro-limpacs brought together lake, river and wetland scientists from across Europe to assess not only the direct impacts of climate change on freshwaters but also its potential indirect impact through interactions with other stresses such as changes in hydromorphology, nutrient loading, acid deposition and toxic substance exposure.
A wide variety of approaches was used in the project ranging from the analysis of lake sediment and long-term instrumental records to identify past impacts of climate change, to the use of experiments, space-for-time substitution and modelling to assess what might happen in future under different climate scenarios.
The project also considered the implications of future climate change for the management of freshwater ecosystems in Europe, especially the extent to which current policies and practices designed to improve the ecological status of freshwater ecosystems need to be modified in light of projected future climate change.
This book brings together the key results from the project. Its structure follows the design of the Euro-limpacs project, first assessing the probable effects of climate change and then considering management issues.
Richard W. Battarbee
Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to Gene Likens and Curtis Richardson for encouraging us to write this book. We acknowledge European Union 6th Framework RTD programme which provided the funding for Euro-limpacs (EU Contract No. GOCE-CT-2003-505540). We would like to thank our EU project manager, Christos Fragakis, for his support throughout the 5 years of the project. We owe our considerable gratitude to the many participants involved in Euro-limpacs who provided the data and analyses underpinning much of this book. From UCL, we would like to thank Cath D’Alton for her efforts with the diagrams, and Catherine Rose and Katy Wilson for the invaluable help they provided the editorial team in putting the manuscripts together. We would also like to thank those colleagues who provided anonymous reviews for each of the chapters. We dedicate the volume to the very many scientists in Euro-limpacs who are not included as authors in the book but who contributed to the success of Euro-limpacs and whose work is drawn upon throughout the book.
Contributors
Julian Aherne
Environment & Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
Hans Estrup Andersen
NERI, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
Tom Barker
Institute for Sustainable Water, Integrated Management, and Ecosystem Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Richard W. Battarbee
Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
Helen Bennion
Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
Ekin Birol
International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
Kevin Bishop
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Karel Brabec
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Laetitia Buisson
Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
Dan Butterfield
Department of Geography, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Laurence Carvalho
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Midlothian, UK
Jordi Catalan
CEAB-CSIC, Blanes, Spain
Luc DeMeester
Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
Peter J. Dillon
Environment & Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
Martin Erlandsson
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Chris D. Evans
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales,
Bangor, UK
Pilar Fernandez
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain
Heidrun Feuchtmayr
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
Martin Forsius
Ecosystem Change Unit, Natural Environment Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Nikolai Friberg
Department of Freshwater Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
Mark O. Gessner
Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland and Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Wolfram Graf
Department Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Gäel Grenouillet
Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
Joan O. Grimalt
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain
Alexandra Haidekker
Department of Applied Zoology/Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
David W. Hardekopf
Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Mariet Hefting
Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Rachel C. Helliwell
Macaulay Instititute, Aberdeen, UK
Daniel Hering
Department of Applied Zoology/Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
Thomas Horlitz
Entera, Hannover, Germany
Jakub Hruška
Czech Geolological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
Mike Hutchins
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, UK
Sonja C. Jähnig
Limnology and Conservation Department, Natural History Museum Senckenberg, University of Duisburg-Essen, Gelnhausen, Germany
Ron Janssen
Department of Spatial Analysis and Decision Support, Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Erik Jeppesen
Department of Freshwater Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
Richard K. Johnson
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Philip J. Jones
Centre for Agricultural Strategy, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
Øyvind Kaste
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Southern Branch, Grimstad, Norway
Martin Kernan
Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
Ji
í Kopá
ek
Biological Centre ASCR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
Phoebe Koundouri
Department of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
Pavel Krám
Czech Geolological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
Hjalmar Laudon
Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
Torbden L. Lauridsen
Department of Freshwater Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
Lone Liboriussen
Department of Freshwater Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
Conor Linstead
Institute for Sustainable Water, Integrated Management, and Ecosystem Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
David M. Livingstone
Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Armin Lorenz
Department of Applied Zoology/Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
Hilmar J. Malmquist
Natural History Museum of Kópavogur, Kópavogur, Iceland
Edward Maltby
Institute for Sustainable Water, Integrated Management, and Ecosystem Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Linda May
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Midlothian, UK
Mariana Meerhoff
Department of Freshwater Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark and Grupo de Ecología y Rehabilitación de Sistemas Acuáticos, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
Filip Moldan
Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL, Gothenburg, Sweden
Don Monteith
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
Brian Moss
Institute for Sustainable Water, Integrated Management and Ecosystem Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
John Munthe
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden
John Murphy
FBA River Laboratory, The School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Wareham, Dorset, UK
Ulrike Nickus
Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Jon S. Olafsson
Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Reykjavik, Iceland
Helle Ørsted Nielsen
Department of Policy Analysis, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Roende, Denmark
Benjami Piña
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain
Katri Rankinen
Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Kyriaki Remoundou
Department of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
Michela Rogora
Institute of Ecosystem Study, CNR, Verbania, Italy
Neil L. Rose
Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
Leonard Sandin
Department of Aquatic Sciences & Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber
Department Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Anne Merete S. Sjøeng
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
Richard A. Skeffington
Department of Geography, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Merel B. Soons
Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Sonja Stendera
Department of Aquatic Sciences & Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Hansjörg Thies
Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Piet F.M. Verdonschot
Freshwater Ecology, Alterra, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Jos T.A. Verhoeven
Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands andrew J. Wade
Department of Geography, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
Paul G. Whitehead
Department of Geography, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
Heleen A. de Wit
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
Richard F. Wright
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway