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Geomorphology of Upland Peat

RGS-IBG Book Series

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This edition first published 2010
© 2010 Martin Evans and Jeff Warburton

Edition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (hardback, 2007)

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Evans, Martin (Martin Grant), 1970–
   Geomorphology of upland peat: erosion, form, and landscape change / Martin Evans and Jeff Warburton.
      p. cm. – (RGS-IBG book series)
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-1507-0 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4443-3741-9
   1. Peatlands. 2. Peatland ecology. 3. Soil erosion. I. Warburton, J. (Jeff) II. Title.
   GB622.E93 2007
   551.41–dc22

2006032840

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Set in 10/12pt Plantin by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited

1 2010

For Juliet, Daniel and Anna
and for
Christine, Isobel and Katie

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The RGS-IBG Book Series only publishes work of the highest international standing. Its emphasis is on distinctive new developments in human and physical geography, although it is also open to contributions from cognate disciplines whose interests overlap with those of geographers. The Series places strong emphasis on theoretically informed and empirically strong texts. Reflecting the vibrant and diverse theoretical and empirical agendas that characterize the contemporary discipline, contributions are expected to inform, challenge and stimulate the reader. Overall, the RGS-IBG Book Series seeks to promote scholarly publications that leave an intellectual mark and change the way readers think about particular issues, methods or theories.

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RGS-IBG Book Series Editors

Acknowledgements

Much of the work reported in this volume has been the result of collaborations with postgraduate students. We are grateful for the shared experience of studying peatland erosion and their stimulating company. In particular, we would like to thank the following. In Durham: Richard Johnson, Andrew Mills, Duncan Wishart, Vicky Holliday, Alona Armstrong, Simon Foulds and Sarah Clement, and in Manchester: Juan Yang, Amer al-Roichdi, James Rothwell, Steve Daniels, Sarah Crowe, Laura Liddaman and Richard Pawson. Specifically we would like to thank Andy Mills for comments on Chapter 5. Collectively, their work has been an inspiration and has greatly contributed to many of the ideas in this book.

We would also like to acknowledge valuable discussions with colleagues: Tim Allott, Julia McMorrow, John Lindsay, Clive Agnew and Jeff Blackford (Manchester University), Tim Burt and Fred Worrall (Durham University), Alan Dykes, Joe Holden (University of Leeds), Louise Heathwaite (Lancaster University), John Adamson (CEH), Nick Haycock (Haycock Associates and Manchester University) and Penny Anderson (Penny Anderson Associates).

Thanks are due to English Nature for permission to work at the Moor House and Upper Teesdale Nature Reserve and to John Adamson for facilitating all our research at that site. In the Southern Pennines the National Trust and in particular Steve Trotter have been very supportive of our work. The support and assistance of the Moors for the Future partnership, and particularly Aletta Bonn and Cath Flitcroft have been an important part of the work on the peatlands of the Peak District.

We are grateful to the Departments of Geography at Manchester and Durham Universities for providing the resources to produce this book. The figures were prepared by Nick Scarle at Manchester and by the Design and Imaging Unit in Durham, in particular Chris Orton. Both Nick and Chris have provided rapid, professional and patient responses to our multitude of requests. Our research has been supported both in the field and in the laboratory by John Moore and Mike Clarke (Manchester), Derek Coates, Alison Clark, Frank Davies, Eddie Million and Neil Tunstall (Durham), to whom goes our gratitude.

Funding for the research reported here has been provided at various times by Manchester University, Durham University, The Royal Geographical Society, The Royal Society, Moors for the Future, the British Geomorphological Research Group and NERC.

Upland peatlands can be inhospitable places, and the data which make up our understanding of these systems is hard won often under inclement conditions. We want therefore to acknowledge the passion and the persistence of the numerous peatland researchers past and present on whose work we have built here.

Finally the biggest thanks go to our families who have indulged what seemed at times to be an endless task.

Figure and Table Acknowledgements

The authors and publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material.

Figure 1.2 is reproduced with permission from Lindsay, R. (1995), Bogs: The ecology, classification and conservation of ombrotrophic mires. Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage, 119p.

Figure 1.3 is redrawn with permission from an original diagram from O’Connell, C. (2002), Irish peatland conservation council blanket bogs information sheet. . Accessed 6 October 2006.

Figure 1.4 is reproduced with permission from Lindsay, R., Charman, D., Everingham, F., O’Reilly, R., Palmer, M., Rowell, T. and Stroud, D. (1988), The flow country: The peatlands of Caithness and Sutherland. Peterborough: NCC.

Figure 1.6 is reproduced with permission of the author from Coupar, A., Immirzi, P. and Reid, E. (1997), ‘The nature and extent of degradation in Scottish blanket mires’. In Tallis, J. Meade, R. and Hulme, P. (eds.) Blanket peat degradation: Causes, consequences, challenges. Aberdeen: British Ecological Society, pp. 90–100.

Figure 2.1 is reproduced with permission from Egglesman, R., Heathwaite, A. L., Grosse-Brauckmann, G., Kuster, G. E. Naucke, W. Schuch, M. and Schweikle, V. (1993), ‘Physical processes and properties of mires’. In Heathwaite, A. L. and Gottlich, K. (eds.) Mires, process, exploitation and conservation. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 171–262. © 1993, John Wiley and Sons Limited.

Figure 2.2 is reproduced with permission from Price (2003), ‘Role and character of seasonal peat soil deformation on the hydrology of undisturbed and cutover peatlands’. Water Resources Research 39(9): art. no.-1241. © 2003, American Geophysical Union.

Figure 2.3(a) is reproduced with permission from Fraser, C. J. D., Roulet, N. T. and Moore, T. R. (2001), ‘Hydrology and dissolved organic carbon biogeochemistry in an ombrotrophic bog’. Hydrological Processes 15(16): 3151–66. © John Wiley and Sons Limited. Figure 2.3(b) is reprinted from Hoag, R. S. and Price, J. S. (1995), ‘A field-scale, natural gradient solute transport experiment in peat at a Newfoundland blanket bog.’ Journal of Hydrology 172(1–4): 171–84. © 1995, with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 2.4 is reprinted from Reeve, A. S., Siegel, D. I. and Glaser, P. H. (2000), ‘Simulating vertical flow in large peatlands’. Journal of Hydrology 227(1–4): 207–17. © 2000, with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 2.5 is reproduced in part from Boatman, J. and Tomlinson, W. R. (1973), ‘The Silver Flowe 1. Some structural and hydrological features of Brishie Bog and their bearing on pool formation’. Journal of Ecology 61: 653–66. © 1973, with permission from Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Figure 2.7 is reproduced in part from Burt, T. P. (1992), ‘The hydrology of headwater catchments’. In Calow, P. and Petts, G. E. (eds.), The rivers handbook (Volume I), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 3–28. © 1992, with permission from Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Figure 2.8 is reproduced from Burt, T. P. and Gardiner, A. T. (1984), ‘Runoff and sediment production in a small peat covered catchment: Some preliminary results’. In Burt, T. P. and Walling, D. E. (eds.), Catchment experiments in fluvial geomorphology. Norwich: Geo Books, pp. 133–51. Reproduced with permission of the author.

Figures 2.7 and 2.9 reprinted from Evans, M. G., Burt, T. P., Holden, J. and Adamson, J. K. (1999), ‘Runoff generation and water table fluctuations in blanket peat: Evidence from UK data spanning the dry summer of 1995’. Journal of Hydrology 221 (3–4): 141–60. © 1999, with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 2.10 is reproduced from Holden, J. and Burt, T. P. (2003), ‘Hydrological studies on blanket peat: The significance of the acrotelm–catotelm model’. Journal of Ecology 91(1): 86–102. © 2003, with permission from Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Figure 2.11 Reprinted from Worrall, F., Burt, T. P. and Adamson, J. (2004), ‘Can climate change explain increases in DOC flux from upland peat catchments?’ Science of the Total Environment 326(1–3): 95–112. © 2004, with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 3.8 is reproduced by permission of James Rothwell.

Table 3.3 is reprinted from Evans, M. G., Warburton, J. and Yang, J. (2006), ‘Eroding blanket peat catchments: Global and local implications of upland organic sediment budgets’. Geomorphology, 79 (1–2): 45–57. © 2006, with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 4.4 is reproduced with permission from Bower, M. M. (1960), ‘The erosion of blanket peat in the Southern Pennines’. East Midlands Geographer 2(13): 22–33.

Figure 4.6 is reproduced from Tallis, J. H. (1973), ‘Studies on Southern Pennine peats V. Direct observations on peat erosion and peat hydrology at Featherbed Moss, Derbyshire’. Journal of Ecology 61(1): 1–22. © 1973, with permission from Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Figure 4.13 is reproduced with permission from Evans M. G. and Warburton, J. (2001), ‘Transport and dispersal of organic debris (peat blocks) in upland fluvial systems’. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26: 1087–102. © John Wiley and Sons Limited.

Figure 5.2(a to c) is reproduced from an original figure from Pearsall, W. (1956), ‘Two blanket bogs in Sutherland’. Journal of Ecology 44 (2): 493–516. © 1956, with permission from Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Figure 5.2(d) is reproduced with permission from Carling, P. A. (1986a), ‘Peat slides in Teesdale and Weardale, Northern Pennines, July 1983 – description and failure mechanisms’. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 11(2): 193–206. © John Wiley and Sons Limited.

Figures 5.4, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9 and Table 5.4 are reproduced from Mills (2002) with permission of the author.

Figure 5.11(b) is reproduced with permission from Alan Dykes.

Table 5.2 is reprinted from Warburton, J., Holden, J. and Mills, A. J. (2004), ‘Hydrological controls of surficial mass movements in peat’. Earth-Science Reviews 67(1–2): 139–56. © 2004, with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 6.1 is reproduced with permission from Radley, J. (1962), ‘Peat erosion on the high moors of Derbyshire and West Yorkshire’. East Midlands Geographer 3(17): 40–50.

Figure 6.2(a) is reproduced with permission from Arnalds, O. (2000), ‘The Icelandic “Rofabard” soil erosion features’. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25: 17–28. © John Wiley and Sons Limited.

Figure 6.5 is reproduced from Campbell, D. R., Lavoie, C. and Rochefort, L. (2002), ‘Wind erosion and surface stability in abandoned milledpeatlands’. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82(1): 85–95. With permission from the Agricultural Institute of Canada and the authors.

Figure 6.9 is reprinted from Foulds, S. A. and Warburton, J. (2006), ‘Significance of wind-driven rain (wind-splash) in the erosion of blanket peat’. Geomorphology In press. © 2006, with permission from Elsevier.

Figures 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4 are reproduced from Clement (2005) with permission of the author.

Figure 7.7 is reproduced with permission from Lindsay, R. (1995), Bogs: The ecology, classification and conservation of ombrotrophic mires. Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage, 119p.

Figure 8.2 is reproduced with permission from Thorp, M. and Glanville, P. (2003), ‘Mid-Holocene sub-blanket-peat alluvia and sediment sources in the Upper Liffey Valley, Co. Wicklow, Ireland’. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28(9): 1013–24. © John Wiley and Sons Limited.

Figure 8.3 is reproduced from Rochefort, L. (2000), ‘Sphagnum – a keystone genus in habitat restoration’. The Bryologist 103(3): 503–8. With permission of the author.

Figure 8.4 is reproduced with permission from Tim Burt and Sarah Clement.

Figure 8.6(a) is reproduced with permission from Sarah Crowe.

Figure 8.7(a) is reproduced from Skeffington, R., Wilson, E., Maltby, E., Immirzi, P. and Putwain, P. (1997), ‘Acid deposition and blanket mire degradation and restoration’. In Tallis, J. H., Meade, R. and Hulme, P. D. (eds.), Blanket mire degradation: Causes, consequences and challenges. Aberdeen: Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, pp. 29–37. Reproduced with permission from the authors.

Figure 8.8 is reproduced with permission from McHugh, M., Harrod, T. and Morgan, R. (2002), ‘The extent of soil erosion in Upland England and Wales’. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27(1): 99–107. © John Wiley and Sons Limited.

Figure 8.9 is reproduced with permission from Warburton, J., Evans, M. G. and Johnson, R. M. (2003), Discussion on ‘The extent of soil erosion in upland England and Wales’. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28(2): 219–23. © John Wiley and Sons Limited.

Figure 9.3 is reproduced with permission from Rothwell, J. J., Robinson, S. G., Evans, M. G., Yang, J. and Allott, T. E. H. (2005), ‘Heavy metal release by peat erosion in the Peak District, Southern Pennines, UK’. Hydrological Processes 19(15): 2973–89. © John Wiley and Sons Limited.

Figure 9.4 is reproduced from Ehrenfeld, J. G. (2000), ‘Defining the limits of restoration: The need for realistic goals’. Restoration Ecology 8: 2–9. © 2000, with permission from Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Figure 9.5(a) is reprinted with permission from Dobson, A. P., Bradshaw, A. D. and Baker, A. J. M. (1997), ‘Hopes for the future: Restoration ecology and conservation biology.’ Science 277: 515–22. © 1997 AAAS.