Third edition
Charles O. Thoen
James H. Steele
John B. Kaneene
This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 7 © 2014 UK Crown Copyright
Chapters 3, 8, 22, 23, 25, 29 © 2014 remains with the US Government
First edition, 1995 © Iowa State University Press
Second edition, 2006 © Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans.
Zoonotic tuberculosis : mycobacterium bovis and other pathogenic mycobacteria / editors, Charles O. Thoen, James H. Steele, and John B. Kaneene. – Third edition.
p. ; cm.
Preceded by: Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans / [edited by] Charles O. Thoen, James H. Steele, Michael J. Gilsdorf. 2nd ed. 2006.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-47429-7 (cloth)
I. Thoen, Charles O., editor of compilation. II. Steele, James H., editor of compilation. III. Kaneene, John B., editor of compilation. IV. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Tuberculosis. 2. Disease Eradication. 3. Mycobacterium bovis–pathogenicity. 4. Tuberculosis–veterinary. 5. Tuberculosis, Bovine. 6. Zoonoses–microbiology. WF 200]
RC311.19
616.99′5–dc23
2013042731
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
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Ehsan Abdalla, DVM, MS
College of Veterinary Medicine
Nursing and Allied Health
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee, Alabama
Andy Alhassan, DVM, PhD
Accra Veterinary Laboratory
Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Accra, Ghana
María Celia Antognoli, DVM, PhD
Veterinary Epidemiologist
National Surveillance Unit
Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health
USDA Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service, Veterinary Services
Fort Collins, Colorado
F. Olalekan Ayanwale, DVM, MPH, PhD
Extension Veterinarian/Health Specialist
Cooperative Extension Program
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee, Alabama
RaÚl G. Barletta, PhD
Professor, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
University of Nebraska–Lincoln, USA
Jean-Jacques Bénet, DVM, PhD
Professor, Contagious Diseases Unit
EPIMAI
Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort
Maisons-Alfort, France
Mahesh Bhandari, DVM, MS
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Mariana Boadella, DVM, PhD
SaBio (Sanidad y Biotecnología)–Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Universidad de Castilla–La Mancha
Ciudad Real, Spain
Asseged Bogale, DVM, MSc
Center for Computational Epidemiology, Bioinformatics and Risk Analysis
College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee, Alabama
María Laura Boschiroli, PhD, HDR
Unité de Zoonoses BactériennesLaboratoire de Maisons-Alfort (Santé Animale) Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Maisons-Alfort, France
Simeon I. B. Cadmus, DVM, MVPH, PhD
Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Laboratory
Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine
University of Ibadan
Ibadan, Nigeria
Paul P. Calle, DVM
Chief Veterinarian
Director, Zoological Health Program
Wildlife Conservation Society
Bronx, New York
Mark Camacho, DVM, MPH
Regional Epidemiologist (Tuberculosis)
USDA Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service, Veterinary Services
Fort Collins, Colorado
Huanchun Chen, PhD
Professor
State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
Huazhong Agricultural University
Wuhan, China
Yingyu Chen, PhD
College of Agricultural Science and Technology
Huazhong Agricultural University
Wuhan, China
Laura Chiavacci, DVM
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria, e della Valle d'Aosta
Torino, Italy
Debra V. Cousins, PhD
Biosecurity Victoria
Department of Environment and Primary Industries
Victoria, Australia
Alessandro Dondo, DVM
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria, e della Valle d'Aosta
S.C. Diagnostica Generale—Sede Torino
Julian A. Drewe, BVetMed, CertZooMed, MSc, PhD, Dipl. ECZM, MRCVS
Lecturer in Veterinary Epidemiology
Royal Veterinary College
London, UK
Donald A. Enarson, MD
Director of Scientific Committees
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, France
Adjunct Professor of Medicine
University of Alberta, Canada
Extraordinary Professor of Paediatrics Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Guillermo Agustín Reyes Escalona, DVM
Chief of the Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Section
SAGARPA-SENASICA
Mexico
Pat A. Frost, DVM
Veterinarian, Veterinary Resources
Texas Biomedical
Alfredo Garin, DVM
Chief, TB and Brucellosis Control Programs
Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura, y Pesca
Montevideo, Uruguay
Michael J. Gilsdorf, DVM, MS
President Veterinary Consultant Services
Sykesville, Maryland
Margaret Good, MVB, PhD, MRCVS
Veterinary Manager TB Eradication Programme
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine
Dublin, Ireland
Maria Goria, DBSc
S.C. Biotecnologie
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria, e della
Valle d'Aosta
Torino, Italia
Eamonn Gormley, BA (Mod), PhD
Head of TB Diagnostics and Immunology Research Centre
School of Veterinary Medicine
University College Dublin
Dublin, Ireland
Christian Gortazar, DVM, PhD
Professor
SaBio (Sanidad y Biotecnología)–Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Universidad de Castilla–La Mancha
Ciudad Real, Spain
Aizhen Guo, PhD
Professor
State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
Huazhong Agricultural University
Wuhan, China
José Alfredo Gutiérrez-Reyes, DVM
Zoosanitary Campaigns Director
SAGARPA-SENASICA
Mexico D.F., Mexico
Tsegaye Habtemariam, DVM, PhD
Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Nursing and Allied Health
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee, Alabama
Noel Harrington, DVM, PhD
Veterinary Program Specialist
Domestic Disease Control Section
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
C. William Hench, DVM
Senior Staff Veterinarian
National Tuberculosis Eradication Program
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services
Fort Collins, Colorado
Owen L. Henderson, DVM
Senior Staff Veterinarian
National Tuberculosis Eradication Program
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services
Fort Collins, Colorado
Eli Tonatiuh Selva Hernández, DVM
Agricultural Specialist
SAGARPA-SENASICA
Mexico
Krista Howden, DVM, DACVPM
Epidemiologist
Epidemiology and Surveillance Section Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
María Susana Imaz, PhD
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias
Emilio Coni
Santa Fe, Argentina
M. Tariq Javed, DVM, MSc (Hons), PhD, Postdoc (Spain)
Professor, Department of Pathology
Faculty of Veterinary Science
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Pakistan
John B. Kaneene, DVM, PhD
Professor of Population Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
Isabel N. de Kantor, PhD
TB Consultant (retired)
World Health Organization
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Bruce Kaplan, DVM, Dipl. AVES
One Health Initiative
Sarasota, Florida
Hilton Klein, VMD, MS ACLAM, Dipl. ECLAM
Vice President, Regulatory, Science, and Innovation (retired)
Harlan Laboratories
Indianapolis, Indiana
Nick Kriek, BVSc, M MedVet (Path)
Professor
Faculty of Veterinary Science at Onderstepoort
Department of Paraclinical Sciences
University of Pretoria
South Africa
Dejan Krnjaic, DVM, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
University of Belgrade
Serbia
Adam J. Langer, DVM, MPH, Dipl. ACVPM
Epidemiologist, Outbreak Investigations Team
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Outbreak Investigations Branch
Division of Tuberculosis Elimination
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
Philip A. LoBue, MD, FACP, FCCP
Acting Director
Associate Director for Science
Division of Tuberculosis Elimination
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
Jason Lombard, DVM, MS
Dairy Specialist / Veterinary Epidemiologist
National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS)
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services
Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
Giuliana Moda, DVM
Executive Management Staff Health
European Planning Coordination
Regione Piemonte, Italy
Nora Morcillo, PhD
Laboratorio de Referencia Programa de Control de TB
Provincia de Buenos Aires, Hospital Cetrángolo
Vicente Lopez, Argentina
Simon J. More, BVSc, MVB, DipPM, PhD, MANZCVS, FANZCVS, Dipl. ECVPH, Dipl. ECBHM
Professor of Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis
Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis
UCD School of Veterinary Medicine
University College Dublin
Ireland
Gregory Banayah Mwinyelle, DVM, MS
Department of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
Nursing and Allied Health
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee, Alabama
David Nganwa, DVM, MPH
Associated Professor
Department of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
Nursing and Allied Health
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee, Alabama
Alecia Larew Naugle, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVPM (Epidemiology)
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Fort Collins, Colorado
Luis A. Paredes Noack, DVM
Bovine TB Control and Eradication Project
Servicio Agrícola Ganadero
División de Protección Pecuaria
Santiago, Chile
Graham Nugent, MS, PhD
Research Programme Leader
Landcare Research
Lincoln, New Zealand
Kathleen Orloski, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVPM (Epidemiology)
Epidemiologist
National TB Eradication Program
Ruminant Health Programs
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services
Fort Collins, Colorado
Ivo Pavlik, DVM, Dr CSC
Associate Professor
Veterinary Research Institute
Brno, Czech Republic
Alejandro Perera Ortiz, DVM
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services/International Services, Fort Collins, Colorado
Dirk U. Pfeiffer, DrMedVet, PhD, MANZCVSc, Dipl. ECVPH
Professor, Royal Veterinary College
London, UK
Budimir Plavsic, DVM, MS
Head of Animal Health Department
Veterinary Directorate
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Water Management
Belgrade, Serbia
Katie Portacci, DVM, MPH, Dipl. ACVPM
Senior Risk Analyst
Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services
Fort Collins, Colorado
Suelee Robbe-Austerman, DVM, PhD
Head, Mycobacteria/Brucella Section
Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services
Ames, Iowa
Eliana Roxo, DVM
Instituto Biológico
Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo
Brazil
Luigi Ruocco, DVM
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety
Italian Ministry of Health, Italy
Mark Schoenbaum, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVPM (Epidemiology)
Regional Epidemiology Officer
Veterinary Services Western Regional Office
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services
Fort Collins, Colorado
María D. Sequeira, MSc
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (retired)
Santa Fe, Argentina
Jack Shere, DVM, PhD
Regional Director
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services
Raleigh, North Carolina
Michael Sheridan, MVB, MApplSc, MScMgmt, MRCVS
Deputy Chief Veterinary Officer
Department of Agriculture, Food, and the Marine
Dublin, Ireland
Noel H. Smith, MSc, PhD
Bovine Tuberculosis Genotyping Group
Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)
Weybridge, Surrey, UK
Slavoljub Stanojevic, DVM
Director
Directorate of National Reference Laboratory
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Water Management
University of Belgrade, Serbia
James H. Steelea, DVM, MPH
Former Assistant Surgeon General
United States Public Health Service
Professor Emeritus
University of Texas School of Public Health, USA
aDeceased.
Berhanu Tameru, PhD
Center for Computing Epidemiology, Bioinformatics and Risk Analysis
College of Veterinary Medicine Nursing and Allied Health
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee, Alabama
María Alice da Silva Telles, MSc, MSH
TB Laboratory Consultant
World Health Organization, Global Laboratory Initiative
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Charles O. Thoen, DVM, PhD, Dipl. AVES
Professor of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Pedro M. Torres, DVM, MSc
Chief, TB Control Program
Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA)
Argentina
Claude Turcotte, DVM, MSc
Veterinary Microbiologist
Leader, Mycobacterial Diseases Centre of Expertise
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Ontario Laboratory Fallowfield
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Estela Flores Velázquez, DVM, MSc
Sub Director of Animal Health Programs of Large Ruminants
SAGARPA-SENASICA
Mexico
Rishendra Verma, BSc, BVSc & AH, MVSc, MSc (Immunol, UK), MVM (Biosec, NZ), PhD
Joint Director and I/C Mycobacteria Laboratory
Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar, India
Patrizia Vignetta, DVM
Health Directorate
Regione Piemonte
Torino, Italy
Saul T. Wilson, DVM, Dipl. AVES
Coordinator of International Programs,
Emeritus Professor of Epidemiology
College of Veterinary Medicine Nursing and Allied Health
Tuskegee University Tuskegee, Alabama
Han Sang Yoo, DVM, PhD
Professor of Infectious Diseases
College of Veterinary Medicine
Seoul National University
Republic of Korea
Kyoungjin J. Yoon, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVM
Professor of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Simona Zoppi, DVM
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria e della Valle d'Aosta
Torino, Italy
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the genus Mycobacterium, is a significant health problem in both humans and animals. The traditional picture of human tuberculosis is disease due to M. tuberculosis (MTB), which often presents as a chronic pulmonary infection that without treatment can progress to systemic infection and result in death.
Mycobacterial infections outside the respiratory system, or extrapulmonary TB, are documented but often underreported, since the majority of TB diagnostic tests are focused on pulmonary disease due to M. tuberculosis. In addition to MTB, M. bovis (BTB) is the agent most commonly associated with nonpulmonary TB and is a recognized public health problem in developing countries, where direct contact with livestock reservoir hosts of BTB and consumption of unpasteurized dairy foods and improperly cooked meat are important routes for the zoonotic transmission of BTB from animals to humans.
The primary reservoir host for BTB is domestic cattle; however, BTB has been reported in most mammalian species. It is important to emphasize that other domestic and wild animals have been recognized as potential reservoirs of M. bovis for cattle and human infection. The economic costs of BTB, from losses in livestock productivity (e.g., milk, meat, animal mortality) to losses in human productivity due to illness are greater in nonindustrialized countries where BTB control programs are absent or ineffective.
Despite the attention and investment given to address the global TB epidemic due to MTB, and the importance of human BTB infection in nonindustrialized countries, little has changed in understanding the role of BTB in the global TB epidemic in humans. The World Health Organization (WHO) lists BTB as one of seven neglected zoonoses that pose serious threats to public health, and the World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties, OIE) has called for the control and eradication of BTB. Global awareness of the importance of BTB infection in humans has increased with the spread of HIV-AIDS: rates of BTB infection in HIV-AIDS patients are higher than those in the general population, and BTB/HIV-AIDS coinfections now constitute the majority of BTB cases in developing countries. Despite this growing awareness, the contribution of BTB to global rates of extrapulmonary TB and overall TB in humans is not well documented and requires additional research.
In order to address challenges associated with BTB in the global strategy to control TB, both human and animal health professionals must work together for effective prevention and control of zoonotic TB. The term One Health has been adopted to describe the unified human and veterinary medical approach to zoonoses. United approaches will be critical for future endeavors in the control of the global TB epidemic. This paradigm is ideally suited for control of BTB, since the epidemiology of BTB varies widely throughout the world, given differences in human, livestock, and wildlife populations; existing TB control programs; and environmental and socioeconomic conditions.
Sharing resources and increasing interaction between public health and veterinary medical scientists can raise awareness of the shared risk of BTB between humans and animals; in resource-limited situations, this method can maximize the use of existing infrastructure and reduce unnecessary duplication of effort in disease control programs. Shared research between human and animal health can speed the development of new diagnostic tools, potential novel vaccines for humans and livestock, and improved TB surveillance, control, and eradication programs.
Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccines have been widely used in humans in high-burden countries. Although there is a long-standing debate whether they provide any protection against the adult form of TB, they do appear to provide some protection against disseminated TB and TB meningitis in children. BCG vaccines are not utilized in animals as they fail to protect against infection, and their ability to prevent progression to disease is uncertain. It is important to remember that when vaccine failures occur in humans, the patient presents for treatment, but animals with clinical disease that are contagious remain in the population and are reservoirs of infection for other animals. Therefore, vaccines for animals must be highly efficacious to be of practical value in the control of tuberculosis.
It is the purpose of this text to provide physicians, veterinarians, public health workers, allied health scientists, biomedical research workers, diagnosticians, and graduate students with current information on the significance of M. bovis in the elimination of TB in animals and humans. Updated information is presented on new molecular techniques utilized in identification of members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex as well as application of molecular techniques useful in tracing outbreaks of tuberculosis.
This edition has added a new chapter describing how the One Health approach can be used for the prevention and control of TB in animals and humans and includes current updates on the status of M. bovis
The editors acknowledge financial support received from the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service–Veterinary Services. Finally, we wish to thank our publisher for assistance in transforming the manuscripts of individuals into a very nice book. A special thanks to Kendra Johnson for secretarial assistance and to the editors at Wiley Blackwell.