Cover
Title page
Copyright page
List of Contributors
Preface
PART 1: Types of Urinary Stones and Their Medical Management
1. CHAPTER 1 : How to Build a Kidney Stone Prevention Clinic
  1. Introduction
  2. Personnel
  3. Evaluation
  4. Treatment
  5. Pharmacological prevention
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
2. CHAPTER 2: Metabolic Evaluation
  1. Introduction
  2. Serum chemistries
  3. Stone analysis
  4. 24-hour urine chemistries
  5. Volume and creatinine
  6. Calcium
  7. Oxalate
  8. Citrate
  9. Uric acid
  10. pH
  11. Sodium and potassium
  12. Phosphorus
  13. Magnesium
  14. Sulfate and urea
  15. Ammonium
  16. Supersaturation of stone-forming salts
  17. References
3. CHAPTER 3: Uric Acid Stones
  1. Introduction
  2. Epidemiology of uric acid stones
  3. Pathogenesis of uric acid stones
  4. Diagnosis of uric acid stones
  5. Management of uric acid stone formers
  6. Ammonium urate stones
  7. Summary and conclusions
  8. References
4. CHAPTER 4 : Calcium Stones
  1. Overview
  2. How do stones begin?
  3. Risk factors for calcium stones
  4. Management algorithms
  5. References
5. CHAPTER 5: Struvite Stones
  1. Introduction
  2. Microbiology
  3. Diagnosis and features
  4. Pathogenicity and pathophysiology
  5. Effects on renal function
  6. Metabolic evaluation and pharmacotherapy
  7. Irrigation chemolysis
  8. Surgical management
  9. Summary
  10. References
6. CHAPTER 6: Genetic Causes of Kidney Stones
  1. Introduction
  2. When to suspect a genetic cause of kidney stones
  3. Cystinuria
  4. Primary hyperoxaluria
  5. Dent's disease
  6. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (2,8-dihydroxyadeninuria)
  7. References
7. CHAPTER 7: Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Stones
  1. Summary
  2. References
8. CHAPTER 8: Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Stones
  1. Introduction
  2. Evaluation
  3. Clinical presentation
  4. Guidelines for surgery
  5. Non-surgical patients
  6. Management of nephrolithiais in primary hyperparathyroidism
  7. Summary
  8. References
9. CHAPTER 9: Renal Tubular Acidosis, Stones, and Nephrocalcinosis
  1. Historical background
  2. Underlying acid–base physiology
  3. Proximal renal tubular acidosis
  4. Underlying mechanisms in distal RTA
  5. Diagnosis and management of RTA
  6. Summary
  7. References
10. CHAPTER 10: Drug-Induced Stones
  1. Introduction
  2. Epidemiology
  3. Drug-containing kidney stones
  4. Metabolically induced kidney stones
  5. Management of the patient with drug-induced nephrolithiasis
  6. References
11. CHAPTER 11: Management of Renal Colic and Medical Expulsive Therapy
  1. Introduction
  2. Etiology
  3. Epidemiology
  4. Pain management
  5. Medical expulsive therapy
  6. References
PART 2: Surgical Management of Urinary Stones
1. CHAPTER 12: Indications for Conservative and Surgical Management of Urinary Stone Disease
  1. Introduction
  2. Ureteral calculi
  3. Renal calculi
  4. Summary
  5. References
2. CHAPTER 13: Perioperative Imaging
  1. Introduction
  2. Conventional radiography/abdominal plain film
  3. Ultrasound
  4. Intravenous urography/intravenous pyelography
  5. Computed tomography
  6. Magnetic resonance imaging
  7. Summary
  8. References
3. CHAPTER 14: Emergency Urinary Drainage Techniques Employed for an Obstructing Upper Urinary Tract Calculus With and Without Associated Sepsis
  1. Introduction
  2. Which procedure should be used for emergency drainage of the obstructed kidney?
  3. Technical aspects
  4. References
4. CHAPTER 15: Endoscopic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Calculi:
  1. Introduction
  2. Standard endoscopic techniques
  3. Bladder calculi
  4. Prostatic urethral calculi
  5. Anterior urethral calculi
  6. Summary
  7. References
5. CHAPTER 16 : Ureteroscopy
  1. Equipment
  2. Ureteroscopy technique
  3. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
  4. Summary
  5. References
6. CHAPTER 17 : Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in Children
  1. Introduction
  2. Renal functional outcomes after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
  3. Intraoperative monitoring and surgical techniques
  4. Predictors of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy success
  5. Outcomes in contemporary large series
  6. Special groups
  7. Summary
  8. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children: ureteral stones
  9. Conclusion
  10. References
7. CHAPTER 18: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
  1. Introduction
  2. Mechanisms of stone comminution
  3. Shock wave generators
  4. Factors influencing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy outcomes
  5. Conclusion
  6. References
8. CHAPTER 19: Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy
  1. Introduction
  2. Indications
  3. Setting up for surgery
  4. Gaining access to the ureter
  5. Endoscopes
  6. Stone fragmentation and retrieval
  7. After stone extraction
  8. Conclusion
  9. References
9. CHAPTER 20: Ureteropyeloscopic Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi
  1. Introduction
  2. Ureteroscopic lithotripsy: general principles
  3. Choosing an endoscope
  4. Surgical technique
  5. References
10. CHAPTER 21: Percutaneous Nephrolithomy:
  1. Introduction
  2. Planning access preoperatively
  3. Positioning for access
  4. Access techniques
  5. Instruments
  6. References
11. CHAPTER 22: Percutaneous Management of Intrarenal Calculi
  1. Introduction
  2. Preoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis
  3. Access
  4. Irrigation fluid
  5. Stone clearance
  6. Exit strategy
  7. Special anatomical considerations
  8. Complications
  9. Follow-up
  10. References
12. CHAPTER 23: Laparoscopic and Open Surgical Management of Urinary Calculi
  1. Introduction
  2. Renal calculi
  3. Ureteric calculi
  4. Bladder calculi
  5. References
13. CHAPTER 24: Multimodality Therapy
  1. Introduction
  2. Shock wave lithotripsy with a ureteral stent
  3. Combination of shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy
  4. Laparoscopy combined with endoscopy
  5. Ureteroscopy before renal transplantation
  6. Pre-ureteroscopy ureteral stenting
  7. Combined antegrade and retrograde treatment (Figure 24.2)
  8. References
14. CHAPTER 25: Management of Complications Associated with Various Lithotripsy Techniques
  1. Introduction
  2. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
  3. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
  4. Ureteropyeloscopic lithotripsy
  5. References
Index
Eula

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Histograms of creatinine/kg body weight ratios for male (n = 24,006) and female (n = 21,924) patients with urolithiasis. The vertical lines identify 1.5 standard deviations from the mean.
2. Figure 2.2 Plot of urine urea nitrogen excretion versus uric acid excretion in 45,930 patients with urolithiasis. The line is the linear regression, r = 0.76, p < 0.001.
3. Figure 2.3 Plot of uric acid supersaturation (circles) and calcium phosphate supersaturation (triangles) versus pH. Supersaturation was calculated with Equil 2 software, using fixed urine concentrations of all chemsitries while varying urine pH. The horizontal line indicates the saturation point.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Solubility of uric acid and its sodium and potassium salts in urine according to ambient pH. Source: Data from Pak et al. J Clin Invest 1977; 59: 426–31, and reproduced from Moe et al. 2002 [1]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
2. Figure 3.2 Evaluation and management of uric acid nephrolithiasis.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Environmental and genetic factors that contribute to calcium nephrolithiasis. Kidney stone risk is dependent on the crystallization potential of urine, which is determined by the net urinary excretion of substances that increase SS, including calcium (Ca), UA, oxalate (Ox), citrate and macromolecular inhibitors. The gap between the upper limit of metastability (ULM) and SS is a quantitative index of crystallization potential, with a lower gap indicating increased chance of crystallization. Environmental modifiers include heat, exercise, and diet. Net GI absorption and renal excretion of urinary substances are under genomic influence. Candidate genes to regulate urinary calcium excretion include, but are not limited to, the vitamin D receptor (VDR), calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), and a recently identified soluble adenylate cyclase (sAC) present in kidney. Candidate genes to regulate other urinary lithogenic factors are less well understood, but include the anion channel SLC26A6 since it promotes intestinal oxalate secretion. Certain individuals may have functional defects in urinary inhibitor function, possibly also under genetic influence. Persons with abnormalities in two or more pathways might have a more severe outcome (i.e. more stones). Source: Copyright of Mayo Clinic, reproduced with permission.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Characteristic urinary crystals. (a) Cystine crystals. The typical hexagonal crystals are diagnostic of cystinuria. (b) 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine crystals. Conventional light microscopy (left panel) shows brown crystals with dark outline and central spicules. When viewed by polarized light microscopy (right panel), the medium-sized cystals appear yellow in colour and produce a central Maltese cross pattern. Original magnification × 400.
2. Figure 6.2 Schematic overview of adenine metabolism. In APRT deficiency, adenine cannot be converted to adenosine monophosphate and is instead converted by xanthine dehydrogenase to 2,8-dihydroxyadenine. AMP, adenosine monophosphate; APRT, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase; HPRT, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase; IMP, inosine monophosphate; XDH, xanthine dehydrogenase. Source: Edvardsson et al. 2013 [3]. Reproduced with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Simplified cell models of the mechanisms of H+ secretion, bicarbonate absorption, and ammoniagenesis by the proximal tubular cell (orange part of the schematic nephron) and H+ secretion by the α-intercalated cell of the distal tubule and collecting duct cells (blue part of the schematic nephron).
2. Figure 9.2 Responses to the short oral ammonium chloride and furosemide plus fludrocortisone tests of urinary acidification are compared in normal subjects and patients with known dRTA. Source: Walsh 2007 [12]. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
3. Figure 9.3 The pattern of change in the relationship between plasma or serum bicarbonate concentration and urine pH in normal subjects (in black), patients with proximal RTA (pRTA in red) and distal RTA (dRTA in blue); see text for details. Source: Rodriguez-Soriano 1969 [16]. Reproduced with permission of Annual Review Inc.
4. Figure 9.4 Bone formation in dRTA and the response to alkali therapy. Source: Adapted from Domrongkitchaiporn 2002 [18] and Domrongkitchaiporn 2001 [19].
5. Figure 9.5 (a) Plain X-ray of a male with a reduced eGFR and autosomal dominant (complete) dRTA showing typical bilateral medullary nephrocalcinosis. (b) Non-contrast CT scan of a young male with autosomal recessive (complete) dRTA with late-onset deafness showing nephrocalcinosis (and dilated ureter – asterisk). Both patients had recurrent calcium phosphate (high urine pH) stones. (c) Young boy with inherited tropical (complete) dRTA and rickets which is rarely seen in the Western form. Source: (c) Khositseth 2012 [10]. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 (a)Triamterene stones. (b) Cross-section of indinavir stone exhibiting a typical radial loose structure. (c) Indinavir plate-forming crystals in urine as seen by polarizing microscopy. (d) Atazanavir stone of pale yellow-orange color. (e) Atazanavir stone section. (f) Asymmetrical aggregate made of needle-shaped crystals of N-acetylsulfadiazine in urine (polarized light). (g) Small aggregates of crystals made of ceftriaxone calcium salt weakly birefringent in urine. (h) Calculi made of ceftriaxone calcium salt spontaneously passed in a child.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Suggested management algorithm for patient with renal colic.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Treatment selection for renal calculi.
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Algorithm for management of obstructive hydronephrosis.
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Endoscopic view of a classic “Jack stone” within the bladder (calcium oxalate).
2. Figure 15.2 Proper endoscopic position of the 1000 µm laser fiber in contrast with the stone. The fiber is properly positioned just outside the scope to prevent scope or lens damage. The green fiber insulation is just visible. Note the lithotripsy has just started.
3. Figure 15.3 Fragmentation is being performed by laser lithotripsy approaching the stone’s center and protecting the bladder by the outer stone shell.
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 (a) Anterior view of left renal pelvicalyceal endocast from an injection-corrosion technique. (b) Schematic of left renal endocast with anatomical labels. cc, complex calyx; f, calyceal fornix; i, infundibulum; Mc, major calyx; mc, minor calyx; P, renal pelvis; sc, single calyx. Source: Sampaio FJB, Zanier JFC, Aragao AHM et al. Intrarenal access:3-dimensional anatomical study. J Urol. 1992: 148:1769–73. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
2. Figure 16.2 Proper adjustment of the fluoroscopic image at the start of the procedure is essential. Orientate the picture on the screen so that it corresponds exactly to the way the patient is lying and from the perspective the surgeon is looking at the patient.
3. Figure 16.3 (a) Puncture technique with the patient in the 30º up prone position. (b) Rotate the fluoroscopic arm from 90º to 30º to provide the target calyx and depth of penetration.
4. Figure 16.4 (a) Posterior and longitudinal view of right kidney demonstrating an incorrect puncture through the calyceal infundibulum (arrow). This puncture should not be done due to the risk of vascular injury. (b) Superior and transverse view of the right kidney also illustrating the incorrect puncture approach into the right calyceal infundibulum. Source: Smith’s Textbook of Endourology, 3rd edn. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2012. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
5. Figure 16.5 (a) Posterior and longitudinal view of right kidney demonstrating a puncture through the calyceal fornix (arrow). This puncture is safe and provides minimal risk of vascular injury. (b) Superior and transverse view of the right kidney also illustrating a puncture approach into the right calyceal fornix. Source: Smith’s Textbook of Endourology, 3rd edn. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2012. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
6. Figure 16.6 Posterior view of a left renal endocast and intrarenal arteries and veins. A, renal artery; V, renal vein; U, ureter. Source: Sampaio, FJB, Uflanker R, eds. Renal Anatomy Applied to Urology, Endourology and Interventional Radiology. Thieme, 1993. Reproduced with permission of Thieme Publishing Group.
7. Figure 16.7 A renal diagram depicting the intrarenal structures. aa, arcuate artery; ia, interlobar (infundibular) artery; Ra, renal artery; sa, segmental artery. Source: Sampaio, FJB, Uflanker R, eds. Renal Anatomy Applied to Urology, Endourology and Interventional Radiology. Thieme, 1993. Reproduced with permission of Thieme Publishing Group.
8. Figure 16.8 Kumpe catheter Source: Cook Urological Inc., Reproduced with permission of Cook Urological Inc, Bloomington, IN, USA.
9. Figure 16.9 Cobra catheter Source: Cook Urological Inc., Reproduced with permission of Cook Urological Inc, Bloomington, IN, USA.
10. Figure 16.10 Docimo Mini-PERC^TM Entry set Source: Cook Urological Inc., Reproduced with permission of Cook Urological Inc, Bloomington, IN, USA.
11. Figure 16.11 Calyceal anatomy with an upper pole access sheath and ureteral catheter in position.
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1A pressure waveform measured at the focus of an electrohydraulic lithotripter (Dornier HM3). Source: Cleveland 2007 [6]. Reproduced with permission of PMPH- USA.
2. Figure 18.2 The focusing design of a Dornier HM3 electrohydraulic lithotripter. A spark plug is located at the focus (F1) of an ellipsoidal reflector. Energy from the spark plug is reflected and focused to the second focus of the ellipsoidal reflector (F2). Source: Cleveland 2007 [6]. Reproduced with permission of PMPH- USA.
3. Figure 18.3 The two focusing mechanisms employed in electromagnetic lithotripters. (a) In a Siemens or Dornier lithotripter, a membrane is driven by a coil to produce a plane wave, which is then focused by an acoustic lens. (b) In a Storz lithotripter, a coil excites a cylindrical membrane, which generates a wave that is focused by a parabolic reflector. Source: Cleveland 2007 [6]. Reproduced with permission of PMPH- USA.
4. Figure 18.4 Fundamental principles for a piezoelectric lithotripter. Piezoceramic elements are placed onto the surface of a sphere. The wave will focus to the center of the radius of curvature of that sphere. Source: Cleveland 2007 [6]. Reproduced with permission of PMPH- USA.
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 Indications of URS for the treatment of upper tract stones according to size and location.
2. Figure 19.2 The ReTrace (Coloplast); the unique side slit in the internal sheath allows easy placement of a safety wire.
3. Figure 19.3 (a) Hand-held bulb pump irrgiation device (Traxer Flow, Rocamed). (b) Automated pressure and temperature system.
4. Figure 19.4 Various types of flexible ureteroscopes. URF-V and DUR-D are digital flexible ureteroscopes. Absent from this picture is the Storz Flex XC digital scope.
5. Figure 19.5 Fiberoptic and digital (bottom three) flexible ureteroscopes.
6. Figure 19.6 Comparison of the quality of a fiberoptic image (Storz Flex X2) with three digital flexible ureteroscopes.
7. Figure 19.7 View from a nephroscope of a laser fiber exiting from a flexible ureteroscope. When the fiber is barely visible on the ureteroscope view (top green arrow), the fiber has already safely the working channel exited (bottom green arrow). Visualizing the laser fiber well ensures a safe distance from the ureteroscope (red arrows).
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 (a) Semi-rigid ureteroscopes (single channel and dual channel). (b) Flexible ureteroscope. Source: Grasso M. 2006 [16]. Reproduced with permission of Karl Storz.
2. Figure 20.2 (a) Simultaneous placement of laser and basket through a two-channel semi-rigid endoscope. (b) Placement of an accessory device (Passport balloon) into a lower pole system using a flexible ureteroscope
3. Figure 20.3 Two 60 cc syringes of normal saline irrigant, connected through a three-way stopcock to Luer-Lock extension (i.e. arterial line) tubing.
4. Figure 20.4 Relocation of lower pole intrarenal calculi to more cephalad location where larger diameter laser fibers can be employed, increasing the efficiency of stone. Source: Grasso M. 2006 [16]. Reproduced with permission of Karl Storz.
5. Figure 20.5 The obstructing distal ureteral calculus – the two-guidewire technique. (a) Fluoroscopic illustration of impacted distal ureteral stone. (b) Fluoroscopic illustration of two-wire technique. (c) Ureteroscopic view of Zebra wire. (d) Ureteroscopic view of two-wire technique. (e) Ureteroscopic view of impacted ureteral stone ready for lithotripsy.
6. Figure 20.6 (a) Large upper pole partial staghorn calculus in cystinuric patient. (b) Completion retrograde pyelogram post staged ureteroscopic treatment.
7. Figure 20.7 (a) Large obstructing lower pole uric acid stone. (b) Placement of two wires. (c) 5 F Cobra catheter positioned with its tip in the lower pole employed for irrigant inflow, and a single pigtail stent (e.g. 6 or 8 F in diameter) positioned centrally used for outflow drainage. (d) Fluoroscopic view of irrigation system.
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 (a) The ultrasound scan starts posteriorly.The surface marking helps to orient the scanned portion in relation to the surrounding structure. (b) The probe is scanned anteriorly. The first calyx to be seen is the posterior calyx. (c) The ultrasound-guided puncture can be done either with or without a puncture guide. (d) The optimal needle path should follow the dotted line traversing along the cup of the calyx, the infundibulum and thereafter into the renal pelvis.
2. Figure 21.2 The patient is in prone position. The position of the needle is confirmed on zero position of the C-arm and thereafter in 30º and craniocaudal position of the C-arm.
3. Figure 21.3 Access needles, two part and three part.
4. Figure 21.4 (a) Metal serial dilator. These are available from 9 F to 24 F. The assembly resembles a collapsed radio antenna. The rod is 6 F and the knob is 9 F. (b) Amplatz dilators are available up to 30 F. The assembly includes a plastic cannula and a Cobra catheter. (c) The balloon dilators are 53 cm in length and 7.3 F in diameter. (d) The fully inflated dilator.
5. Figure 21.5 (a,b) The three varieties of graspers: triflange, biflange and alligator. (c) The nephrostomy catheters include re-entry catheter, Nelaton catheter and Council tip Foley catheter.
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 Percutaneous access through a lower pole calyx with the wire and a catheter manipulated down the ureter.
2. Figure 22.2 Perc N Circle® Nitinol Tipless Stone Extractor. Source: Cook Medical.
3. Figure 22.3 Ultrasonic lithotripter with suction attachment.
4. Figure 22.4 Pediatric nephroscope 17 F. Source: Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany.
5. Figure 22.5 Installation of sealant at the conclusion of a “tubeless” percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
6. Figure 22.6 Horseshoe kidney with percutaneous nephrostomy tube in the left midpole calyx.
7. Figure 22.7 Right upper pole calyceal diverticulum seen on retrograde pyelogram.
8. Figure 22.8 Miniscope. Source: Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany.
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Anatrophic nephrolithotomy. Source: www.netterimages.com. Netter illustration used with permission of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
2. Figure 23.2(a) Renal stone in a posterior calyceal diverticulum which makes a PNL approach more favorable. (b) The narrow diverticular neck is visualized by the contrast passively filling the diverticulum, precluding a retrograde access.
3. Figure 23.3 Algorithm for managing renal stones located in calyceal diverticula.
4. Figure 23.4 Open ureterolithotomy. Source: www.netterimages.com. Netter illustration used with permission of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 Stone-free rate in patients with and without stent before ESWL. Source: Shen P, Jiang M, Yang J et al. 2011 [17]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
2. Figure 24.2 Fluoroscopy demonstrating the simultaneous combination of antegrade and retrograde endoscopy.

List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Analytes to be measured in 24-h urine collections.
2. Table 2.2 Variability of 24-h urine chemistries between two consecutive collections.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Random urine solute-to-creatinine ratio by age
2. Table 7.2 Normal values for the 24 h excretion of urinary solutes associated with kidney stone formation*
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Biochemical profile of hypercalcemic and hyperparathyroid conditions
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Drug-related urolithiasis in our laboratory (1995–2012)
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Causes of renal colic
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Results with untreated renal calculi
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Nomogram table for boys predicting the cumulative probability of stone-free status according to number of treatment sessions
2. Table 17.2 Nomogram table for girls predicting the cumulative probability of stone-free status according to number of treatment sessions
3. Table 17.3 Comparison of ESWL and ureteroscopy for treatment of ureteral stones in children
Chapter 20
1. Table 20.1 Ureteroscopic management of upper urinary tract calculi >2 cm
2. Table 20.2 Irrigant choice for intrarenal irrigation
Chapter 23
1. Table 23.1 Summary of open and laparoscopic renal calculi surgeries
2. Table 23.2 Summary of open and laparoscopic ureteric and bladder calculi surgeries
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Staghorn calculi treatment – overall outcomes. Modified from AUA guidelines on management of staghorn calculi
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.1 Complications of ureterorenoscopy

List of Contributors

Sachin Abrol, MS
Resident in Urology
Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital
Nadiad, Gujarat, India

Ahmed Alasker, MD, FRCS(C)
Endourology, Robotic and Laparoscopy Fellow
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Montefiore Medical Center
Bronx, NY, USA

Bobby Alexander, MD
Fellow
Division of Endourology
Lenox Hill Hospital
New York, NY, USA

John R. Asplin, MD, FASN
Medical Director, Litholink Corporation;
Clinical Associate
Department of Medicine
University of Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA

Demetrius H. Bagley, MD, FACS
The Nathan Lewis Hatfield Professor of Urology
Professor of Radiology
Department of Urology
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Michael S. Borofsky, MD
Chief Resident in Urology
New York University Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Kai-wen Chuan, MD
Chief Resident
The Arthur Smith Institute for Urology
North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System
New Hyde Park, NY, USA

Michael J. Conlin, MD
Associate Professor
Portland VA Medical Center;
Department of Urology
Oregon Health & Science University/Portland VA Medical Center
Portland, OR, USA

Angela M. Cottrell, FRCS (Urol), MBBS, BSc, Dip Clin Ed
Specialist Registrar, Urology
Derriford Hospital
Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust
Plymouth, UK

Michel Daudon, PhD
Chief of the Stone Laboratory
Department of Clinical Physiology
APHP, Tenon Hospital
Paris, France

Michael Degen, MD
Fellow
Division of Endourology and Minimally Invasive Urology
Westchester Medical Center;
Department of Urology
New York Medical College Valhalla, NY, USA

Mahesh R. Desai, MS, FRCS
Medical Director
Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital
Nadiad, Gujarat, India

Sameer M. Deshmukh, MD
Resident in Urology
Department of Urologic Sciences
Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital
Vancouver, BC, Canada

Andrew J. Dickinson, MD, FRCSUrol, FRCSEd
Consultant Urologist
Derriford Hospital
Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust
Plymouth, UK

Christopher M. Dixon, MD
Associate
Division of Endourology
Lenox Hill Hospital
New York, NY, USA

Brian D. Duty, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Urology
Oregon Health & Science University/Portland
VA Medical Center
Portland, OR, USA

Vidar O. Edvardsson, MD
Director of Pediatric Nephrology
Children's Medical Center
Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland;
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences
University of Iceland
Reykjavik, Iceland

Brian H. Eisner, MD
Co-Director of Kidney Stone Program
Department of Urology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA

Majid Eshghi, MD, FACS
Division of Endourology and Minimally Invasive Urology
Westchester Medical Center;
Department of UrologyNew York Medical College
Valhalla, NY, USA

Andrew I. Fishman, MD
Assistant Professor of Urology
Department of Urology
New York Medical College
Valhalla, NY, USA

Israel Franco, MD
Director of Pediatric Urology
Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital
Professor of Urology
New York Medical College
Valhalla, NY, USA

Sean Fullerton, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Urology
New York Medical College
Valhalla, NY, USA

Arvind P. Ganpule, MS, DNB
Vice-Chairman
Department of Urology
Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital
Nadiad, Gujarat, India

Reza Ghavamian, MD
Professor of Clinical Urology
Chairman of Urology
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Montefiore Medical Center
Bronx, NY, USA

Jordan Gitlin, MD
Attending Pediatric Urologist
Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York;
The Arthur Smith Institute for Urology
North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System
New Hyde Park, NY, USA

David S. Goldfarb, MD, FASN
Clinical Chief, Nephrology Division
NYU Langone Medical Center;
Professor of Medicine and Physiology
New York University School of Medicine
New York, NY, USA

Michael Grasso, MD
Professor and Vice Chairman
Department of Urology
New York Medical College
Valhalla, NY, USA

Kelly A. Healy, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Urology
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Nicole Hindman, MD
Assistant Professor of Radiology
Department of Radiology
New York University Lagone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

David Hoenig, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Urology
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Montefiore Medical Center
Bronx, NY, USA

Paul Jungers, MD
Emeritus Professor of Nephrology
Paris V University;
APHP, Department of Nephrology
Necker Hospital
Paris, France

Francis X. Keeley Jr, MD, FRCS(Urol)
Consultant Urologist
Bristol Urological Institute
Bristol, UK

Nir Kleinmann, MD
Attending Urologist
Department of Urology
Sheba Medical Center
Tel Hashomer, Israel

Abhishek Laddha, MS
Resident in Urology
Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital
Nadiad, Gujarat, India

Dirk Lange, BSc, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Urologic Sciences
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, BC, Canada

Julien Letendre, MD, FRCSC
Fellow of Endourology
Department of Urology
Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris
Pierre et Marie Curie University
Paris, France

John C. Lieske, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA

James E. Lingeman, MD
Professor
Department of Urology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN, USA

Naim M. Maalouf, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine and Charles and
Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, TX, USA

Sunil Mathur, MD, FRCS (Urol)
Consultant Urologist
Great Western Hospital
Swindon, UK

Lesli Nicolay, MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Pediatric Urology
Loma Linda University Medical Center
Loma Linda, CA, USA

Runolfur Palsson, MD
Chief, Division of Nephrology
Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland;
Associate Professor of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences
University of Iceland
Reykjavik, Iceland

Jessica E. Paonessa, MD
Endourology Fellow
Department of Urology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN, USA

Sherry S. Ross, MD
Director of Pediatric Urology Stone Clinic
Department of Surgery
Division of Urology
Section of Pediatric Urology
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA

Ojas Shah, MD
Associate Professor, Director of Endourology and Stone Disease
New York University Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Shonni J. Silverberg, MD
Professor of Medicine
Columbia University
College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, NY, USA

Olivier Traxer, MD, PhD
Professor of Urology
Department of Urology
Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris
Pierre et Marie Curie University
Paris, France

Robert J. Unwin, PhD, FRCP, FSB, CBiol
Professor of Nephrology and Physiology
Head of Centre and Research Department of Internal Medicine UCL
UCL Centre for Nephrology
University College London Medical School
London, UK

Marcella Donovan Walker, MD, MS
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Columbia University
College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, NY, USA

Stephen B. Walsh, PhD, MRCP
Clinical Senior Lecturer in Experimental
Medicine/Honorary Consultant Nephrologist
UCL Centre for Nephrology
University College London Medical School
London, UK

Oliver M. Wrong, DM, FRCP
Former Emeritus Professor of Medicine
UCL Centre for Nephrology
University College London Medical School
London, UK

Urinary Stones

Medical and Surgical Management

List of Contributors

Preface

PART 1
Types of Urinary Stones and Their Medical Management