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Cellulose Based Composites

New Green Nanomaterials

Edited by

P. Hinestroza and Anil N. Netravali

 

 

 

 

 

Wiley Logo

Editors

Prof. Juan P. Hinestroza

Cornell University

Department of Fiber Science & Apparel~Design

242 MVR Hall

37 Forest Home Dr.

Ithaca

NY 14853

USA

Prof. Anil N. Netravali

Cornell University

Department of Fiber Science & Apparel~Design

233 Human Ecology Building (HEB)

37 Forest Home Dr.

Ithaca

NY 14853

USA

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

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Print ISBN: 978-3-527-32719-5

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-64947-1

ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-64946-4

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List of Contributors

  1. Justin R. Barone1
  2. Biological Systems Engineering
  3. Virginia Tech
  4. Ag Quad Lane
  5. Blacksburg
  6. VA 24061
  7. USA
  1. and
  1. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
  2. Department of Biological Systems Engineering
  3. Seitz Hall (0303)
  4. Blacksburg
  5. VA 24061
  6. USA
  1. Ignacio Guadalupe Becerril-Juarez
  2. Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
  3. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5
  4. San Cayetano
  5. Toluca
  6. Estado de México
  7. Mexico 50200
  8. Mexico
  1. Cristina Castro Herazo
  2. Pontificia Bolivariana University
  3. New Materials Research Group
  4. School of Engineering
  5. Circular 1 # 70-01
  6. Bloque 11
  7. Medellín
  8. Colombia
  1. Daniel De Kee
  2. Tulane University
  3. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
  4. Tulane Institute for Macromolecular Engineering and Science
  5. St. Charles Avenue
  6. New Orleans
  7. LA 70118
  8. USA
  1. Hong Dong
  2. Cornell University
  3. Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design
  4. MVR Hall
  5. Forest Home Drive
  6. Ithaca
  7. NY 14850
  8. USA
  1. Margaret W. Frey
  2. Cornell University
  3. Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design
  4. MVR Hall
  5. Ithaca
  6. NY 14853
  7. USA
  1. Sergio Gama-Lara
  2. Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
  3. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5
  4. San Cayetano
  5. Toluca
  6. Estado de México
  7. Mexico 50200
  8. Mexico
  1. Piedad Gañán Rojo
  2. Pontificia Bolivariana University
  3. New Materials Research Group
  4. School of Engineering
  5. Circular 1 # 70-01
  6. Bloque 11
  7. Medellín
  8. Colombia
  1. Koichi Goda
  2. Yamaguchi University
  3. Science and Engineering
  4. Deparment of Mechanical Engineering
  5. Tokiwadai, 2-16-1 Ube
  6. Yamaguchi 755-8611
  7. Japan
  1. Youssef Habibi
  2. CRP Henri Tudor
  3. 29, avenue J.F. Kennedy
  4. Luxembourg
  5. Luxembourg
  1. Juan P. Hinestroza
  2. Cornell University
  3. Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design
  4. MVR Hall
  5. Forest Home Drive
  6. Ithaca
  7. NY 14853
  8. USA
  1. James N. Hodges
  2. Clemson University
  3. School of Materials Science and Engineering
  4. Sirrine Hall
  5. Clemson
  6. SC 29634
  7. USA
  1. Xiaosong Huang
  2. Chemical Sciences & Materials Systems Laboratory
  3. General Motors Research & Development Center
  4. Warren
  5. MI 48090
  6. USA
  1. Martin A. Hubbe
  2. North Carolina State University
  3. Department of Forest Biomaterials
  4. Campus Box 8005
  5. Faucette Drive
  6. Raleigh
  7. NC 27695-8005
  8. USA
  1. Igor Luzinov
  2. Clemson University
  3. School of Materials Science and Engineering
  4. Sirrine Hall
  5. Clemson
  6. SC 29634
  7. USA
  1. Qingkai Meng
  2. Tulane University
  3. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
  4. Tulane Institute for Macromolecular Engineering and Science
  5. St. Charles Avenue
  6. New Orleans
  7. LA 70118
  8. USA
  1. Iñaki Mondragon
  2. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
  3. Chemical & Environmental Engineering Department
  4. Polytechnic School
  5. Pza Europa, 1, 20018
  6. Donostia-San Sebastián
  7. Spain
  1. Raul Alberto Morales-Luckie
  2. Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
  3. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5
  4. San Cayetano
  5. Toluca
  6. Estado de México
  7. Mexico 50200
  8. Mexico
  1. Antonio Norio Nakagaito
  2. The University of Tokushima
  3. Institute of Technology and Science
  4. Minamijosanjima-cho 2-1
  5. Tokushima
  6. 770-8506
  7. Japan
  1. Rie Nakamura
  2. Nihon University
  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering
  4. Nakakawahara, Tamura
  5. Koriyama 963-8642
  6. Fukushima
  7. Japan
  1. Anil N. Netravali
  2. Cornell University
  3. Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design
  4. HEB
  5. Ithaca
  6. NY 14853
  7. USA
  1. Maria S. Peresin
  2. North Carolina State University
  3. Department of Forest Biomaterials
  4. Campus Box 8005
  5. Faucette Drive
  6. Raleigh
  7. NC 27695-8005
  8. USA
  1. Jean-Luc Putaux
  2. Université Joseph Fourier
  3. Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble
  4. Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP 53
  5. Grenoble Cedex 9
  6. France
  1. Aloña Retegi Miner
  2. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
  3. Chemical & Environmental Engineering Department
  4. Polytechnic School
  5. Pza Europa, 1, 20018
  6. Donostia-San Sebastián
  7. Spain
  1. Orlando J. Rojas
  2. North Carolina State University
  3. Department of Forest Biomaterials
  4. Campus Box 8005
  5. Faucette Drive
  6. Raleigh
  7. NC 27695-8005
  8. USA
  1. and
  1. Aalto University
  2. School of Chemical Technology
  3. Department of Forest Products Technology
  4. Vuorimiehentie 1
  5. Espoo Finland
  6. P.O.Box 16300
  7. FI-00076, Aalto
  1. Victor Sanchez-Mendieta
  2. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
  3. Facultad de Química
  4. Paseo Colón y Paseo Tollocan
  5. Toluca
  6. Estado de México
  7. Mexico 50120
  8. Mexico
  1. Suraj Sharma
  2. Clemson University
  3. School of Materials Science and Engineering
  4. Sirrine Hall
  5. Clemson
  6. SC 29634
  7. USA
  1. and
  1. University of Georgia
  2. Department of Textiles
  3. Merchandising and Interiors
  4. Dawson Hall
  5. Athens
  6. GA 30602
  7. USA
  1. Hitoshi Takagi
  2. The University of Tokushima
  3. Institute of Technology and Science
  4. Advanced Materials Division
  5. 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho
  6. Tokushima 770-8506
  7. Japan
  1. Maria E. Vallejos
  2. Universidad Nacional de Misiones
  3. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
  4. Químicas y Naturales
  5. Félix de Azara 1552
  6. Misiones
  7. Posadas 3300
  8. Argentina
  1. Fehime Vatansever
  2. Clemson University
  3. School of Materials Science and Engineering
  4. Sirrine Hall
  5. Clemson
  6. SC 29634
  7. USA
  1. Juan Manuel Vélez
  2. National University of Colombia
  3. Science and Engineering Materials Group
  4. Materials and engineering department
  5. Carrera 80, # 65-223
  6. Medellín
  7. Colombia
  1. Alfredo Rafael Vilchis-Nestor
  2. Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
  3. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5
  4. San Cayetano, Toluca
  5. Estado de México
  6. Mexico 50200
  7. Mexico
  1. Chunhui Xiang
  2. Iowa State University
  3. Department of Apparel
  4. Events and Hospitality Management
  5. 1084B LeBaron Hall
  6. Ames
  7. Iowa 50011
  8. USA
  1. Hiroyuki Yano
  2. Kyoto University
  3. Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere
  4. Gokasho, Uji
  5. Kyoto 611-0011
  6. Japan
  1. Justin O. Zoppe
  2. North Carolina State University
  3. Department of Forest Biomaterials
  4. Campus Box 8005
  5. Faucette Drive
  6. Raleigh
  7. NC 27695-8005
  8. USA
  1. Robin Zuluaga Gallego
  2. Pontificia Bolivariana University
  3. New Materials Research Group
  4. School of Engineering
  5. Circular 1 # 70-01
  6. Bloque 11, Medellín
  7. Colombia

Preface

In this book, we have aimed at providing a broad review of the recent advances in the use of natural materials in the fabrication of composites. The 14 chapters presented in the book are divided into the following three sections:

  1. Section I: Cellulose nanofiber- and microfiber-based composites
  2. Section II: Cellulose-fiber-based composites
  3. Section III: Cellulose and other nanoparticles.

The topics covered in the book are highly relevant as cellulose-based and natural materials have become the first choice for the fabrication of green composites because of their abundance, renewability, and biodegradable characteristics.

In the first section, Nakagaito and Yano discuss nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) obtained from plant cell walls as well as some of the processes used to obtain this unique material. The authors also provide some examples of the use of NFC in the fabrication of green nanocomposites. Takagi discusses some unique features of cellulose nanofibers and green composites made of cellulose nanofibers. Characteristics of such nanocomposites are also discussed in detail in Chapter 2. Ganan and colleagues discuss cellulose microfibrils isolated from Musaceae residues from plantain and banana plants. Currently, most of these residues are simply wasted and using them as fillers in composites opens a new avenue in the area of sustainable materials. Retegi et al. discuss nanocomposites formed by bacterial cellulose and vegetable-oil-based resins. Bacterial cellulose is being used increasingly in many applications because of its high mechanical strength derived from high degree of polymerization, molecular orientation, and crystallinity. Rojas and colleagues discuss the possibility of using cellulose nanocrystals as reinforcing material in hydrophilic and hydrophobic microfibers. These microfibers have potential applications in nonwovens, bioactive filters, and smart textiles. Finally, Xiang and Frey discuss fully biodegradable fibers using cellulose nanocrystals and polylactic acid (PLA). They show that electrospun nonwovens with reinforced PLA nanofibers have higher strength even though the adhesion between the two is much lower than desired.

In the second section Huang and Netravali present green composites made using soy protein based resin and linen and liquid crystalline cellulose fibers. The resin used was modified with agar and nanoclay to improve mechanical properties. Composites made using liquid crystalline cellulose fibers result in high strength composites termed as ‘advanced green composites’. Goda and Nakamura discuss the elastic properties of green composites made using natural-fiber-twisted yarns and starch-based resins. Also discussed in Chapter 8 is the effect of alkaline treatment of natural cellulose fiber yarns and its influence on the properties of the resulting composites. In Chapter 9, Barone introduces nanocomposites made using nanocellulose and lignin-based polymers. A new way of enzymatic polymerization is used in an attempt to mimic native lignocellulose. Sharma and colleagues describe the fabrication and properties of polymeric materials made from partially denatured proteins produced by the animal coproduct industry. Specifically, they have used partially denatured feather meal and bloodmeal proteins using a compression molding process. The composites prepared using these materials exhibited properties comparable to those of petroleum-based plastics and are fully biodegradable.

In the last section, Morales-Luckie et al. discuss biocomposites made from bovine bones. The bone is used as a template in the synthesis of silver and platinum nanoparticles with applications in catalysis, medicine, and environmental chemistry. In Chapter 12, Sanchez-Mendieta and collaborators discuss the direct synthesis of nanoparticles in solid matrices such as cellulose of wood. The importance of this class of bioinspired and biomimetic materials to form bionanocomposites highlights its low cost and environment friendliness. In Chapter 13, Dong and Hinestroza describe the controlled deposition of silver nanoparticles on cationic and anionic cellulose fibers. The method provides uniform and conformal coverage of the fibers which should find applications in wound dressings, active filtration of bacteria, as well as flexible low-pressure drop catalytic mantles. In Chapter 14, De Kee and colleagues review wood/biopolymer/nanoclay hybrid composites. Such hybrid composites can be optimized to provide excellent mechanical and thermal properties and, hence, they may be used in many applications.

We expect that this current overview will provide the readers with a unique perspective on the rapidly evolving field of green composites as well as the potential uses of cellulose as a high performance and functional material.

We are grateful to all the contributors of the book for their patience, hard work, and willingness to share their cutting edge research work with the community.

Juan P. Hinestroza
Anil N. Netravali

Section I

Cellulose Nanofiber- and Microfiber Based Composites