CONTENTS

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Dedication

Preface

About the Authors

Part I: Preliminary Material

Chapter 1: Introduction
1. 1.1 The Scope of Electrical Engineering
2. 1.2 This Book's Scope and Organization
3. 1.3 International Standards and Their Usage in This Book
4. 1.4 Specific Conventions and Symbols in This Book
Chapter 2: The Fundamental Laws of Electromagnetism
1. 2.1 Vector Fields
2. 2.2 Definition of E and B; Lorentz's Force Law
3. 2.3 Gauss's Law
4. 2.4 Ampère's Law and Charge Conservation
5. 2.5 Faraday's Law
6. 2.6 Gauss's Law For Magnetism
7. 2.7 Constitutive Equations of Matter
8. 2.8 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
9. 2.9 Historical Notes

Part II: Electric Circuit Concept and Analysis

Chapter 3: Circuits as Modelling Tools
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Definitions
3. 3.3 Charge Conservation and Kirchhoff'S Current Law
4. 3.4 Circuit Potentials and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
5. 3.5 Solution of a Circuit
6. 3.6 The Substitution Principle
7. 3.7 Kirchhoff's Laws in Comparison with Electromagnetism Laws
8. 3.8 Power in Circuits
9. 3.9 Historical Notes
Chapter 4: Techniques for Solving Dc Circuits
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Modelling Circuital Systems with Constant Quantities as Circuits
3. 4.3 Solving Techniques
4. 4.4 Power and Energy and Joule's Law
5. 4.5 More Examples
6. 4.6 Resistive Circuits Operating with Variable Quantities
7. 4.7 Historical Notes
8. 4.8 Proposed Exercises
Chapter 5: Techniques for Solving AC Circuits
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Energy Storage Elements
3. 5.3 Modelling Time-Varying Circuital Systems as Circuits
4. 5.4 Simple R–L and R–C Transients
5. 5.5 AC Circuit Analysis
6. 5.6 Power in AC Circuits
7. 5.7 Historical Notes
8. 5.1 Proposed Exercises
Chapter 6: Three-Phase Circuits
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 From Single-Phase to Three-Phase Systems
3. 6.3 The Single-Phase Equivalent of the Three-Phase Circuit
4. 6.4 Power in Three-Phase Systems
5. 6.5 Single-Phase Feeding from Three-Phase Systems
6. 6.6 Historical Notes
7. Proposed Exercises

Part III: Electric Machines and Static Converters

Chapter 7: Magnetic Circuits and Transformers
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Magnetic Circuits and Single-Phase Transformers
3. 7.3 Three-Phase Transformers
4. 7.4 Magnetic Hysteresis and Core Losses
5. 7.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests
6. 7.6 Permanent Magnets
7. Proposed Exercises
Chapter 8: Fundamentals of Electronic Power Conversion
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Power Electronic Devices
3. 8.3 Power Electronic Converters
4. 8.4 Analysis of Periodic Quantities
5. 8.5 Filtering Basics
6. 8.6 Summary
Chapter 9: Principles of Electromechanical Conversion
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Electromechanical Conversion in a Translating Bar
3. 9.3 Basic Electromechanics in Rotating Machines
4. 9.4 Reluctance-Based Electromechanical Conversion
Chapter 10: DC Machines and Drives and Universal Motors
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 The Basic Idea and Generation of Quasi-Constant Voltage
3. 10.3 Operation of a DC Generator Under Load
4. 10.4 Different Types of DC Machines
5. 10.5 Universal Motors
6. 10.6 DC Electric Drives
7. 10.7 Proposed Exercises
Chapter 11: Synchronous Machines and Drives
1. 11.1 The Basic Idea and Generation of EMF
2. 11.2 Operation Under Load
3. 11.3 Practical Considerations
4. 11.4 Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines
5. 11.5 Synchronous Electric Drives
6. 11.6 Historical Notes
7. 11.7 Proposed Exercises
Chapter 12: Induction Machines and Drives
1. 12.1 Induction Machine Basics
2. 12.2 Machine Model and Analysis
3. 12.3 No-Load and Blocked-Rotor Tests
4. 12.4 Induction Machine Motor Drives
5. 12.5 Single-Phase Induction Motors
6. 12.6 Proposed Exercises

Part IV: Power Systems Basics

Chapter 13: Low-Voltage Electrical Installations
1. 13.1 Another Look at the Concept of the Electric Power System
2. 13.2 Electrical Installations: A Basic Introduction
3. 13.3 Loads
4. 13.4 Cables
5. 13.5 Determining Voltage Drop
6. 13.6 Overcurrents and Overcurrent Protection
7. 13.7 Protection in Installations: A Long List
Chapter 14: Electric Shock and Protective Measures
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Electricity and the Human Body
3. 14.3 Protection Against Electric Shock
4. 14.4 The Residual Current Device (RCD) Principle of Operation
5. 14.5 What Else?
6. References
Chapter 15: Large Power Systems: Structure and Operation
1. 15.1 Aggregation of Loads and Installations: The Power System
2. 15.2 Toward Ac Three-Phase Systems
3. 15.3 Electricity Distribution Networks
4. 15.4 Transmission and Interconnection Grids
5. 15.5 Modern Structure of Power Systems and Distributed Generation
6. 15.6 Basics of Power System Operation
7. 15.7 Vertically Integrated Utilities and Deregulated Power Systems
8. 15.8 Recent Challenges and Smart Grids
9. 15.9 Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage

Appendix: Transmission Line Modelling and Port-Based Circuits

A.1 Modelling Transmission Lines Through Circuits
A.2 Modelling Lines as Two-Port Components
A.3 Final Comments

Selected References

Answers to the Proposed Exercises

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

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Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Ceraolo, Massimo.

Fundamentals of electric power engineering : engineering: from electromagnetics to power systems / Massimo Ceraolo, Davide Poli.

pages cm

Summary: “Covers topics such as: circuits, electrical machines and drives, power electronics, power system basics. new generation technologies”– Provided by publisher.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-67969-2 (hardback)

1. Electric power systems. I. Poli, Davide. II. Title.

TK1001.C444 2014

621.31–dc23

2013044541

Preface

Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that in general deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. Depending on how it is intended in different areas of the world, it may cover a wide range of subfields, including electronics, digital computers, power engineering, telecommunications, control systems, and signal processing.

This broad range of fields of interest can be split into two main areas:

what we could call signal-oriented electrical engineering, for which electric quantities (voltage, current, etc.) are used to carry signals—for example, inside TV sets or computers or through electromagnetic waves;
what we could call power-oriented electrical engineering, for which electric quantities are used to manage and transfer power—for example, in power lines, electric machines, rectifiers, or inverters.

Indeed, from a practical point of view, these two kinds of electrical engineering are very different from each other. The approach to analysing applications is different; the physical objects that fulfil different functions tend also to be very different. For instance, while the dimensions of signal-oriented electric devices have shrunk by several orders of magnitude in the last decades (think of computers or mobile phones, for instance), the dimensions of apparatuses tend to be much more stable whenever large powers are involved (e.g., the size of a 100 kW electric motor or a 100 MW power station has not changed significantly).

Electric power engineering is a branch of industrial engineering, while signal electrical engineering is generally not considered as such.

University students of nonelectrical engineering, such as students of civil, mechanical, aerospace, chemical, or even control engineering, will be interested in power-oriented electrical engineering. Mechanical or aerospace engineers, for instance, should be able to understand in detail how an electric motor or an electric drive works. Civil engineers might need to understand how electrical installations are built and how the external power system feeding them operates. Basic information about the safety aspects of electricity might interest all of them.

This book aims to give university teachers support to teach nonelectrical engineering students all they need to know about basic electric phenomena, circuits, and electric machines and drives, as well as the basics of electric safety and an introduction to how large power systems are built and operated.

It might also be useful for professional engineers who want to have a source of updated, though concise, information of nearly everything that happens in power-oriented electrical engineering.

We have made every effort to explain each subject in the simplest way. However, in the case of more complex concepts, we have tried, rather than feigning simplicity, to illustrate them as clearly as possible. Taking our cue from Albert Einstein, we have adopted the approach of making everything as simple as possible, but not simpler.

This book tends to say things in a concise way. This is because we believe that this way it offers a stimulus to students: were we to describe each path of reasoning in detail, we would not stimulate the student's independent flow of reasoning.

In Chapters 3 and 4, special attention has been devoted to ensuring that a clear distinction is made between physical systems and their mathematical models. This is important, not only for the study of the topics in this book, but also as a lesson to students on how engineering proceeds: first we model reality, then we analyse the models. If the results of our analysis are not satisfactory, this might depend on the model we originally chose, and perhaps a more accurate version must be selected and used.

A few final comments:

We have used graphic symbols, mathematical formulations, and even wording in compliance with the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission. Details of this are in Chapter 1.
We have tried to ensure that the exercises offer not only the chance to consolidate theoretical knowledge but also an opportunity for further learning. The reader is first led by hand through worked examples embedded in the text. At the end of Chapters 4–7 and 10–12 there are several exercises of increasing complexity and a solution is outlined for the least straightforward of these.
At the end of some chapters we have added short biographies of the scientists who have given their names to the laws described in the chapter. Although very concise, these biographies offer some idea of the period and background of each scientist's discoveries. Whenever available, the correct pronunciation of the scientists' names is given, based on the International Phonetic Association Alphabet.

Readership and Prerequisites

This book is aimed at all students of engineering, with the exception of electrical engineering students (who require additional details of each topic). The book should also be very useful for nonelectrical qualified engineers, who may not have retained good support material from their student years or who may need to brush up on their knowledge of the fundamentals of electrical engineering without resorting to specialist books.

The most important prerequisite in order to take full advantage of the book is some knowledge of electromagnetics. The best results will be obtained easily by students who have already attended a university-level electromagnetics course. However, we have made every effort to make the book accessible to students who have only basic knowledge of electromagnetic phenomena from their secondary school studies. Chapter 2 will help these students to refresh their memory and to become acquainted with the symbols and approach used in the book.

Levels of Reading

This book caters to different levels of study. The most important example concerns electronic power conversion and Chapter 8. Electronic power conversion is widely used in electric drives and power systems. However, to fully understand it requires time. Although Chapter 8 contains a fairly lengthy description of how power electronics components are composed and operate, this chapter is not essential to an understanding of Chapters 10–12 (which deal with electric drives in addition to electric machines). Chapter 15 also deals with electronic converters in power systems, but, again, students are not required to have first studied Chapter 8. Needless to say, if there is time available in a university course to include Chapter 8, it follows that Chapters 10–12 and 15 can then be studied at a higher level of understanding.

The book also has some “more in depth” boxes. These contain extra information that is not essential for a clear understanding of the rest of the chapter to which they belong. “More in depth” boxes are included to trigger the curiosity of the reader, who can decide whether or not to read or study them.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all our friends who have contributed to this project. In particular, we thank Luca Sani for his careful revision of the chapters on electric machines and drives.

Massimo Ceraolo
Davide Poli

George W. Arnold	Mary Lanzerotti	Linda Shafer
Dmitry Goldgof	Pui-In Mak	MengChu Zhou
Ekram Hossain	Ray Perez	George Zobrist

Fundamentals of Electric Power Engineering

From Electromagnetics to Power Systems

Dedication

Preface

Readership and Prerequisites

Levels of Reading

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Part I
Preliminary Material