Table of Contents
Title page
Copyright page
Contributors
Preface
Part I: Basic Classical Conditioning
1: Principles of Pavlovian Conditioning: Description, Content, Function
Overview
Hull's Choices
Contingency
Relative Contingency: Cue Competition Phenomena
Conditional Contingency
Time
From Prediction to Performance
Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
2: Building a Theory of Pavlovian Conditioning From the Inside Out
Conclusions
References
3: A Contemporary Behavioral Perspective on Extinction
Mechanisms of Extinction
Context and Relapse Effects after Extinction
Preventing Lapse and Relapse after Extinction
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4: Prologue to “Habituation: A History”
References
Habituation: A History
Introduction
Dedication
Note
References
Part II: Applied Classical Conditioning
5: Conditioned Taste Aversion Learning: Relationship to Nausea and Conditioned Disgust
The Garcia Effect
Nature of the US: Nausea?
Nature of the CR: Not all CTA is Accompanied by Conditioned Disgust
Neurobiological Manipulation of Nausea: Effect on Conditioned Disgust and CTA
Nature of the CS: Contextually Elicited Conditioned Disgust Reactions-A Model of Anticipatory Nausea
Conditioned Taste Aversion Learning as a Preclinical Model of Nausea
References
6: Pavlovian Fear Conditioning: Function, Cause, and Treatment
Fear Conditioning Basics
Relevance to Anxiety Disorders: More than a Model
Laboratory Measures of Conditional Fear
CS-US Relationships that Promote Cued and Contextual Fear Conditioning
Biological Mechanisms of Fear Learning
The Dynamic Origins of Memory Systems (DOMS)
Translational Significance
Conclusions
References
7: Behavioral Conditioning of Immune Responses: An Overview and Consideration of Clinical Applications
Introduction
Overview of the Immune System
Conditioning of the Immune System
Conditioned Immunopharmacologic Effects and Stress
The Use of Antigen as a UCS
Therapeutic Effects of Behaviorally Conditioned Immunomodulation
Conclusion
Dedication
References
Part III: Basic Operant Conditioning
8: Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
A Brief History
Conceptual Foundations of Behavior Analysis
Reinforcement and Punishment
Shaping
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variables Influencing Reinforcer Effectiveness
Extinction
Stimulus Control
Chaining and Conditioned Reinforcement
Social Learning
Conclusion
Notes
References
9: Choice
Introduction
Concurrent Schedules
Concurrent-Chain Schedules
Discrete-trial and Other Choice Procedures
Conclusions
References
10: Conditioned Reinforcement
Introduction
Defining Characteristics of Conditioned Reinforcement
Studying Conditioned Reinforcement
Determinants of Conditioned Value
Alternative Views: Challenges to Conditioned Reinforcement
Applications of Conditioned Reinforcement
Future Directions
Summary
Author Note
Notes
References
Additional Reading
11: Behavioral Momentum and Resistance to Change
Behavioral Momentum Theory: An Overview
Challenges to Behavioral Momentum Theory
Extensions of Behavioral Momentum Theory
Separating Baseline Accuracy and Resistance to Change
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12: Behavioral Economics and the Analysis of Consumption and Choice
Value of Reinforcers
Factors That Alter Demand and Choice
The Behavioral Economics of Addiction and Treatment
From Science to Public Policy
Conclusions
Notes
References
13: Delay and Probability Discounting
The Discounting Framework
Discounting of Delayed Rewards
Discounting of Probabilistic Rewards
Comparison of Delay and Probability Discounting
Why is There a Magnitude Effect?
Delayed and Probabilistic Losses
Discounting in Nonhuman Animals
Impulsivity or Impulsivities?
Future Directions
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
14: Characteristics, Theories, and Implications of Dynamic Changes in Reinforcer Effectiveness
Empirical Characteristics
Quantitative Descriptions
Potential Theoretical Explanations
Implications for Conditioning
Implications Beyond Conditioning
Summary
References
15: Verbal Behavior
Definition of Verbal Behavior
The Physical Substrate of Vocal Behavior
Analytical Units of Verbal Behavior
The Structural Complexity of Verbal Behavior: The Puzzle of Lawful Novelty
The Additivity of Stimulus Control
Automatic Shaping
Conclusion
References
16: Animal Cognition
Timing
Numerical Estimation
Spatial Cognition
How Are Locations in Space Encoded?
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
17: Instrumental and Classical Conditioning: Intersections, Interactions and Stimulus Control
Two-Process Learning Theory
The Instrumentally-Derived Appetitive Incentive-Motivational Function
The Instrumentally-Derived Aversive Incentive-Motivational Function
Transfer-of-Control Research: Overview and Discussion
The Discriminative-Response Function
Responsive-Discriminative-by-Incentive-Motivational-Process Combination Matrix
Environmentally Induced Increases in Drug Seeking: An Animal Learning Model of Drug Abuse and Loss of Control
Extending Discriminative-Response/Incentive-Motivational Combination Model to Stimulus-Generalization Peak Shift
Incentive Processes and a Biological-Constraint-on-Learning: Selective Associations
Reconciling Different Test Outcomes by Behaviorally Indistinguishable Groups: A Composite-Stimulus Control Analysis
Summary and Conclusion
Notes
References
Part IV: Applied Operant Conditioning
18: Modern Animal Training: A Transformative Technology
Introduction
Conventional Animal Training
The Development of Modern Training
Domestic Animals and the General Public
Tools and Procedures
TAGteach: An Application for People
The Question of Awareness
Looking Forward
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
Recommended Reading
19: Autism and Behavior Analysis: History and Current Status
Antecedents to Applied Behavior Analytic Approach to Autism
Jean Marc Gaspard Itard's Proto-behavioral Treatment of Victor
Leo Kanner's First Clinical Description of Autism
What is Autism?
Early Behavioral Treatment of Autism
Løvaas's 1987 Landmark Study
Growth of Autism Research
Comprehensive Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
Outcome of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
Developing More Advanced Skills
Challenging Behavior in Autism Revisited
Early Behavioral Intervention and Brain Development
Why “Cure” and “Recovery” Are Misnomers
Prognosis
Note
References
20: Parenting
Child Behavior and Development
Relationship Between Parent and Child Behavior
Functional Analysis Technology
Parent-Training Programs
Barriers to Successful Parent Training
Conclusion
References
21: Behavior Analysis in Education
Foundations in Basic and Applied Science
Foundational Behavioral Units
Behavioral Systems and Models
Superior Instruction by Design
Evidence of Effectiveness
Translating Research into Practice
Behavior Analysis' Impact in Education
A Science of Implementation
A Nonlinear Systems Approach
Behavioral Education in the Digital Age
Note
References
22: Operant Conditioning in Developmental Disabilities
Operant Conditioning to Reduce Behavioral Excesses
Operant Conditioning to Improve Skill Deficiencies
Conclusions
Notes
References
23: Precision Teaching: The Legacy of Ogden Lindsley
What Is Precision Teaching?
The Standard Celeration Chart
Outcomes of Fluent Performance
Celeration and Agility
Quantitative Analyses with Chart Data
Current Practice Procedures
Who Has Used PT?
A Brief History of the Development of Precision Teaching
PT's Relation to Instructivist Educational Philosophy
Research Supporting Precision Teaching and Remaining Questions
Where to Learn More
Afterword
Acknowledgment
Notes
References
24: Behavioral Pharmacology: A Brief Overview
Historical Underpinnings of Behavioral Pharmacology
Law of Effect
Pavlovian Conditioning
Operant Psychology of B. F. Skinner
Development of Antipsychotic Drugs
Modern Behavioral Pharmacology
What Do Behavioral Pharmacologists Do?
Transitivity of Behavioral Observations
Clinical Application
Conclusion
References
25: Contingency Management Treatments for Substance-Use Disorders and Healthy Behaviors
Historical Background of Contingency Management
Voucher-Based Contingency Management
Prize-Based Contingency Management
Fundamental Elements and Parameters of CM
Applying CM Toward the Modification of Other Behaviors
Conclusion
References
26: Organizational Behavior Management: Past, Present, and Future
Overview of Chapter
An Annotated History of OBM and its Historical Roots
OBM Practices and Research
OBM and Human Resources Management
Behavior Systems Management
Note
References
27: Clinical Behavior Analysis
Initial Successful Applications of Behavioral Principles
The Application of Familiar Behavioral Principles
The Challenge of Applying Principles In Clinical Settings
Functional Analytic Psychotherapy
Cognitions, Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Summary
References
28: Aging
Basic Conditioning Research on Aging
Applied Conditioning Literature on Aging
Summary and Conclusions
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Recent experimental designs that address previously untestable questions
Table 5.1 Conditioned taste avoidance learning versus conditioned disgust
Table 6.1 Signal detection analysis of the prevalence of anxiety disorders
Table 6.2 Simplified environmental processes and brain regions involved in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Abbreviations: conditional stimulus, CS; long-term memory, LTM; medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, MGN; lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, LGN; anterior cingulate cortex, ACC; prelimbic cortex, PL
Table 14.1 Empirical characteristics of sensitization and habituation
Table 17.1 Training and test conditions of groups that produced the instrumentally-derived incentive motivational function (S-R and S-S
r
properties established to tone and to light S
D
s are indicated)*
Table 17.2 Designs eliminating co-variation of the incentive-motivational and response-discriminative properties established to S
D
s*
Table 17.3 Stimulus compounding (generalization) test outcomes predicted to combinations of discriminative-response and incentive-motive properties established to S
D
S
Table 17.4 Composite representation of training and test conditions of Figure 17.4's S-R and S-S
r
properties to each composite element (symbol translations in Table 17.1)
Table 19.1 Empirical publications in peer-reviewed journals of effects of early intensive behavioral intervention on cognitive, social, language and intellectual functioning of young children with autism spectrum disorders.
1
Table 20.1 Functional treatments for child problem behaviors
Table 21.1 Behavioral tactics prevalent in education
Table 23.1 Examples of the relativity of tool, component, and composite skills
Table 24.1 Suggested readings—complete references in reference section