CONTENTS

Titlepage

Dedication

About the Author

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Graphics and 3D

A Preview of the CG Process
The CG Production Workflow
Digital Images
Summary

Chapter 2: Jumping into Basic Animation Headfirst

Project: The Solar System
Creating a Project
Hierarchy and Maya Object Structure
The Solar System, Resumed
Summary

Chapter 3: The Autodesk® Maya® 2015 Interface

Exploring the Maya Layout
Mapping the Box’s Reference Planes with Hypershade
Organizing Workflow with the Layer Editor
Modeling the Decorative Box
Continuing the Decorative Box Model
Finishing the Decorative Box Model

Chapter 4: Beginning Polygonal Modeling

Polygon Basics
Poly Editing Tools
Putting the Tools to Use: Making a Cartoon Hand
Modeling a Catapult

Chapter 5: Modeling with NURBS Surfaces and Deformers

Using NURBS Surfacing to Create Polygons
Converting a NURBS Model to Polygons
Creating a Pair of Glass Candle Holders
Modeling with Simple Deformers
Animating Through a Lattice

Chapter 6: Practical Experience!

Evaluating the Toy Plane
Building the Landing Pontoons
Oh, What a Body! Modeling the Body of the Plane
The Rear Stabilizers
You Spin Me Right Round—The Engine and Propeller
The Plane’s Wings
Assembling the Plane
Summary

Chapter 7: Autodesk® Maya® Shading and Texturing

Shader Types
Shader Attributes
Shading and Texturing the Toy Plane
Textures and UVs for the Red Wagon
Photo-Real Mapping: The Decorative Box
Toon Shading
Summary

Chapter 8: Introduction to Animation

Throwing an Axe
Replacing an Object
Summary

Chapter 9: More Animation!

Skeletons: The Hand
Basic Relationships: Constraints
Basic Relationships: Set-Driven Keys
Creating a Simple Character Rig
Summary

Chapter 10: Autodesk® Maya® Lighting

Basic Lighting Concepts
Maya Lights
Light Linking
Adding Shadows
Raytracing Soft Shadows
mental ray Lighting
mental ray Physical Sun and Sky
Lighting Effects
Assembling and Lighting a Scene
Further Lighting Practice
Tips for Using and Animating Lights
Summary

Chapter 11: Autodesk® Maya® Rendering

Setting the Default Renderer
Using Cameras
Motion Blur
Batch Rendering
mental ray for Maya
Render Layers
Displacement Mapping the Decorative Box
Rendering the Scene with mental ray
Summary

Chapter 12: Autodesk® Maya® Dynamics and Effects

Rigid Bodies
Rigid Body Dynamics: Shoot the Catapult!
nParticle Dynamics
Emitting nParticles
Animating a Particle Effect: Locomotive Steam
Getting Started with nCloth
Customizing Maya
Summary
Where Do You Go from Here?

End-User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Title Page

Front Matter

Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Graphics and 3D

Start Reading

Chapter 2: Jumping into Basic Animation Headfirst

Chapter 3: The Autodesk® Maya® 2015 Interface

Chapter 4: Beginning Polygonal Modeling

Chapter 5: Modeling with NURBS Surfaces and Deformers

Chapter 6: Practical Experience!

Chapter 7: Autodesk® Maya® Shading and Texturing

Chapter 8: Introduction to Animation

Chapter 9: More Animation!

Chapter 10: Autodesk® Maya® Lighting

Chapter 11: Autodesk® Maya® Rendering

Chapter 12: Autodesk® Maya® Dynamics and Effects

End-User License Agreement

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Introduction

Welcome to Introducing Autodesk® Maya® 2015 and the world of computer-generated imagery (CGI). Whether you’re new to 3D graphics or venturing into Autodesk’s powerhouse animation software from another 3D application, you’ll find this book a perfect primer. It introduces you to the Autodesk® Maya® software and shows how you can work with Maya to create your art, whether it’s animated or static in design.

The first edition of this book was written out of the author’s desire for solid, comprehensive, and yet open-ended teaching material about Maya for his classes. This book exposes you to all the facets of Maya by introducing and explaining its tools and functions to help you understand how Maya operates. In addition, you’ll find hands-on examples and tutorials that give you firsthand experience with the toolsets. Working through these will help you develop skills as well as knowledge. These tutorials expose you to various ways of accomplishing tasks with this intricate and comprehensive artistic tool.

Finally, this book explains workflow. You’ll learn not only how specific tasks are accomplished but why—that is, how they fit into the larger process of producing 3D animation. By doing that, these chapters should give you the confidence to venture deeper into the Maya feature set on your own or by using any of the other Maya learning tools and books as a guide.

It can be frustrating to learn a powerful tool such as Maya, so it’s important to remember to pace yourself. The number-one complaint of readers of books like this is a sense that either the pace is too fast or the steps are too complicated or overwhelming. That’s a tough nut to crack, to be sure, and no two readers are the same. But this book offers you the chance to run things at your own pace. The exercises and steps may seem challenging at times, but keep in mind that the more you try—even the more you fail at some attempts—the more you’ll learn about how to operate Maya. Experience is the key to learning workflows in any software program, and with experience comes failure and aggravation. Nevertheless, try and try again, and you’ll see that further attempts will be easier and more fruitful.

Above all, this book aims to inspire you to use Maya as a creative tool to achieve and explore your own artistic vision.

What You’ll Learn from This Book

Introducing Autodesk® Maya® 2015 will show you how Maya works and introduce you to every part of the toolset to give you a glimpse of the possibilities available with Maya.

You’ll learn the basic concepts underlying animation and 3D and how to work with the Maya interface. You’ll then learn the basic methods of modeling—creating objects and characters that appear to exist in three-dimensional space and that can be animated. You’ll also explore shading and texturing—the techniques of applying surfaces to the objects you create—and you’ll learn how to create lights and shadows in a scene. Animation is an enormously rich topic, but the practice and theory provided here will give you a solid footing. Next, you’ll learn how to control the process of rendering, turning your images into files that can be viewed. Perhaps the most dazzling capability of Maya is its dynamics engine, software that allows you to make objects behave as if controlled by the real-world laws of physics.

After you’ve finished this book and its exercises, you’ll have experience in almost everything Maya offers, giving you a solid foundation on which to base the rest of your Maya and CGI experience.

The goal of this book is to get you familiar enough with all the parts of Maya that you can work on your own and start a long, healthy education in a powerful and flexible tool.

You will, however, learn the most from yourself.

Who Should Read This Book

Anyone who is curious about learning Maya or who is migrating from another 3D software package can learn something from this book. Even if you’re highly experienced in another 3D package such as the open source Blender or Autodesk® 3ds Max® or Softimage®, you’ll find this book helpful in showing you how Maya operates so you can migrate your existing skill set quickly and efficiently. By being exposed to everything Maya has to offer, you’ll better understand how you can use its toolset to create or improve on your art and work.

If you already have cursory or even intermediate experience with Maya, culled from time spent learning at home, you can fill many holes with the information in this book as well as expand your experience. Self-education is a powerful tool, and the more you expose yourself to different sources, opinions, and methods, the better educated you’ll be.

In addition, this book is invaluable for teachers in the CG field. This book was written to cater to those who want to pick up the fundamentals of Maya as well as those who want to teach classes based on a solid body of course material. You won’t find a better basis for a class when you combine this book with your own curriculum.

How to Use This Book

To begin reading this book, open it to some page, and read.

Introducing Autodesk® Maya® 2015 approaches the subject in a linear fashion that tracks how most animation productions are undertaken. But the book has numerous cross-references to make sure the chapters make sense no matter in which order you want to tackle them. You can open this book to any chapter and work through the tutorials and examples laid out for the Maya task being covered. Feel free to browse the chapters and jump into anything that strikes your fancy. However, if you’re completely new to CG, you may want to take the chapters in order.

Although you can learn a lot just by reading the explanations and studying the illustrations, it’s best to read this book while you’re using Maya 2015 so that you can try the exercises for yourself as you read them. If you don’t already have Maya, you can download an educational license if you are a qualifying student or faculty member at www.students.autodesk.com/ or a 30-day trial version of the software at www.autodesk.com/maya. This book refers to a companion web page (www.sybex.com/go/introducingmaya2015), containing all the example and support files you’ll need for the exercises in the text as well as some videos to help you through some of the tutorials, which is a valuable educational aid. These videos will be updated over time, so make sure to check back in now and then for more material. You can use the example files to check the progress of your work, or you can use them as a starting point if you want to skip ahead within an exercise. The latter can save the more experienced reader tons of time. You’ll also find it valuable to examine these files in depth to see how scenes are set up and how some of the concepts introduced in the book are implemented. Because Maya is a complex, professional software application, the exercises are both realistically ambitious and simple enough for new users to complete. Take them one step at a time and find your own pace, accepting aggravations and failures as part of the process. Take your time; you’re not working on deadline—yet.

How This Book Is Organized

Chapter 1, “Introduction to Computer Graphics and 3D,” introduces you to common computer graphics concepts to give you a basic overview of how CG happens and how Maya relates to the overall process. In addition, it describes basic animation concepts to better build a foundation for further study.

Chapter 2, “Jumping into Basic Animation Headfirst,” creates a simple animation to introduce you to the Maya interface and workflow and give you a taste of how things work right away. By animating the planets in our solar system, you’ll learn basic concepts of creating and animating in Maya and how to use its powerful object structure.

Chapter 3, “The Autodesk® Maya® 2015 Interface,” presents the entire Maya interface and shows you how it’s used in production. Beginning with a roadmap of the screen, this chapter also explains how Maya defines and organizes objects in a scene while you are set to the task of building a decorative box model.

Chapter 4, “Beginning Polygonal Modeling,” is an introduction to modeling concepts and workflows. It shows you how to start modeling using polygonal geometry to create various objects, from a cartoon hand to a catapult, using some of the new tools incorporated into Autodesk Maya 2015.

Chapter 5, “Modeling with NURBS Surfaces and Deformers,” takes your lesson in modeling a step further. It shows you how to model with deformers and surfacing techniques, using NURBS to create a glass candle jar to later light and render in a scene. You’ll also learn how to create NURBS surfaces directly into polygon meshes easily.

Chapter 6, “Practical Experience!,” rounds out your modeling lessons with a comprehensive exercise showing you how to model a child’s toy airplane using polygons. The chapter also exposes you to the powerful File Referencing workflow available in Maya.

Chapter 7, “Autodesk® Maya® Shading and Texturing,” shows you how to assign textures and shaders to your models. Using a toy wagon model, you’ll learn how to texture it to look like a real toy wagon as well as lay out its UVs for proper texture placement. Then, you’ll create detailed photo-realistic textures based on photos for the decorative box and toy plane models. You’ll also learn how to use toon shading to achieve a cartoon look for your renders.

Chapter 8, “Introduction to Animation,” covers the basics of how to animate a bouncing ball using keyframes and then moves on to creating and coordinating more complex animation—throwing an axe and firing a catapult. You’ll also learn how to import objects into an existing animation and transfer animation from one object to another, a common exercise in professional productions. In addition, you’ll learn how to use the Graph Editor to edit and finesse your animation as well as animate objects along paths.

Chapter 9, “More Animation!” expands on Chapter 8 to show you how to use the Maya skeleton and kinematics system to create a simple walk cycle. This chapter also covers how to animate objects by using relationships between them. A thrilling exercise shows you how to rig a hand for easier animation and then a locomotive model for automated animation, some of the most productive uses of Maya.

Chapter 10, “Autodesk® Maya® Lighting,” begins by showing you how to light a 3D scene as you learn how to light the toy plane and box that you modeled and textured earlier in the book. It also shows you how to use the tools to create and edit Maya lights for illumination, shadows, and special lighting effects. The mental ray for Maya Physical Sun and Sky feature is explored in this chapter as an introduction to some sophisticated techniques for mental ray lighting.

Chapter 11, “Autodesk® Maya® Rendering,” explains how to create image files from your Maya scene and how to achieve the best look for your animation using proper cameras and rendering settings. You’ll work with displacement maps to create details in a model. You’ll also learn about the Maya renderer, the Vector renderer, and Final Gather using HDRI and image-based lighting through mental ray for Maya, as well as raytracing, motion blur, and depth of field. You’ll have a chance to render the table lamp and decorative box to round out your skills.

Chapter 12, “Autodesk® Maya® Dynamics and Effects,” introduces you to the powerful Maya dynamics animation system as well as nParticle technology. You’ll animate pool balls colliding with one another using rigid body dynamics, and you’ll fire the catapult. Using nParticle animation, you’ll also create steam to add to your locomotive scene. You will then be exposed to nCloth to create a tablecloth and a flag. This chapter also shows you how to use Paint Effects to create animated flowers and grass within minutes.

Hardware and Software Considerations

Because computer hardware is a quickly moving target and Maya now runs on three distinct operating systems (Windows 7/8, Linux, and Mac OS X), specifying which hardware components will work with Maya is something of a challenge. Fortunately, Autodesk has a “qualified hardware” page on its website that describes the latest hardware to be qualified to work with Maya for each operating system, as well as whether you’re running the 32-bit or 64-bit version. Go to the following site for the most up-to-date information on system requirements:

www.autodesk.com/maya

Although you can find specific hardware recommendations on these web pages, some general statements can be made about what constitutes a good platform on which to run Maya. First, be sure to get a fast processor; Maya eats through CPU cycles like crazy, so a fast processor is important. Second, you need lots of RAM (memory) to run Maya—at least 4 GB, but 8 GB or more is better to have, especially if you’re working with large scene files and are on a 64-bit system. Third, if you expect to interact well with your Maya scenes, a powerful video card is a must; although Maya will mosey along with a poor graphics card, screen redraws will be slow with complex scenes, which can quickly become frustrating. You may want to consider a workstation graphics card for the best compatibility (rather than a consumer-grade gaming video card). Several companies make entry-level through top-performing workstation cards to fit any budget. A large hard disk is also important—most computers these days come with huge drives anyway.

Fortunately, computer hardware is so fast that even laptop computers can now run Maya well. Additionally, even hardware that is not officially supported by Autodesk can often run Maya—just remember that you won’t be able to get technical support if your system doesn’t meet the company’s qualifications.

Writing this Book with the zBook 14

As you consider the hardware requirements for running Autodesk Maya 2015, it’s interesting to note that a good portion of this book was written and accomplished on an ultrabook sized laptop workstation from HP, the zBook 14 (Figure FM.1). This little laptop has been a powerful ally in working on the scenes used throughout this book, as well as the actual writing of the book.

With a strong Intel i7 2.1Ghz CPU, 16 GB of memory and an HD resolution 14″ LED display, I was able to write this book and work on the scene files for the exercises anywhere I went, even crushed in a coach class airplane seat. The ultrabook’s AMD FirePro c41i000 adeptly powered the graphics and even ran a second 24″ display without a hiccup.

This is the first thin and light ultrabook form factor I’ve seen that is capable of workstation graphics, and I’m grateful to HP for allowing me the pleasure of using the zBook 14 (Figure F-1) while writing this book. It allowed me to have the stability and power I need without having to be chained to my desk, or toting around a much heavier 15″ or 17″ mobile workstation.

flastf001.tif — **Figure F-1:** The HP zBook 14 was a great little machine to run Maya while traveling around!

Free Autodesk Software for Students and Educators

The Autodesk Education Community is an online resource with more than five million members that enables educators and students to download—for free (see website for terms and conditions)—the same software used by professionals worldwide. You can also access additional tools and materials to help you design, visualize, and simulate ideas. Connect with other learners to stay current with the latest industry trends and get the most out of your designs. Get started today at www.autodesk.com/joinedu.

The Next Step

By the time you finish Introducing Autodesk® Maya® 2015, you’ll have some solid skills for using Maya. When you’re ready to move on to another level, be sure to check out other Maya books from Sybex at www.sybex.com and additional resources at www.koosh3d.com.