Bronwyn Elsmore
Published by Reed Books, a division of Reed Publishing (NZ) Ltd, 39 Rawene Rd, Birkenhead, Auckland (www.reed.co.nz). Associated companies, branches and representatives throughout the world.
This book is copyright. Except for the purpose of fair reviewing, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Infringers of copyright render themselves liable to prosecution.
ISBN 0 7900 0741 X
eBook ISBN: 978-1-877514-27-2
© 1985, 2000 Bronwyn Elsmore
The author asserts her moral rights in the work.
Designed and typeset by Sharon Whitaker
Cover designed by Sunny H. Yang
First published 1985 by Moana Press
This edition 2000 by Reed Books
Printed in New Zealand
In memory of my father
Bernard Henry Norris Teague
Who passed away in May 1982 before
this could be written, but without
whose influence over many years it
would probably not have eventuated.
POROPOROAKI
E taku Koro, haere, haere,
Ka karanga a Hine-nui-te-po;
Papatuanuku has bared her breast
reclaimed you as her own.
The hands are washed, the fast broken,
Kawakawa now removed —
curling leaves a mute reminder
of transitory life.
Not for you the korowai,
Te iwi whanau your only claim,
But to me, bereft, lamenting,
One of Tane’s totara fell.
- B.M.E. -
List of Illustrations
List of Abbreviations
Preface
Part One: The Early Picture
1. Maori and Missionary
2. Politics and Problems
3. Disease and Decline
4. Principle and Practice
Part Two: The Maori Response
5. Jesus or Jehovah?
6. Indigenous and Imported
7. Rejection and Reformulation
Part Three: The New Religions
8. The New Religions
9. Papahurihia, or Karakia Nakahi
10. Other Early Movements
11. Pai Marire
12. Ringatu
13. Parihaka Movement
14. Tariao
15. Arowhenua Movement
16. Tekau-ma-rua
17. Maketu Movement
18. Upper Waihou Movement
19. Kohititanga Marama
20. Iharaira
21. Ratana
Conclusion
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
Map: Location of places mentioned
The ‘Flying Dragon’
Te Ua Haumene
Te Kooti
Te Whiti-o-Rongomai
Te Whiti and Tohu Kakahi
King Tawhiao
Te Mahuki Manukura at Te Kumi
Himiona Te Orinui
Rihara Te Reke
The pillars for the Kohiti temple
Rua Kenana
Zion at New Jerusalem
Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana
AJHR — Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives
AML — Auckland Institute and Museum Library
APL — Auckland Public Library
ATL — Alexander Turnbull Library
BOPT—Bay of Plenty Times
CMS — Church Missionary Society
HL — Hocken Library
JPS — Journal of the Polynesian Society
MS — Manuscript
NML — Napier Museum Library
NZH — New Zealand Herald
NZJH — New Zealand Journal of History
NZPD — New Zealand Parliamentary Debates
PBH — Poverty Bay Herald
SJC — St John’s College
TPNZI — Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
TS — Typescript
WMS — Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society
When the Lord turned again the captivity of Zion, we were like them that dream.
Then was our mouth filled with laughter, and our tongue with singing: then said they among the heathen, The Lord hath done great things for them.
The Lord hath done great things for us; whereof we are glad.
Turn again our captivity, O Lord, as the streams in the south.
They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.
He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him.
-Psalm 126 -
From any study of the history or the beliefs and practices of Maori religious movements in New Zealand, it is immediately obvious that great emphasis is placed on the Old Testament scriptures. This was first noted in the journals of missionaries more than a century and a half ago, and has been pointed out by other writers since.
Such references, however, have generally been brief, and usually restricted to consideration of one particular movement or period only. Yet to fully appreciate this aspect of the response in any one movement or time, it is essential that the whole topic be looked at. To view a small part of the picture only is to miss the full context and therefore the pattern evident in the development of the phenomenon.
In writing this book I have tried to keep in mind at all times the general reader — in New Zealand or elsewhere — in an effort to ensure its readability by those with even little prior knowledge of the topic. At the same time I have been aware of those who will be reading with an academic interest in the subject. To satisfy both groups fully is no doubt an impossible task, and I can only hope that the result will be acceptable to most.