Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Contributors
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
List of Abbreviations
Encyclopedia Entries to The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
A
Defensive armour
Offensive weapons
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Appendix I: Rulers of the English, c.450–1066
I. Kings of Kent
II. Kings of the Northumbrians
III. Kings of the Mercians
IV. Kings of the East Angles
V. Kings of the South Saxons
VI. Kings of the East Saxons
VII. Kings of the West Saxons
Appendix II: Archbishops and Bishops, 597–1066
I. Kent
II. The East Saxons
III. The South Saxons
IV. The West Saxons
V. The East Angles
VI. The Mercians, Middle Angles and Lindsey
VII. Northumbria
Note on Maps 9–12
Index of Contributors
Classified Index of Head-Words
Persons
Peoples and Places
Subjects
This second edition first published 2014
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Edition History: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e hardback 1999, 1e paperback 2001)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England / edited by Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, and Donald Scragg. – Second edition.
pages cm
Revised edition of: The Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7 (cloth)
1. Great Britain–History–Anglo-Saxon period, 449–1066–Encyclopedias. 2. England–Civilization–To 1066–Encyclopedias. I. Lapidge, Michael. II. Title.
DA152.B58 2014
942.01–dc23
2013015800
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: Gold mount resembling a stylized sea-creature, from the Staffordshire Hoard. Photo © Birmingham Museums Trust.
Cover design by Nicki Averill Design.
1 |
Aerial photograph of crop marks showing cemetery. Copyright reserved, Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photography |
2 |
The Alfred Jewel. AN1836p.135.371, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford |
3 |
The Coppergate Helmet, York. Photograph © York Castle Museum |
4 |
Bradford-on-Avon church. © Crown Copyright. English Heritage |
5 |
A carpet page from the Lindisfarne Gospels, London, British Library, Cotton Nero D.IV, fol. 94v. © The British Library Board |
6 |
A charter of Æthelwulf, King of Wessex and Kent, 843. London, British Library, Stowe Charter 17. © The British Library Board |
7 |
A writ of Edward the Confessor for the monastery of St Denis (1053 × 1057). Cartons des rois, AE III 60 (K 19, no. 6). |
8 |
Anglo-Saxon coins from the Fitzwilliam collection. © The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge |
9 |
Images of kingship on Anglo-Saxon coins from the Fitzwilliam collection. © The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge |
10 |
‘An Anglo-Saxon king dispenses justice’. London, British Library, Cotton Claudius B.IV, fol. 59r. © The British Library Board |
11 |
Earls Barton tower. Photograph by Simon Keynes |
12 |
The Gosforth Cross. © Department of Archaeology, University of Durham |
13 |
A hogback at Ingleby Arncliffe (Yorks.). © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Photograph by T. Middlemass |
14 |
King Cnut and Queen Ælfgifu from the New Minster Liber vitae. British Library, Stowe 944 fol. 6r. © The British Library Board |
15 |
The Repton crypt. Photograph by Dr John Crook |
16 |
The Ruthwell Cross. © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture; photograph by T. Middlemass |
17 |
The seal of Godwine (matrix and impression), walrus ivory, eleventh century. © The Trustees of the British Museum |
18 |
The Winchester purse reliquary. Winchester Museums Service |
19 |
The Kirkdale sundial and inscription. © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Photograph by T. Middlemass |
20 |
Aerial view of Sutton Hoo. Photograph by Nigel MacBeth |
21 |
Wall painting in the church of Nether Wallop. © Crown Copyright. English Heritage |
22 |
Winchester School decoration: the New Minster Charter. London, British Library, Cotton Vespasian A.VIII, fol. 2v. © The British Library Board |
23 |
The church at Wing. Photograph © P. S. Spokes; source: English Heritage |
24 |
Hatfield Forest, wood-pasture, showing pollard trees cut for the first time. Photograph by Dr Oliver Rackham |
1 |
Anglo-Saxon mills |
2 |
Offa’s Dyke |
3 |
The main Scandinavian settlement-names in southern Britain |
4 |
Princely burials |
5 |
Barrows and barrow cemeteries |
6 |
Anglo-Saxon high-status sites |
7 |
Sutton Hoo in its European context |
8 |
The Tribal Hidage |
9 |
The ‘Heptarchy’ (c.700) |
10 |
The Mercian Supremacy (c.800) |
11 |
The Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons (c.900) |
12 |
The Kingdom of the English (c.1000) |
1 |
Brixworth: Anglo-Saxon phase (broken line) in relation to the present church. By permission of Oxford University Press |
2 |
Cheddar: palace and minster (plan). © Philip Rahtz |
3 |
Cheddar: the Anglo-Saxon palaces. © Philip Rahtz |
4 |
The clothing of early Anglo-Saxon women (reconstruction). © Gale R. Owen-Crocker |
5 |
Deerhurst St Mary as it may have been in the ninth century. © Rahtz and Watts |
6 |
Anglo-Saxon embroidery (drawn from the Cuthbert stole and maniple). © Elizabeth Coatsworth |
7 |
An Anglo-Saxon fishweir at Colwick, Notts. © C. R. Salisbury |
8 |
The Fuller Brooch, housed at The British Museum |
9 |
A selection of Anglo-Saxon jewellery types |
10 |
Anglo-Saxon watermill at Tamworth (reconstruction). © Philip Rahtz |
11 |
Monastic sites and enclosures |
12 |
The spatial development of Anglo-Saxon Mucking. © English Heritage |
13 |
Seventh- to ninth-century church groups |
14 |
The development of Anglo-Saxon Repton |
15 |
The ecclesiastical re-use of Roman remains |
16 |
The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sutton Hoo: burials known up to 1992 |
17 |
Reconstruction of the burial deposit in Sutton Hoo Mound 1 |
18 |
Late Anglo-Saxon tiles from Winchester |
19 |
Planned towns, eighth to late ninth centuries |
20 |
The Old Minster, Winchester (re-construction). © Winchester Excavations Committee |
21 |
Yeavering (Northumbria): the late sixth- and seventh-century ritual and assembly site and royal residence |
Richard Abels, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland
Grenville Astill, University of Reading
Mark Atherton, Regents Park College, Oxford
Richard N. Bailey, University of Newcastle
Peter S. Baker, University of Virginia
Debby Banham, Newnham College, Cambridge
Julia Barrow, University of Leeds
Martha Bayless, University of Oregon
Alex Bayliss, University College, London
Paul Bibire, Crail, Scotland
Martin Biddle, Hertford College, Oxford
Carole Biggam, University of Glasgow
(†)M. A. S. Blackburn, The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
John Blair, The Queen’s College, Oxford
C. J. Bond, Walton-in-Gordano (Somerset)
Martin Brett, Robinson College, Cambridge
Mark Brisbane, University of Bournemouth
Nicholas Brooks, University of Birmingham
Kevin Brown, English Heritage, Bristol
Michelle P. Brown, Institute of English Studies, University of London
Esther Cameron, Institute of Archaeology, Oxford
Laurence Cameron, University of Halifax
James P. Carley, York University, Toronto
Martin Carver, University of York
Mary Clayton, University College, Dublin
Simon Esmonde Cleary, University of Birmingham
Elizabeth Coatsworth, Manchester Metropolitan University
Julie Coleman, University of Leicester
(†)H. E. J. Cowdrey, St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Barrie Cox, University of Nottingham
Rosemary Cramp, University of Durham
Sally Crawford, University of Birmingham
John Crook, Winchester
C. R. E. Cubitt, University of York
Maria Amalia D’Aronco, University of Udine
R. J. Darrah, Hodnet (Shropshire)
Tania M. Dickinson, University of York
Robert DiNapoli, University of the Third Age, Melbourne
Nicole Guenther Discenza, University of South Florida
Daniel Donoghue, Harvard University
Fiona Edmonds, Clare College, Cambridge
Rosamond Faith, Finstock (Oxon.)
Dora Faraci, University of Aquila
Gillian Fellows-Jensen, University of Copenhagen
Sarah Foot, Christ Church, Oxford
Paul Fouracre, University of Manchester
P. J. Fowler, University of Newcastle
Allen J. Frantzen, Loyola University
Richard Gameson, University of Durham
George Garnett, St Hugh’s College, Oxford
Mary Garrison, University of York
Richard Gem, Cathedrals Commission, London
Helen Gittos, University of Kent, Canterbury
Malcolm Godden, University of Oxford
Diana E. Greenway, Institute of Historical Research, London
(†)Mechthild Gretsch, University of Göttingen
Michael Gullick, The Red Gull Press
(†)R. A. Hall, York Archaeological Trust
Thomas N. Hall, formerly University of Notre Dame
Helena Hamerow, University of Oxford
Paul Antony Hayward, University of Lancaster
Isabel Henderson, Newnham College, Cambridge
T. A. Heslop, University of East Anglia
(†)John Higgitt, University of Edinburgh
N. J. Higham, University of Manchester
Joyce Hill, formerly University of Leeds
Terry Hoad, St Peter’s College, Oxford
Philip Holdsworth, Archaeology Section, Cumbria County Council, Kendal
Stephanie Hollis, University of Auckland
Carole Hough, University of Glasgow
Gillian Hutchinson, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
(†)George Jack, University of St Andrews
Rohini Jayatilaka, formerly University of Oxford
Joy Jenkyns, St Edmund Hall, Oxford
S. E. Kelly, Portsmouth
Alan Kennedy, University of Sydney
Simon Keynes, Trinity College, Cambridge
(†)Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle, Oxford
Anne L. Klinck, University of New Brunswick
Lucia Kornexl, University of Jena
Michael Lapidge, Clare College, Cambridge
(†)Vivien Law, Trinity College, Cambridge
Graeme Lawson, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
M. K. Lawson, St Paul’s School, London
Patrizia Lendinara, University of Palermo
R. M. Liuzza, University of Tennessee
R. C. Love, Robinson College, Cambridge
K. A. Lowe, University of Glasgow
Peter J. Lucas, University College, Dublin
Niels Lund, University of Copenhagen
Arthur MacGregor, The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Patrick McGurk, formerly Birkbeck College, London
Helen McKee, Oxford
Keith Manchester, University of Bradford
Richard Marsden, University of Nottingham
Audrey Meaney, Cambridge
Sean Miller, formerly Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
(†)Bruce Mitchell, St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Marco Mostert, University of Utrecht
Rory Naismith, Clare College, Cambridge
Janet Nelson, King’s College, London
Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, St John’s College, Cambridge
William Noel, Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore
Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe, University of California at Berkeley
Éamonn Ó Carragáin, University College, Cork
Andy Orchard, University of Oxford
Gale R. Owen-Crocker, University of Manchester
O. J. Padel, St Neots, Cornwall
(†)R. I. Page, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
David Park, Courtauld Institute of Art, London
David Parsons, University of Leicester
David A. E. Pelteret, formerly University of Toronto
Richard W. Pfaff, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Kathryn Powell, formerly University of Manchester
David Pratt, Downing College, Cambridge
(†)Phillip Pulsiano, Villanova University
Oliver Rackham, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
(†)Philip Rahtz, University of York
Susan Rankin, Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Christine Rauer, University of St Andrews
Barbara C. Raw, Oxford
Roger E. Ray, University of Toledo
Paul G. Remley, University of Washington
Charlotte A. Roberts, University of Durham
Jane Roberts, King’s College, London
David Rollason, University of Durham
Susan Rosser, formerly University of Manchester
Donald Scragg, University of Manchester
Richard Sharpe, Wadham College, Oxford
Alice Sheppard, formerly Cornell University
Jeremy J. Smith, University of Glasgow
Pauline Stafford, University of Huddersfield
Wesley M. Stevens, University of Winnipeg
Matthew Stiff, Oxford
Alan Thacker, Victoria History of the Counties of England, London
Rodney M. Thomson, University of Tasmania
David E. Thornton, Bilkent University, Ankara
Elaine M. Treharne, Stanford University
Elisabeth van Houts, Emmanuel College, Cambridge
(†) Alan Vince, City of Lincoln Archaeology Unit, Lincoln
Keith Wade, Bury St Edmunds
Lorna Watts, Harome (Yorks.)
Leslie Webster, The British Museum, London
Jonathan Wilcox, University of Iowa
Ann Williams, Wanstead, London
Tom Williamson, University of East Anglia
D. R. Wilson, University of Keele
Ian Wood, University of Leeds
(†)Patrick Wormald, Christ Church, Oxford
Margaret Worthington, formerly University of Manchester
Charles D. Wright, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
B. A. E. Yorke, King Alfred’s College, Winchester
S. M. Youngs, The British Museum, London
During the fifteen years which have elapsed since the publication of the first edition, this Encyclopedia has remained constantly in print, and has sold in satisfying numbers. But inevitably there have been changes: Blackwell Publishers have become Wiley Blackwell Publishers; the volume of publication in the field of Anglo-Saxon studies has continued unabated; and many new discoveries, particularly in the field of archaeology – one thinks especially of the Prittlewell princely burial and the Staffordshire Hoard – have brought many new Anglo-Saxon artifacts to light. And there have been huge advances in fields relating to archaeological discovery, notably archaeobotany and palaeopathology. A number of large-scale publications, such as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) and the Oxford Handbook to Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (OHASA), have facilitated research on many aspects of the wider field. Developments such as these suggested to Wiley Blackwell, and to Tessa Harvey in particular, that there was a strong case for producing a second, revised, edition of the original Encyclopedia.
In some ways the undertaking was relatively straightforward: the original team of four general editors (John Blair, Simon Keynes, Donald Scragg and myself) all agreed on the merits of a new edition and all were willing to devote their time and energies to achieving it. But there were problems. There were some 150 contributors to the first edition; during the intervening fifteen years, a number of these have changed institutions, making it difficult to locate their present whereabouts, and many have left the field altogether; some, indeed, have left this life. We made a concerted effort to contact all the original contributors, and succeeded in contacting some 115 of them; and, with a very few exceptions, all were willing to undertake revision and updating of their original entries. (In the case of the thirty-five or so unlocatable or deceased contributors, the general editors have supplied updated references to obvious secondary sources, such as ODNB or OHASA, but have not thought it appropriate to undertake more extensive revision without the original authors’ permission.) The general editors have also written or commissioned some fifty-two new entries, so as to fill perceived lacunae in the first edition, and to provide coverage of new and important subjects (notably the Prittlewell princely burial and the Staffordshire Hoard). And Simon Keynes has compiled a comprehensive list of all Anglo-Saxon archbishops and bishops as a new, second, appendix, to accompany the (now lightly revised) Appendix of Rulers of the English which formed part of the first edition.
In many ways it is more difficult to revise a work on this scale than it would be simply to begin afresh. Particularly in the business of contacting original contributors, we have had excellent help and support from the desk editors at Wiley Blackwell, especially Anna Maria Mendell and Sally Cooper. At the copy-editing stage, the volume has had the benefit of the acute and intelligent attention of Janet Moth, to the great improvement of its layout and stylistic consistency. Throughout the several years of discussion, negotiation, and production, Tessa Harvey has been a wonderful pillar of support (as she was fifteen and more years ago with the first edition), and that the revised edition appears at all is largely due to her unflagging enthusiasm for the project. Finally, I am very grateful for the support which I have had throughout from my three co-editors, each of whom has many other academic commitments, but has somehow found time to help bring this revised edition of the Encyclopedia to completion.
MICHAEL LAPIDGE
(for the Editors)
January 2013
The past generation has seen enormous advances in all aspects of Anglo-Saxon studies. Archaeology has brought to light hundreds of sites and thousands upon thousands of artifacts (including countless coins, which often provide indispensable evidence for dating) and revolutionary new techniques have evolved to assist the analysis of this unfathomable wealth of evidence; architectural historians have identified innumerable new buildings, secular and ecclesiastical; refinements in palaeographical method have made it possible for the first time to identify, list, and date all the manuscripts likely to have been written or owned in Anglo-Saxon England; historians have developed and perfected new skills in analysing the surviving documentary evidence; many new Anglo-Latin authors and texts have been discovered; and even the relatively stable corpus of literature in Old English has undergone waves of reassessment as new critical approaches gain ascendancy. The burgeoning of knowledge – and ipso facto the vitality of the subject – are witnessed by that fact that each year some 1,000 publications are recorded in the annual bibliography, covering all aspects of the subject, which is printed in Anglo-Saxon England. The time has long passed when any professional scholar, let alone layman, could expect to control the whole of the field of Anglo-Saxon studies; and so vast is the secondary literature in any particular field that hardly anyone is in a position to keep up with it. Growing specialization in individual fields has meant that it is increasingly difficult to find even basic bibliographical orientation in ancillary disciplines.
The need for a single handbook which would provide such orientation has long been felt. Some fifteen years ago, Blackwell Publishers took steps to address the need by establishing an editorial committee under the direction of R. I. Page, with the aim of producing a single-volume companion to all aspects of Anglo-Saxon studies. The editorial board consisted (at various times) of R. I. Page as general editor, together with Catherine Hills, Christine Fell, Simon Keynes, Malcolm Godden, Fred Robinson, and myself. Many hours’ work went into devising a list of head-words, drawing up guidelines for contributors, drafting specimen entries, and commissioning articles from specialists. Although many invitations were sent out to contributors in 1984–5, and although a number of contributions were received, the project faltered, perhaps because of its comprehensive scope, perhaps because the editors had underestimated the amount of energy which would be required to see it to completion.
A number of years later, on the occasion of the ISAS meeting in Oxford (July 1993), I happened to find myself in conversation with John Davey (then chief editor of Blackwell Publishers, and one of the initiators of the original conception of a companion to Anglo-Saxon studies). We reiterated our mutual conviction that the conception of the single-volume companion was an excellent one, and lamented that it had been abandoned. After some discussion I agreed to try to resuscitate the project, on the condition that a new editorial team could be appointed, which would have the single-minded determination necessary to see the project through to completion.
That the book stands complete is due to the determination and dedication of my three co-editors: John Blair, Simon Keynes, and Donald Scragg. It would be difficult to find three more energetic and dedicated scholars anywhere in the field of Anglo-Saxon studies. Although I have borne the responsibility for the general administration, in other respects the burden of editorial responsibility has been quadripartite, and the exhilaration of working together has been rewarding for all of us. We have had excellent support from Blackwell’s: in particular from John Davey, Tessa Harvey, Sarah Howlett, and Thelma Gilbert. We gratefully acknowledge our debt to the original editorial team: without their groundwork, the project would have been even more time-consuming than it has been. Lastly, we are grateful to all of the 150 contributors for their patience in dealing with our requests for clarification and revision: their unhesitating willingness to participate in a project of this kind is another sign of the vitality of the subject. We all – contributors and editors – want the book to serve the purpose for which it was conceived: that of providing orientation and guidance in ancillary disciplines within the field as a whole. We could not expect that an expert (say) on Anglo-Latin will find revolutionary new insights in the articles pertaining to Gildas or the Historia Brittonum; the more important criterion is whether an archaeologist might find helpful bibliographical orientation in these articles, and whether the expert in Anglo-Latin will be stimulated by articles on less familiar matters – agriculture, for example, or codicology, mining, surgery, or whatever. Taken as a whole, the book provides eloquent testimony to the range and interest of Anglo-Saxon studies today, and as editors we hope that it will maintain and stimulate the interdisciplinary approach which has invigorated the field for the past generation.
MICHAEL LAPIDGE
(for the Editors)
January 1998
AB |
Analecta Bollandiana |
Acta SS. |
Acta Sanctorum, ed. J. Bolland et al. (Antwerp and Brussels, 1643–) |
Æthelwold |
Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence, ed. B. Yorke (Woodbridge, 1988) |
AJ |
Antiquaries Journal |
Alexander, Insular MSS |
J. J. G. Alexander, Insular Manuscripts, 6th to the 9th Century (London, 1978) |
Alfred the Great |
Alfred the Great. Asser’s Life of King Alfred and other Contemporary Sources, trans. S. Keynes and M. Lapidge (Harmondsworth, 1983) |
ALL |
see Lapidge, ALL |
ANS |
Anglo-Norman Studies |
ASC |
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. C. Plummer, Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1892–9); trans. D. Whitelock et al., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: a Revised Translation (London, 1961) |
ASE |
Anglo-Saxon England |
ASPR |
The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, ed. G. P. Krapp and E. V. K. Dobbie, 6 vols. (New York, 1931–42) |
ASSAH |
Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History |
AST |
Anglo-Saxon Texts (Cambridge) |
Atlas |
S. Keynes, An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c.670–1066, ASNC Guides, Texts & Studies (Cambridge, 2002); also available at www.kemble.asnc.cam.ac.uk |
BAR |
British Archaeological Reports |
Bassett, Origins |
The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, ed. S. Bassett (London, 1989) |
Bately FS |
Alfred the Wise. Studies in Honour of Janet Bately on the Occasion of her Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. J. Roberts et al. (Cambridge, 1997) |
BCS |
W. de G. Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum, 3 vols. plus index (London, 1885–99) |
BEC |
Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes |
Bede, HE |
Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (OMT, 1969) |
BHL |
Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina, 2 vols. (Brussels, 1899–1901), with Supplementum by H. Fros (Brussels, 1986) |
Blair, AS Oxon |
J. Blair, Anglo-Saxon Oxfordshire (Stroud, 1994) |
Blair, ‘Handlist’ |
J. Blair, ‘A Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Saints’, in Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West, ed. A. Thacker and R. Sharpe (Oxford, 2002), pp. 495–565 |
Blair, The Church |
J. Blair, The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society (Oxford, 2005) |
Blair and Sharpe, Past. Care |
Pastoral Care before the Parish, ed. J. Blair and R. Sharpe (Leicester, 1992) |
BL |
London, British Library |
BLJ |
British Library Journal |
BM |
Bibliothèque municipale |
BNF |
Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris) |
Bolton, ALL |
W. F. Bolton, A History of Anglo-Latin Literature, I. 597–740 (Princeton, NJ, 1967) |
Brooks, Canterbury |
N. Brooks, The Early History of the Church of Canterbury (Leicester, 1984) |
Butler and Morris, AS Church |
L. A. S. Butler and R. K. Morris, ed., The Anglo-Saxon Church. Papers on History, Architecture and Archaeology in Honour of Dr H. M. Taylor (London, 1986) |
CamComp |
The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, ed. M. Godden and M. Lapidge (Cambridge, 1991) |
Campbell, Essays |
J. Campbell, Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1986) |
CASSS |
Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture |
CCCC |
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge |
CCCM |
Corpus Christianorum: Continuatio Mediaevalis |
CCSL |
Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina |
CHELang |
Cambridge History of the English Language |
CLA |
Codices Latini Antiquiores, ed. E.A. Lowe, 11 vols. and supplement (Oxford, 1934–71; 2nd ed. of vol. ii, 1972) |
Clemoes FS |
Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England. Studies Presented to Peter Clemoes, ed. M. Lapidge and H. Gneuss (Cambridge, 1985) |
CMCS |
Cambridge [later: Cambrian] Medieval Celtic Studies |
Councils & Synods |
Councils & Synods with other Documents Relating to the English Church, I. AD 871–1204, ed. D. Whitelock, M. Brett and C. N. L. Brooke, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1981) |
CSASE |
Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England |
Cuthbert |
St Cuthbert, his Cult and his Community to AD 1200, ed. G. Bonner, D. Rollason, and C. Stancliffe (Woodbridge, 1989) |
DACL |
Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie, ed. F. Cabrol and H. Leclercq, 15 vols. in 30 (Paris, 1907–53) |
DHGE |
Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, ed. A. Baudrillart (Paris, 1912–) |
DOML |
Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library (Cambridge, MA, and London) |
Dornier, MS |
A. Dornier, ed., Mercian Studies (Leicester, 1977) |
Dumville, Britons |
D. N. Dumville, Britons and Anglo-Saxons in the Early Middle Ages (Aldershot, 1993) |
Dumville, Histories |
D. N. Dumville, Histories and Pseudo-Histories of the Insular Middle Ages (Aldershot, 1990) |
Dumville, Wessex |
D. N. Dumville, Wessex and England from Alfred to Edgar (Woodbridge, 1992) |
Dunstan |
St Dunstan, his Life, Times and Cult, ed. N. Ramsay, M. Sparks and T. Tatton-Brown (Woodbridge, 1992) |
Early Lives |
The Early Lives of St Dunstan, ed. M. Winterbottom and M. Lapidge (Oxford, 2012) |
EEMF |
Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile |
EETS |
Early English Text Society |
EHD i |
D. Whitelock, English Historical Documents, I. c.500–1042, 2nd ed. (London, 1979) |
EHD ii |
D. C. Douglas, English Historical Documents, II. 1042–1189, 2nd ed. (London, 1981) |
EHR |
English Historical Review |
ELN |
English Language Notes |
EME |
Early Medieval Europe |
Ep. |
Epistula(e) |
ES |
English Studies |
Fernie, Architecture |
E. Fernie, The Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons (London, 1983) |
Frank–Cameron |
A Plan for the Dictionary of Old English, ed. R. Frank and A. Cameron (Toronto, 1973) |
Freeman, NC |
E. A. Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1867–79) |
Golden Age of AS Art |
The Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon Art, ed. J. Backhouse, D. H. Turner and L. Webster (London, 1984) |
Gneuss FS |
Words, Texts and Manuscripts. Studies in Anglo-Saxon Culture Presented to Helmut Gneuss, ed. M. Korhammer (Cambridge, 1992) |
H&S, Councils |
Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, ed. A. W. Haddan and W. Stubbs, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1869–78) |
Hart, Danelaw |
C. Hart, The Danelaw (London, 1992) |
Haslam, Towns |
J. Haslam, Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England (Chichester, 1984) |
HBB i |
The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, I. c.400–1100, ed. R. Gameson (Cambridge, 2012) |
HBS |
Henry Bradshaw Society Publications |
HE |
Historia ecclesiastica |
Heads |
The Heads of Religious Houses: England & Wales, I. 940–1216, ed. D. Knowles, C. N. L. Brooke, and V. C. M. London, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 2001) |
Hill, Atlas |
D. Hill, An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford, 1981) |
Hill and Rumble, The Defence of Wessex |
D. Hill and A. R. Rumble, ed., The Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon Fortifications (Manchester, 1996) |
HSJ |
Haskins Society Journal |
JBAA |
Journal of the British Archaeological Association |
JBS |
Journal of British Studies |
JEGP |
Journal of English and Germanic Philology |
JEH |
Journal of Ecclesiastical History |
JMH |
Journal of Medieval History |
JTS |
Journal of Theological Studies |
JW |
The Chronicle of John of Worcester, ed. R. R. Darlington and P. McGurk (OMT, 1995–) |
JWCI |
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes |
Ker, Catalogue |
N. R. Ker, Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon (Oxford, 1957) |
Kirby, Kings |
D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (London, 1991) |
Lapidge, ALL i |
M. Lapidge, Anglo-Latin Literature 600–899 (London, 1996) |
Lapidge, ALL ii |
M. Lapidge, Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066 (London, 1993) |
Liebermann, Gesetze |
F. Liebermann, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, 3 vols. (Halle, 1903–16) |
LLEL |
Latin Learning and English Lore. Studies in Anglo-Saxon Literature for Michael Lapidge, ed. K. O’Brien O’Keeffe and A. Orchard, 2 vols. (Toronto, 2005) |
Loyn, Governance |
H. R. Loyn, The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England 500–1087 (London, 1984) |
LSE |
Leeds Studies in English |
MÆ |
Medium Ævum |
MArch |
Medieval Archaeology |
Making of England |
The Making of England. Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD 600–900, ed. L. Webster and J. Backhouse (London, 1991) |
Memorials, ed. Stubbs |
Memorials of St Dunstan, ed. W. Stubbs, RS (London, 1874) |
MGH |
Monumenta Germaniae Historica |
MidH |
Midland History |
MLN |
Modern Language Notes |
MP |
Modern Philology |
MS |
Mediaeval Studies |
NA |
Neues Archiv |
Nelson, Politics |
J. L. Nelson, Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe (London, 1986) |
NH |
Northern History |
NM |
Neuphilologische Mitteilungen |
ODNB |
The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. G. C. Matthew and B. Harrison, 60 vols. (Oxford, 2004) |
OE |
Old English |
OEN |
Old English Newsletter |
OHASA |
The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology, ed. H. Hamerow, D. A. Hinton and S. Crawford (Oxford, 2011) |
Ohlgren |
T. H. Ohlgren, Insular and Anglo-Saxon Illuminated Manuscripts: an Iconographic Catalogue c. AD 625 to 1100 (Binghamton, NY, 1986) |
OMT |
Oxford Medieval Texts |
Oswald of Worcester |
St Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence, ed. N. Brooks and C. Cubitt (London, 1996) |
P&P |
Past & Present |
PBA |
Proceedings of the British Academy |
PL |
Patrologia Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne, 221 vols. (Paris, 1844–64) |
Plummer, VBOH |
Venerabilis Baedae Opera Historica, ed. C. Plummer, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1896) |
PMCASS |
Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies (Cambridge) |
PMLA |
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America |
RB |
Revue Bénédictine |
RES |
Review of English Studies |
RS |
Rolls Series |
Rumble, Cnut |
The Reign of Cnut, King of England, Denmark and Norway, ed. A. R. Rumble (London, 1994) |
S |
P. H. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters. an Annotated List and Bibliography (London, 1968) [cited by document no.] |
Saints |
R. Rushforth, Saints in English Kalendars before A.D. 1100, HBS 117 (London, 2008) |
Sawyer FS |
People and Places in Northern Europe 500–1600. Essays in Honour of Peter Hayes Sawyer, ed. I. Wood and N. Lund (Woodbridge, 1991) |
Settimane |
Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull’alto medioevo |
Sharpe, Handlist |
R. Sharpe, A Handlist of the Latin Writers of Great Britain and Ireland before 1540 (Turnhout, 1997) |
SM |
Studi medievali |
SN |
Studia Neophilologica |
SP |
Studies in Philology |
SR, VSW |
Stephen of Ripon, Vita S. Wilfridi, in The Life of Bishop Wilfrid by Eddius Stephanus, ed. B. Colgrave (Cambridge, 1927) |
Stafford, Unification |
P. Stafford, Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries (London, 1989) |
Stenton, ASE |
F. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1971) |
Taylor and Taylor, AS Arch |
H. M. and J. Taylor, Anglo-Saxon Architecture, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1965–78) |
TCBS |
Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society |
Temple, AS MSS |
E. Temple, Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts, 900–1066 (London, 1976) |
TRHS |
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |
UL |
University Library |
VCH |
Victoria County History (London, 1900–75; Oxford, 1976–) |
Verfasserlexikon |
Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters: Verfasserlexikon, 2nd ed., ed. K. Ruh et al. (Berlin and New York, 1977–) |
Whitelock, Bede to Alfred |
D. Whitelock, From Bede to Alfred: Studies in early Anglo-Saxon Literature and History (London, 1980) |
Whitelock, History |
D. Whitelock, History, Law and Literature in 10th–11th Century England (London, 1981) |
WHR |
Welsh Historical Review |
Wilson, Archaeology |
D. M. Wilson, ed., The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England (London, 1976) |
WMalm, GP |
William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum Anglorum / The History of the English Bishops, ed. M. Winterbottom with R. M. Thomson, 2 vols. (OMT, 2007). |
WMalm, GR |
William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum, ed. R. A. B. Mynors, M. Winterbottom and R. M. Thomson (OMT, 1998) |
YES |
Yearbook of English Studies |
Yorke, Kingdoms |
B. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England (London, 1990) |
Yorke, Wessex |
B. Yorke, Wessex in the Early Middle Ages (London, 1995) |
ZCP |
Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie |
An asterisk (*) preceding a word indicates a relevant article elsewhere in the Encyclopedia under that (or a closely similar) heading
ABBO OF FLEURY (d. 1004) was one of the great scholars of tenth-century Europe, who spent two years (985–7) at the abbey of *Ramsey, and exerted considerable influence on English learning, both through books and disciplines which he brought with him, and through students whom he trained at Ramsey, notably *Byrhtferth. Abbo was born in the vicinity of Orléans; the precise date of his birth is unknown (c.945–50), but he is known to have studied at Paris, Rheims and Orléans, as a result of which he became a many-sided scholar, expert in subjects of both the trivium and the quadrivium, and has left writings on *computus, logic, *grammar, and *canon law, as well as historical and hagiographical works. Together with Gerbert of Aurillac, with whom he studied at Rheims, he was one of the first scholars in Europe to know the treatises of logic of Boethius and to have composed a comprehensive treatment of syllogisms.
In 985, having been unsuccessful in an attempt to obtain the abbacy of *Fleury, Abbo consented to come to England to teach at Ramsey Abbey. He regarded his time spent in England as an exile, and, according to the Vita S. Abbonis by his hagiographer Aimoin (BHL 3), became fat from drinking English beer; but a short poem on Ramsey which is preserved in Byrhtferth’s Vita S. Oswaldi shows that Abbo was not wholly impervious to the charms of the fenland. During his stay at Ramsey he taught the computus to his English pupils, and the impact of this teaching is reflected in Byrhtferth’s own computistical writings. It was also probably at Ramsey that he composed his Passio S. Eadmundi (BHL 2392), an account of the murder of King *Edmund of East Anglia by the Danes in 869. Other compositions which date to his stay in England include a small corpus of *acrostic poems. While in England he visited *Dunstan and *Oswald, as well as influential secular persons such as King *Æthelred.
When the abbacy of Fleury became vacant in 987, Abbo returned to take up the position, and was abbot of Fleury from 988 until his death. After returning to Fleury he composed his Quaestiones grammaticales, a detailed treatise on the scansion of Latin verse, at the request of his former students at Ramsey. He remained in close touch with colleagues in England, and was asked by the abbot of St Augustine’s, Canterbury, to convert the Vita S. Dunstani by the unknown cleric B. into hexameters, but he died before he was able to undertake this task. Abbo was murdered by insurgent monks during an inspection of the abbey of La Réole on 13 November 1004.
Sharpe, Handlist, 1; ODNB i.10–11; PL cxxxix.417–578; A. Van de Vyver, ‘Les oeuvres inédites d’Abbon de Fleury’, RB 47 (1935), 125–69; A. Guerreau-Jalabert, Abbo Floriacensis: Quaestiones Grammaticales (Paris, 1982); Abbo von Fleury, De syllogismis hypotheticis, ed. F. Schupp (Leiden and New York, 1997); Abbo of Fleury and Ramsey: Commentary on the Calculus of Victorius of Aquitaine, ed. A. M. Peden (London, 2003); M. Winterbottom, ed., Three Lives of English Saints (Toronto, 1972), pp. 67–87 [Passio S. Eadmundi]; R. B. Thomson, ‘Two Astronomical Tractates of Abbo of Fleury’, in The Light of Nature. Essays presented to A. C. Crombie (Dordrecht, 1985), pp. 113–33; G. R. Evans and A. M. Peden, ‘Natural Science and the Liberal Arts in Abbo of Fleury’s Commentary on the Calculus of Victorius of Aquitaine’, Viator 16 (1985), 109–27; M. Mostert, ‘Le séjour d’Abbon de Fleury à Ramsey’, BEC 144 (1986), 199–208; idem, The Political Theology of Abbo of Fleury (Hilversum, 1987); E.-M. Engelen, Zeit, Zahl und Bild. Studien zur Verbindung von Philosophie und Wissenschaft bei Abbo von Fleury (Berlin and New York, 1993); S. Gwara, ‘Three Acrostic Poems by Abbo of Fleury’, The Journal of Medieval Latin 2 (1992), 203–35; A. Gransden, ‘Abbo of Fleury’s Passio S. Eadmundi’, RB 105 (1995), 20–78; M. Lapidge and P. S. Baker, ‘More Acrostic Verse by Abbo of Fleury’, The Journal of Medieval Latin 7 (1997), 1–32; L. M. Gantier, Un histoire des papes, en l’an mil. L’abregé du Liber Pontificalis d’Abbon de Fleury (vers 950–1004) (Louvain-la-Neuve, Leuven and Brussels, 2004); M. Lapidge, The Anglo-Saxon Library (Oxford, 2006), pp. 242–7; Abbon. Un Abbé de l’An mil, ed. A. Dufour and G. Labory (Turnhout, 2008).
MARCO MOSTERT
ABERCORN (West Lothian). During the period of aggressive Northumbrian expansion under King *Ecgfrith (670–85), the English established temporary control over southern Pictland, as far as the Firth of Forth. In order to consolidate this expansion, Archbishop *Theodore took the decision to establish a bishopric in Pictland, which would have as its base a minster church (monasterium) at Abercorn, which is located on the Firth of Forth about 3 km west of the eastern terminus of the Antonine Wall. The first bishop appointed to this see was one Trumwine. However, following the death and destruction of Ecgfrith and his army at Dunnichen (near Forfar in Angus) in 685, the English monks at Abercorn were forced to withdraw from Pictland, and the minster church was abandoned (Trumwine spent the remainder of his life at *Whitby). Several pieces of stone sculpture are the only surviving remnants of this short-lived Anglo-Saxon church.
HE i.12, iv.24; J. Romilly Allen, The Early Christian Monuments of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1903), pp. 418–20; R. Cramp, County Durham and Northumberland, CASSS 1 (Oxford, 1984), 17, 24, 174 with pls. 266–7.
MICHAEL LAPIDGE
ABINGDON (Berks.), an Iron Age valley-fort and small Roman town in the upper Thames, was probably re-used for a double monastic community in the late seventh or eighth century. The name (Æbban dūn, ‘Æbbe’s hill’) originally described high ground 3 miles away; a late legend that the minster itself was relocated possibly explains the shift of the name. Early charters hitherto ascribed to it are now thought to relate to the minster of Bradfield (Berks.), of which Abingdon may, however, have been a dependency under an eponymous abbess Æbbe. A late legend that the female community was at Helnestoue, the area around St Helen’s church in a corner of the Iron Age rampart, is supported by the discovery there of an eighth-century cruciform pin.
The minster declined, and was annexed, possibly by Alfred’s reign, to the West Saxon crown. In 954 King *Eadred gave it to *Æthelwold, who re-founded it as a reformed abbey and built up its estates. Æthelwold’s church lay apart from Helnestoue, though still within the Iron Age fort; a later description suggests that it was a rotunda based on the Aachen chapel, and its magnificent furnishings included precious objects made by Æthelwold himself. The abbey remained rich and successful, and stimulated the growth of a small town around it: *Domesday Book mentions ‘ten merchants dwelling before the gate of the church’.
T. Allen, ‘Abingdon’, Current Archaeology 121 (1990), 24–7; F. M. Stenton, The Early History of the Abbey of Abingdon (Reading, 1913); M. Gelling, ‘The Hill of Abingdon’, Oxoniensia 22 (1957), 54–62; M. Biddle, G. Lambrick and J. N. L. Myres, ‘The Early History of Abingdon, Berkshire, and its Abbey’, MArch 12 (1968), 26–69; A. Thacker, ‘Æthelwold and Abingdon’, Æthelwold, pp. 43–64; Blair, AS Oxon, pp. 64–5, 113–14; Charters of Abingdon Abbey, ed. S. E. Kelly, Anglo-Saxon Charters 7–8 (Oxford, 2000–1).
JOHN BLAIR
ABLAUT: see Sound Changes
ACCA (d. 740), bishop of *Hexham from 710 until he was deposed in 732. Acca was a disciple of both Bishop *Bosa and Bishop *Wilfrid and was an intimate friend of *Bede, who composed a number of exegetical treatises at Acca’s prompting and dedicated several of them to him. Acca supplied Bede with the materials in HE iii.13 and iv.13; he also supplied material on Wilfrid to *Stephen of Ripon for use in his Vita S. Wilfridi, which is similarly dedicated to Acca. Of Acca’s own writings nothing survives except for part of a letter to Bede preserved in the prologue to Bede’s Commentarius in Lucam; but arguments have recently been advanced that Acca composed the (lost) exemplar of the *‘Martyrology’ (OE) The reasons for his deposition from the bishopric of Hexham are unknown, but were presumably politically motivated.
Sharpe, Handlist, 2; ODNB i.133; Bede, HE v.20; Bedae Venerabilis Opera Exegetica III, ed. D. Hurst, CCSL cxx (Turnhout, 1960), 5–10; Bolton, ALL, pp. 202–4; M. Lapidge, ‘Acca of Hexham and the Origin of the Old English Martyrology’, AB 123 (2005), 29–78.
MICHAEL LAPIDGE
ACROSTICS are a form of (Greek or Latin) verse in which, in simplest form, the individual letters of the first line of the poem also supply the first letters (hence acros, the ‘point’, and stichos, ‘verse’) of each successive line of the poem, so that the poem will have as many lines as there are individual letters in its first line. More complex acrostic verses may also include a mesostich and/or telestich (in which the median and/or final letters of the verses also spell out a legend). The earliest surviving Greek acrostic poem, having the legend ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΧΡΕΙΣΤΟΣ ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ ΣΩΤΗΡ (‘Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour’: the first letters here spell out ΙΧΘΥΣ, the Greek word for ‘fish’, and a widespread early Christian symbol of Christ), was quoted in Latin translation by *Aldhelm, and was possibly translated by him as well (an illustration of the Greek learning which was available at *Theodore’s school at *Canterbury, where Aldhelm was trained). Aldhelm composed acrostic verses as prefaces to his Enigmata and Carmen de virginitate, and one of his imitators, *Tatwine, used a forty-letter acrostic structure to link together all the forty poems which constitute his Enigmata; another imitator, *Boniface, composed twenty poems on the virtues and vices in acrostic form. Aldhelm thus established a model for later Anglo-Latin poets, and in the tenth century, both *Dunstan and *Abbo of Fleury composed complex acrostic verses. A particularly complex form of acrostic, the ‘carmen figuratum’, in which not only the initial, median and final verses bear legends, but other legends woven into the poem create various shapes and forms, was pioneered in Latin by the Late Latin poet Porphyrius (fl. c.325), a copy of whose poems is mentioned in a letter from Bishop *Milred of Worcester to *Lul on the occasion of Boniface’s martyrdom (754); one of the greatest practitioners of carmina figurata in the Middle Ages was Hrabanus Maurus (d. 856), lavish copies of whose poems were copied in Anglo-Saxon England (e.g. in Cambridge, Trinity College, B.16.3).
DACL i.356–72; MGH, AA xv.97–9, 350–2 [Aldhelm], ES i.245 [Milred]; CCSL cxxxiii.167–208 [Tatwine]; 283–343 [Boniface]; S. Gwara, ‘Three Acrostic Poems by Abbo of Fleury’, The Journal of Medieval Latin 2 (1992), 203–35; M. Lapidge and P. S. Baker, ‘More Acrostic Verse by Abbo of Fleury’, The Journal of Medieval Latin 7 (1997), 1–32; Early Lives, pp. 166–72 [Dunstan].
MICHAEL LAPIDGE
ADELARD of Utrecht (fl. s. ximed), a German scholar with a reputation for skill in *medicine who was one of the twelve canons that constituted the community of secular clerics at *Harold Godwineson’s foundation at *Waltham (Essex). Adelard was responsible for instituting at Waltham the rules and observances of the Lotharingian church and, although he left no writings, is a representative of the influence of continental, especially Lotharingian, scholars in England during the reign of *Edward the Confessor.
The Waltham Chronicle, ed. L. Watkiss and M. Chibnall (OMT, 1994); Freeman, NC ii.442, 584–5; Vita Haroldi, ed. W. de G. Birch (London, 1885), pp. 17–19.
MICHAEL LAPIDGE