Cover
Title Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Process Design Tools for Biomass Conversion Systems
1. 1 Early-Stage Design and Analysis of Biorefinery Networks
  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 Framework
  3. 1.3 Application: Early-Stage Design and Analysis of a Lignocellulosic Biorefinery
  4. 1.4 Conclusion
  5. Nomenclature
  6. References
2. 2 Application of a Hierarchical Approach for the Synthesis of Biorefineries
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Problem Statement
  3. 2.3 General Methodology
  4. 2.4 Simulation of Flowsheets
  5. 2.5 Results and Discussion
  6. 2.6 Conclusions
  7. References
3. 3 A Systematic Approach for Synthesis of an Integrated Palm Oil-Based Biorefinery
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Problem Statement
  3. 3.3 Problem Formulation
  4. 3.4 Case Study
  5. 3.5 Conclusions
  6. References
4. 4 Design Strategies for Integration of Biorefinery Concepts at Existing Industrial Process Sites: Case Study of a Biorefinery Producing Ethylene from Lignocellulosic Feedstock as an Intermediate Platform for a Chemical Cluster
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Methodology
  3. 4.3 Results
  4. 4.4 Conclusions and Discussion
  5. Acknowledgements
  6. Appendix
  7. References
5. 5 Synthesis of Biomass-BasedTri-generation Systems with Variations in Biomass Supply and Energy Demand
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 Problem Statement
  3. 5.3 Multi-period Optimization Formulation
  4. 5.4 Case Study
  5. 5.5 Analysis of the Optimization Results
  6. 5.6 Conclusion and Future Work
  7. Appendix A
  8. Nomenclature
  9. References
Part 2: Regional Biomass Supply Chains and Risk Management
1. 6 Large-Scale Cultivation of Microalgae for Fuel
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 Cultivation
  3. 6.3 Harvesting and Dewatering
  4. 6.4 Conversion to Products
  5. 6.5 Conclusions
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
2. 7 Optimal Planning of Sustainable Supply Chains for the Production of Ambrox based on Ageratina jocotepecana in Mexico
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Ambrox Supply Chain
  3. 7.3 Biomass Cultivation
  4. 7.4 Transportation System
  5. 7.5 Ambrox Production
  6. 7.6 Bioethanol Production
  7. 7.7 Supply Chain Optimization Model
  8. 7.8 Case Study
  9. 7.9 Conclusions
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. Nomenclature
  12. References
3. 8 Inoperability Input–Output Modeling Approach to Risk Analysis in Biomass Supply Chains
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 Input–Output Model
  3. 8.3 Inoperability Input–Output Modeling
  4. 8.4 Illustrative Example
  5. 8.5 Case Study 1
  6. 8.6 Case Study 2
  7. 8.7 Conclusions
  8. 8.8 Further Reading
  9. Appendix A LINGO Code for Illustrative Example
  10. Appendix B LINGO Code for Case Study 1
  11. Appendix C Interval Arithmetic
  12. Appendix D Analytic Hierarchy Process
  13. Nomenclature
  14. References
Part 3: Other Applications of Biomass Conversion Systems
1. 9 Process Systems Engineering Tools for Biomass Polygeneration Systems with Carbon Capture and Reuse
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 Production Using Carbon Dioxide
  3. 9.3 Process Systems Engineering Tools for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Reuse
  4. 9.4 CO₂ Pinch Analysis Tool for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Reuse in Integrated Flowsheet
  5. 9.5 Conclusions
  6. References
2. 10 Biomass-Fueled Organic Rankine Cycle-Based Cogeneration System
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 Working Fluids for ORC
  3. 10.3 Expanders for ORC
  4. 10.4 Existing Biomass-Fueled ORC-Based Cogeneration Plants
  5. 10.5 Different Configurations of ORC
  6. 10.6 Process Description
  7. 10.7 Illustrative Example
  8. 10.8 Conclusions
  9. References
3. 11 Novel Methodologies for Optimal Product Design from Biomass
  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 CAMD
  3. 11.3 Two-Stage Optimisation Approach for Optimal Product Design from Biomass
  4. 11.4 Case Study
  5. 11.5 Conclusions
  6. 11.6 Future Opportunities
  7. Nomenclature
  8. Appendix
  9. References
4. 12 The Role of Process Integration in Reviewing and Comparing Biorefinery Processing Routes
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 Motivating Example
  3. 12.3 The Three-Layer Approach
  4. 12.4 Production Paths to Xylitol
  5. 12.5 Scope for Process and Energy Integration
  6. 12.6 Conclusion
  7. Acknowledgment
  8. References
5. 13 Determination of Optimum Condition for the Production of Rice Husk-Derived Bio-oil by Slow Pyrolysis Process
  1. 13.1 Introduction
  2. 13.2 Experimental Study
  3. 13.3 Results and Discussion
  4. 13.4 Conclusion
  5. Acknowledgement
  6. References
6. 14 Overview of Safety and Health Assessment for Biofuel Production Technologies
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 Inherent Safety in Process Design
  3. 14.3 Inherent Occupational Health in Process Design
  4. 14.4 Design Paradox
  5. 14.5 Introduction to Biofuel Technologies
  6. 14.6 Safety Assessment of Biofuel Production Technologies
  7. 14.7 Health Assessment of Biofuel Production Technologies
  8. 14.8 Proposed Ideas for Future Safety and Health Assessment in Biofuel Production Technologies
  9. 14.9 Conclusions
  10. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01
1. Table 1.1 The simplified explanation of each section in SustainPro
2. Table 1.2 The simplified explanation of each section in LCSoft
3. Table 1.3 The description of the process intervals presented in Figure 1.7
4. Table 1.4 The data collection example for Fischer–Tropsch reactor
5. Table 1.5 Example of the stream table of the Fischer–Tropsch reactor
6. Table 1.6 Summary table for the data collection (mixing, αi,kk, μi,kk reaction, γi,rr, θreact,rr, waste, SWi,kk, and product, spliti,kk , separation) for thermochemical processing networks (Cheali et al., 2014)
7. Table 1.7 Summary of the verification results for the Fischer–Tropsch reactor
8. Table 1.8 The optimization results and comparison. Highlighted in bold are the processing networks for each task
9. Table 1.9 The top five ranked solutions identified in scenario 2: max. FT-product sales, min. operating cost, and investment cost. Highlighted in bold are the processing networks for each task
10. Table 1.10 Identified process critical points for the first processing path, regarding the open and closed paths, respectively
11. Table 1.11 Path flow details on the critical points identified for the first processing path indicated in Table 1.10
12. Table 1.12 Identified process critical points for the second processing path, regarding the open and closed paths, respectively
13. Table 1.13 Path flow details on the critical points identified for the second processing path indicated in Table 1.12
14. Table 1.14 Sustainability metrics for the first and second processing path
15. Table 1.15 Total carbon footprint for first and second processing path
16. Table 1.16 Potential environmental impacts for first and second processing path
Chapter 02
1. Table 2.1 Content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin for some LCM on dry basis (wt%)
2. Table 2.2 Abbreviations for pretreatments and conversion configurations
3. Table 2.3 Components for simulations in Aspen Plus
4. Table 2.4 Properties required for liquid and solid components in Aspen Plus
5. Table 2.5 Reactions and yield date used in the simulations
6. Table 2.6 Operating conditions specified into Aspen Plus units
7. Table 2.7 Specification for separation system used in Aspen Plus
8. Table 2.8 Effect of using direct recycle on water and ammonia consumption
9. Table 2.9 Solid content and furfural or acetic acid composition obtained from the simulations
10. Table 2.10 Comparison of the 16 combination alternatives
11. Table 2.11 Residence time and dilution rate
12. Table 2.12 Reactor size for the different configurations
13. Table 2.13 Annual costs and yearly production
Chapter 03
1. Table 3.1 Summary of palm-based biomass conversion technologies
2. Table 3.2 Price of palm-based biomass, product and energy
3. Table 3.3 Conversion factor for technology pathway
4. Table 3.4 Energy consumption of each technology
5. Table 3.5 Economic data of each technology
6. Table 3.6 Detailed economic analysis of case study
Chapter 04
1. Table 4.1 Main results of process simulation of the lignocellulosic ethanol production process
2. Table 4.2 Energy inputs and outputs and overall energy efficiencies at different levels of process integration
3. Table 4.A.1 Stream data for the lignocellulosic ethanol production plant
4. Table 4.A.2 Stream data of the ethylene dehydration plant
5. Table 4.A.3 Stream data with hot and cold utility of the combined ethylene production process
Chapter 05
1. Table 5.1 Lignocellulosic composition of palm-based biomass and price for Cases 1 and 2
2. Table 5.2 Cost of utilities
3. Table 5.3 Fraction of occurrence for low, mid- and high seasons
4. Table 5.4 Utility demand of a typical POM
5. Table 5.5 Palm-based biomass availability based on CPO production
6. Table 5.6 Lignocellulosic composition of palm-based biomass and price for Case 3
7. Table 5.7 Economic parameters for case study
8. Table 5.8 Optimization output for Cases 1–3
9. Table 5.9 Chosen technologies for Cases 1–3
10. Table 5.10 Available and consumed palm-based biomass for Cases 1–3
11. Table 5.11 Power distribution for Cases 1–3
12. Table 5.A.1 Capital costs for each technology based on available design capacity
13. Table 5.A.2 Conversions for technologies considered
Chapter 06
1. Table 6.1 Lipid content and productivities of various microalgae species
2. Table 6.2 Optimal dose and optimal pH range for inorganic and organic flocculants (Uduman et al., 2010 ; Pahl et al., 2013 )
3. Table 6.3 Fatty acid profiles of some microalgae
4. Table 6.4 Change in fatty acid profile of Isochrysis sp. as salinity and supply of N are varied
5. Table 6.5 Carbohydrate composition of selected microalgae
Chapter 07
1. Table 7.1 Uses of land in each municipality (INEGI, 2010)
2. Table 7.2 Job generation and cost associated with A. jocotepecana growing
3. Table 7.3 Transportation costs of raw material, products, and by-products (FIRA, 2007; INEGI, 2010)
4. Table 7.4 Variable costs of processing plants
5. Table 7.5 Variable costs associated with the processing plants (SENER, 2006)
6. Table 7.6 Fixed costs associated with the processing plants (SENER, 2006)
7. Table 7.7 Jobs generated for Ambrox production
8. Table 7.8 Production yield
9. Table 7.9 Values for damages associated with the agriculture of A. jocotepecana
10. Table 7.10 Values for damages associated with the bioethanol production
11. Table 7.11 Values for damages associated with the Ambrox production
12. Table 7.12 Cost comparison (USD)
13. Table 7.13 Comparison of jobs generated
14. Table 7.14 Comparison for environmental impact (EI-99/year)
Chapter 08
1. Table 8.1 Triplet of questions in risk assessment for biomass supply chains
2. Table 8.2 Triplet of questions in risk management for biomass supply chains
3. Table 8.3 Flows for a hypothetical two-sector economy (in USD)
4. Table 8.4 Coefficients of A in case study 1
5. Table 8.5 Total output (x) and final demand (c) case study 1 (in thousand RM)
6. Table 8.6 Coefficients of A* in case study
7. Table 8.7 Nomenclature of the 16 economic sectors considered
8. Table 8.8 Coefficients of A for case study 2
9. Table 8.9 Updated technical coefficients matrix A due to implementation of 5% biodiesel blend
10. Table 8.10 Total output and final demand using revised technical coefficients matrix (in thousand PhP)
11. Table 8.11 Coefficients of the matrix A* for a 5% biodiesel blend
Chapter 09
1. Table 9.1 Biomass ultimate analysis and primary pyrolysis product compositions
2. Table 9.2 Streams’ compositions and temperature in the flowsheet shown in Figure 9.3
3. Table 9.3 Basis streams in the key process units for mass and energy balance and capital cost evaluation
4. Table 9.4 Parameters and calculation of ISBL costs
5. Table 9.5 Annualised capital cost estimation
6. Table 9.6 Annualised operating cost estimation
7. Table 9.7 Product prices and netback
8. Table 9.8 Mass balance factors for the algae-based biorefinery
9. Table 9.9 Algae biomass composition (Illman et al. 2000 )
10. Table 9.10 CO₂ source and demand data extracted from biorefinery flowsheet
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 List of most widely used working fluids in ORC-based plants
2. Table 10.2 The comparison between various types of expanders used in the ORC-based system
3. Table 10.3 List of the ORC-based system manufacturers
4. Table 10.4 Data used for example
5. Table 10.5 Results, for example, pressure, temperature, and enthalpy for different state points of the ORC (cycle with regeneration)
6. Table 10.6 Results, for example, main performance parameters
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Lower and upper bounds for regions with different uncertainty
2. Table 11.2 Target property ranges for design problem
3. Table 11.3 Fuzzy membership functions of properties of interest
4. Table 11.4 List of signatures
5. Table 11.5 Possible design of bio-based fuel
6. Table 11.6 Comparison of λ_p between different designs of bio-based fuel
7. Table 11.7 Comparison of λ_p between different designs of bio-based fuel
8. Table 11.8 Molecular structures for the possible designs of bio-based fuel
9. Table 11.9 Lignocellulosic composition of EFB
10. Table 11.10 List of conversion pathways and yield
11. Table 11.11 Price of products and raw materials
12. Table 11.12 Capital and operating cost for conversion pathways
13. Table 11.13 Comparison of results for scenario 1 and 2
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Parameters imported by user for xylitol component
2. Table 12.2 Stream properties for the heat integration of the chemical process
3. Table 12.3 Additional stream for the heat integration
4. Table 12.4 Hot and cold streams of the biotechnological process
5. Table 12.5 Properties of stream M1
6. Table 12.6 Properties of stream M2
7. Table 12.7 Summarizing results regarding the heat integration in every scenario and case
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Properties of petroleum fuel
2. Table 13.2 Properties of RH (wt%)
3. Table 13.3 Properties of bio-oil produced at different heating rates
4. Table 13.4 Comparison of bio-oil properties with literatures
5. Table 13.5 Conversion, gas yield, and residue yield
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Information availability at different design stages

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1.1 A schematic representation of the development funnel for a project in the processing industries.
2. Figure 1.2 The integrated business and engineering framework adapted: the dashed boxes indicate the outcome of each step of the workflow
3. Figure 1.3 The generic process model block.
4. Figure 1.4 The framework of LCSoft (Kalakul et al., 2014)
5. Figure 1.5 The superstructure of the biochemical conversion platform of biomass
6. Figure 1.6 Combined superstructure of two biorefinery conversion platforms: thermochemical (top) and biochemical platform (bottom).
7. Figure 1.7 Combined superstructure of two biorefinery conversion platforms: thermochemical (top) and biochemical platform (bottom).
8. Figure 1.8 Process diagram showing mass inlet/outlet, the reaction, and its stoichiometry for the Fischer–Tropsch reactor
9. Figure 1.9 The simplified process flow diagram of the second best optimal processing path of scenario 2 (as presented in Table 1.9)
10. Figure 1.10 The simplified process flow diagram of the best optimal processing path of scenario 2 (as presented in Table 1.9)
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 Case study: bioethanol production based on biochemical platform
2. Figure 2.2 General methodology
3. Figure 2.3 Pretreatment flowsheet
4. Figure 2.4 Pretreatment with direct recycle
5. Figure 2.5 Conversion configurations based on acid hydrolysis
6. Figure 2.6 Conversion configurations based on enzymatic hydrolysis
7. Figure 2.7 Integration between pretreatment and conversion steps
8. Figure 2.8 Conventional distillation scheme for hydrous ethanol production
9. Figure 2.9 A summary of results from the methodology application
10. Figure 2.10 Energy cost for pretreatment options
11. Figure 2.11 Energy cost for pretreatment with direct recycle
12. Figure 2.12 Combinations among pretreatment and conversion configurations
13. Figure 2.13 Energy cost including a conventional distillation step
Chapter 03
1. Figure 3.1 Global palm oil production 2008/2009 to 2012/2013 (USDA, 2014)
2. Figure 3.2 Schematic diagram of palm oil mill.
3. Figure 3.3 Generic superstructure
4. Figure 3.4 Superstructure of an integrated POB and POM with CHP
5. Figure 3.5 Optimal configuration of an integrated POB and POM with CHP
Chapter 04
1. Figure 4.1 Overview of biomass conversion processes and potential products.
2. Figure 4.2 Material and energy flows across the chemical cluster in Stenungsund (Jönsson et al., 2012 )
3. Figure 4.3 Overview of biomass-to-ethylene production routes: different biomass conversion technologies to produce ethylene from biomass.
4. Figure 4.4 Illustration of the heat integration approach. Upper left: base case with no integration between ethanol and ethylene process. Upper right: heat and material integration between the two processes. Lower: heat and material integration and design of a utility system to enable site-wide heat integration
5. Figure 4.5 Overview of bioethanol production process from lignocellulosic feedstock. Data included shows the process parameters used for process simulation (Stenberg et al., 1998 ; Wooley et al., 1999 ; Aden et al., 2002 ; Galbe & Zacchi, 2002 ; Söderström et al., 2003 ; National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2004 ; Söderström et al., 2004 ; Sassner et al., 2008 ; Fornell & Berntsson, 2009 )
6. Figure 4.6 Overview of the ethanol dehydration to ethylene process configuration. Data included shows the process parameters used for process simulation (Stauffer & Kranich, 1962 ; Barrocas et al., 1980 ; Kochar et al., 1981 ; Chematur, 2010 ; Huang, 2010 )
7. Figure 4.7 GCC of the ethanol production process from lignocellulosic biomass; direct stream injection of 51 MW in the pretreatment steps is considered a process requirement and therefore not included
8. Figure 4.8 GCC of the ethanol dehydration process; direct steam injection of 25 MW steam to the ethylene reactor is considered a process requirement and therefore not included
9. Figure 4.9 Background/foreground analysis of the ethanol production and ethanol dehydration process; direct delivery of ethanol between the processes is accounted for in the stream data
10. Figure 4.10 Total site profile curves of the biorefinery, introducing a utility system with two steam levels (8.8 bar(g), 2 bar(g)): a hot water circuit and direct flue gas heating
11. Figure 4.11 Total site composite curves of the biomass-to-ethylene plant
12. Figure 4.12 GCC representing the transfer of heat from hot process streams to an improved utility system in the chemical cluster. Used to determine the amount of additional excess heat possible to deliver to the biorefinery (Hackl et al., 2011 )
Chapter 05
1. Figure 5.1 Generic representation of superstructure for scenarios.
2. Figure 5.2 Generic representation of scenarios.
3. Figure 5.3 Block diagram for case study.
4. Figure 5.4 Normalized production for POM.
5. Figure 5.5 Total CPO production in Malaysia for 2013 (Board, 2015).
6. Figure 5.6 Superstructure for palm BTS
7. Figure 5.7 Optimal configuration of palm BTS for Case 1 (of maximum economic performance)
8. Figure 5.8 Optimal configuration of palm BTS for Case 2 (with limit on capital investment)
9. Figure 5.9 Optimal configuration of palm BTS for Case 3 (with different biomass quality)
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6.1 An overall framework showing major operations for obtaining fuels from microalgae.
2. Figure 6.2 Examples of two aquatic microorganisms used for biomass growth: (a) prokaryotic cyanobacteria Spirulina (Simon, 1994) (Photo taken by Joan Simon / CC-BY-SA-2.5). and (b) eukaryotic microalgae Haematococcus (Taka, 2006) (Photo taken by Taka.)
3. Figure 6.3 Raceway pond
4. Figure 6.4 Tubular photobioreactor (IGV Biotech, 2013). Photo taken by IGV Biotech.
5. Figure 6.5 Dunaliella salina farms located in Hutt Lagoon, Australia (Orchard, 2009). The ponds are pink due to the beta-carotene produced by the microalgae. Photo taken by Samuel Orchard.
6. Figure 6.6 A simplified biodiesel production process.
7. Figure 6.7 Biodiesels from different sources vary greatly in clarity and color.
8. Figure 6.8 A possible process flow diagram for utilization of microalgal biomass.
9. Figure 6.9 A possible process flow diagram for the production of ammonia from cyanobacteria.
Chapter 07
1. Figure 7.1 (−)-8α-12-Epoxy-13,14,15,16-tetranorlabdane “Ambrox.”
2. Figure 7.2 Chemical cyclization to obtain Ambrox from tetranorlabdanodiol.
3. Figure 7.3 Proposed superstructure for the supply chain of Ambrox from A. jocotepecana.
4. Figure 7.4 Location of the considered municipalities in Michoacán, Mexico (INEGI, 2010)
5. Figure 7.5 Location of municipalities (preprocessing plants) and Morelia City (central processing plant) in the Michoacán state map (INEGI, 2010)
6. Figure 7.6 Steps for Ambrox processing.
7. Figure 7.7 Eco-indicator 99 methodology
8. Figure 7.8 Pareto curve between the profit and environmental impact.
9. Figure 7.9 Necessary land for A. jocotepecana cultivation in Quiroga.
10. Figure 7.10 Results for maximizing the net present value.
Chapter 08
1. Figure 8.1 Flow of goods, resources, and wastes in a hypothetical three-sector economy
2. Figure 8.2 Flow of goods in a hypothetical two-sector economy (in USD)
3. Figure 8.3 Sector inoperability levels in case study 1
4. Figure 8.4 Sector economic losses in case study 1
5. Figure 8.5 Sector inoperability levels in case study 2
6. Figure 8.6 Sector economic losses in case study 2
Chapter 09
1. Figure 9.1 Structure of bisphenol A polycarbonate
2. Figure 9.2 Synthesis of poly(propylene carbonate)
3. Figure 9.3 Conceptual process flowsheet for carbon dioxide capture in Sabatier’s reaction and by adsorbent. The shaded texts indicate products for export to the market
4. Figure 9.4 Potential CO₂ sources and demands in a biorefinery
5. Figure 9.5 Methodology for CO₂ integration in a biorefinery.
6. Figure 9.6 (a) CO₂ purity profile formed by source composite curve (SCC) and demand composite curve (DCC). The areas enclosed between the composite curves correspond to the net CO₂ flow rate shown as horizontal segments in the corresponding (b) CO₂ surplus diagram.
7. Figure 9.7 (a) The change in flow rate displaces the SCC producing a (b) shift in the surplus diagram until pinched with the y-axis.
8. Figure 9.8 Algae-based biorefinery process flowsheet. Mass flow rates are in kg h⁻¹ and energy in MJ h⁻¹. The percentage CO₂ purity on mass basis is shown
9. Figure 9.9 (a) Purity profile showing the demand composite curve (DCC) and the source composite curve (SCC) and (b) surplus diagram for the case study
10. Figure 9.10 (a) Purity profile and (b) surplus diagram as in the initial network and pinched after the introduction of purification unit
11. Figure 9.11 (a) Purity profile and (b) surplus diagram pinched after the introduction of purification unit and after reducing the amount of imported flue gas
12. Figure 9.12 Integrated CO₂ exchange network design for the case study. Flow rates in kg h⁻¹ and purities in mass percentage
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Typical saturation curves on T–s diagram for (a) a dry fluid, (b) an isentropic fluid, and (c) a wet fluid.
2. Figure 10.2 Schematic diagram of an ORC: (a) flow diagram of a basic ORC and (b) T–s diagram of a basic ORC working with a dry fluid
3. Figure 10.3 Schematic diagram of an ORC: (a) flow diagram of an ORC incorporating regeneration and (b) flow diagram of an ORC incorporating turbine bleeding
4. Figure 10.4 Schematic diagram of an ORC: (a) flow diagram of an ORC incorporating turbine bleeding and regeneration and (b) T–s diagram of an ORC incorporating turbine bleeding and regeneration working with a dry fluid.
5. Figure 10.5 Typical flow diagram of a biomass-fueled organic Rankine cycle-based cogeneration system
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Property prediction by using QSPR model.
2. Figure 11.2 Two-stage optimisation approach to produce optimal product from biomass
3. Figure 11.3 Procedure for solving a multi-objective chemical product design problem
4. Figure 11.4 Fuzzy membership functions for (a) property superiority of property to be maximised, (b) property superiority of property to be minimised and (c) property robustness.
5. Figure 11.5 Explanation of handshaking dilemma
6. Figure 11.6 Superstructure for an integrated biorefinery.
7. Figure 11.7 Production of additives made from alkane and alcohol from lignocellulosic biomass
8. Figure 11.8 Flow diagram of synthesised integrated biorefinery (maximum product yield)
9. Figure 11.9 Flow diagram of synthesised integrated biorefinery (maximum economic potential)
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Organosolv value chain (CIMV technology)
2. Figure 12.2 Grand composite curve of CIMV Process^TM
3. Figure 12.3 The three-layer approach
4. Figure 12.4 Conceptual flows for the catalytic production
5. Figure 12.5 Conceptual flows for the biotechnological production
6. Figure 12.6 Process flow diagram of the catalytic process
7. Figure 12.7 Process flow diagram of the biotechnological process
8. Figure 12.8 Grand composite curve of the catalytic process
9. Figure 12.9 Cooling simulation of stream 28 in Aspen Plus 7.1
10. Figure 12.10 Grand composite curve of the catalytic process (steam recycling)
11. Figure 12.11 Grand composite curve of the biotechnological process
12. Figure 12.12 Simulation of the stream 29 recycle
13. Figure 12.13 Grand composite curve of the biotechnological process—0.8% steam recycling
14. Figure 12.14 Grand composite curve of the biotechnological process—90% steam recycling
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Semibatch reactor
2. Figure 13.2 Average values of liquid, gas, residue yield, and conversion
3. Figure 13.3 Field emission scanning electron microscope of raw rice husk
4. Figure 13.4 Field emission scanning electron microscope of residue
5. Figure 13.5 Chemical composition of bio-oil at different heating rates
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 The design paradox and inherently safer design.

List of Contributors

Bawadi Abdullah, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomass Processing Laboratory, Center of Biofuel and Biochemical, Green Technology (MOR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

Viknesh Andiappan, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering/Centre of Sustainable Palm Oil Research (CESPOR), The University of Nottingham, Malaysia

Kathleen B. Aviso, Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Philippines

Mustafa Kamal Abdul Aziz, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering/Centre of Excellence for Green Technologies, The University of Nottingham, Malaysia

Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

Paul Blowers, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA

Christina E. Canter, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada

Peam Cheali, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark

Nishanth G. Chemmangattuvalappil, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering/Centre of Sustainable Palm Oil Research (CESPOR), The University of Nottingham, Malaysia

Carolina Conde-Mejía, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Mexico

Rosa E. Del Río, Institute for Chemical and Biological Researches, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico

Nishith B. Desai, Department of Energy Science Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi, Chemical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, USA

Rafiqul Gani, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark

Carina L. Gargalo, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark

Krist V. Gernaey, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark

J. Betzabe González-Campos, Institute for Chemical and Biological Researches, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico

Roman Hackl, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Simon Harvey, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Mimi H. Hassim, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Arturo Jiménez-Gutiérrez, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Mexico

Antonis C. Kokossis, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Konstantinos R. Koutsospyros, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Weng Hui Liew, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Sergio I. Martínez-Guido, Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico

Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, UK

Noor Azian Morad, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Aikaterini D. Mountraki, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Fabricio Nápoles-Rivera, Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico

Denny K. S. Ng, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering/Centre of Sustainable Palm Oil Research (CESPOR), The University of Nottingham, Malaysia

Kok Siew Ng, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, UK

Rex T. L. Ng, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA

Lik Yin Ng, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering/

Centre of Sustainable Palm Oil Research (CESPOR), The University of Nottingham, Malaysia

José M. Ponce-Ortega, Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico

Michael Angelo B. Promentilla, Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Philippines

Alberto Quaglia, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark

Luis F. Razon, Department of Chemical Engineering, De La Salle University, Philippines

Jhuma Sadhukhan, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, UK

Joost R. Santos, Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Department, The George Washington University, USA

Medardo Serna-González, Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico

Gürkan Sin, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark

Chiang Jinn Tan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomass Processing Laboratory, Center of Biofuel and Biochemical, Green Technology (MOR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

Raymond R. Tan, Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Philippines

Chung Loong Yiin, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomass Processing Laboratory, Center of Biofuel and Biochemical, Green Technology (MOR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

Krista Danielle S. Yu, School of Economics, De La Salle University, Philippines

Suzana Yusup, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomass Processing Laboratory, Center of Biofuel and Biochemical, Green Technology (MOR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

Preface

Major environmental issues, particularly climate change, have stimulated research activities focusing on enhancing the sustainability of industrial processes. In particular, significant effort has been placed on developing viable alternatives to challenge the dominance of fossil fuels. Among the available technology options, biomass offers the possibility of a renewable supply of low-carbon feedstock for the production of clean energy, chemicals, and other products. Historically, interest in biomass as an industrial resource has peaked and waned in response to energy market trends and in fact has recently been dampened by the availability of low-cost fossil energy from nonconventional reserves; nevertheless, biomass is still widely regarded as an essential component toward the long-term development of low-carbon industries in the twenty-first century.

Research on biomass conversion is a primary requisite to the development of sustainable energy and chemical production systems. Such work is needed at different scales in order to provide the necessary scientific foundations for the improvement of existing processes, the innovation of new manufacturing routes, and the commercial deployment of new technologies. For instance, recent laboratory-scale experiments have yielded a multitude of reaction pathways for transforming a wide variety of biomass feedstocks into value-added products. The challenge of creating economically viable systems requires systematic process development approaches that lead to the synthesis and design of efficient biomass conversion facilities. Integration of the biomass conversion steps with the rest of the processing facility and utility systems offers opportunities for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of the whole process. Furthermore, supply chain considerations should be a major component in the planning of large-scale biomass processing.

This book covers recent developments in process engineering and resource conservation for biomass conversion systems at scales ranging from the molecular level all the way to macrolevel supply chains. It provides an overview of process development in biomass conversion systems, with focus on biorefineries involving the production and coproduction of fuels, heating, cooling, and chemicals. Various techniques for enhancing the efficiency of natural resource utilization are also covered as an essential element of developing competitive biomass-based industries. Technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects of biorefineries are discussed and integrated.

The book features 14 chapters written by leading experts from around the world and presents an integrated set of contributions that are categorized into three major sections. The first part of the book deals with Process Design Tools for Biomass Conversion Systems and includes five chapters. Chapters 1–3, entitled “Early-Stage Design and Analysis of Biorefinery Networks” (Peam Cheali, Alberto Quaglia, Carina L. Gargalo, Krist V. Gernaey, Gürkan Sin, and Rafiqul Gani), “Application of a Hierarchical Approach for the Synthesis of Biorefineries” (Carolina Conde-Mejía, Arturo Jiménez-Gutiérrez, and Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi), and “A Systematic Approach for Synthesis of an Integrated Palm Oil-Based Biorefinery” (Rex T. L. Ng and Denny K. S. Ng), offer systematic approaches to the conceptual design, process synthesis, and screening of alternatives in the early process development stages. Chapter 4, entitled “Design Strategies for Integration of Biorefinery Concepts at Existing Industrial Process Sites: Case Study of a Biorefinery Producing Ethylene from Lignocellulosic Feedstock as an Intermediate Platform for a Chemical Cluster” (Roman Hackl and Simon Harvey), focuses on the coupling of emerging biorefineries with existing industrial infrastructures. Chapter 5, entitled “Synthesis of Biomass-Based Tri-generation Systems with Variations in Biomass Supply and Energy Demand” (Viknesh Andiappan, Denny K. S. Ng, and Santanu Bandyopadhyay), gives a synthesis approach to the energy and mass aspects of a bioconversion system in the context of energy and mass variability in the market.

The second part of the book features three chapters on Regional Biomass Supply Chains and Risk Management. Chapter 6, entitled “Large-Scale Cultivation of Microalgae for Fuel” (Christina E. Canter, Luis F. Razon, and Paul Blowers), surveys recent developments in the commercial-scale production of microalgal biomass, which is considered to be one of the most promising next-generation feedstocks due to its inherently high photosynthetic efficiency. In Chapter 7, entitled “Optimal Planning Sustainable Supply Chains for the Production of Ambrox® based on Ageratina jocotepecana in Mexico” (Sergio I. Martínez-Guido, J. Betzabe González-Campos, Rosa E. Del Río, José M. Ponce-Ortega, Fabricio Nápoles-Rivera, and Medardo Serna-González), a process systems engineering approach to the systematic design of a large-scale biomass supply chain is described. Then, systematic risk analysis focusing on ripple effects is discussed in Chapter 8, entitled “Inoperability Input–Output Modeling Approach to Risk Analysis in Biomass Supply Chains” (Krista Danielle S. Yu, Kathleen B. Aviso, Mustafa Kamal Abdul Aziz, Noor Azian Morad, Michael Angelo B. Promentilla, Joost R. Santos, and Raymond R. Tan).

The third part of the book covers Other Applications of Biomass Conversion Systems. Chapter 9, entitled “Process Systems Engineering Tools for Biomass Polygeneration Systems with Carbon Capture and Reuse” (Jhuma Sadhukhan, Kok Siew Ng, and Elias Martinez-Hernandez), presents the use of techno-economic analysis and carbon dioxide (CO₂) pinch analysis techniques to develop integration configurations for CO₂ utilization and exchange in a biorefining system. Another work on cogeneration system is found in Chapter 10, entitled “Biomass-Fueled Organic Rankine Cycle-Based Cogeneration System” (Nishith B. Desai and Santanu Bandyopadhyay). Chapter 11, entitled “Novel Methodologies for Optimal Product Design from Biomass” (Lik Yin Ng, Nishanth G. Chemmangattuvalappil, and Denny K. S. Ng), discussed the use of computer-aided molecular design technique for product design. Next, a comparative study using process integration technique between biotechnological and catalytic processes was reported in Chapter 12, entitled “The Role of Process Integration in Reviewing and Comparing Biorefinery Processing Routes: The Case of Xylitol” (Aikaterini D. Mountraki, Konstantinos R. Koutsospyros, and Antonis C. Kokossis). An experimental work was reported in Chapter 13, entitled “Determination of Optimum Condition for the Production of Rice Husk-Derived Bio-Oil by Slow Pyrolysis Process” (Suzana Yusup, Chung Loong Yiin, Chiang Jinn Tan, and Bawadi Abdullah). In the last chapter of the book, two important aspects of safety and health are reviewed in the work entitled “Overview of Safety and Health Assessment for Biofuel Production Technologies” (Mimi H. Hassim, Weng Hui Liew, and Denny K. S. Ng).

Together, these 14 chapters cover some of the most recent and important developments in biomass conversion systems research. We hope the book will serve as a useful guidebook for researchers and industrial practitioners working in biomass systems.

Process Design Strategies for Biomass Conversion Systems

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part 1
Process Design Tools for Biomass Conversion Systems