Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface to the fourth edition
Acknowledgements
Author's note
Chapter 1: Female infertility
The normal female goat
Investigation of female infertility
Initial assessment
Assessment of individual doe
Individual infertility problems
False pregnancy (hydrometra, cloudburst)
Irregular oestrus cycles (see Table 1.3)
Regular oestrus cycles (see Table 1.4)
Pregnancy diagnosis
Use of prostaglandins
Control of the breeding season
Further reading
General
Caprine herpes virus
Control of the breeding season
Fetal age determination and sexing
Hydrometra
Hydrops uteri
Intersexes
Laparoscopy
Ultrasonography
Chapter 2: Abortion
Initial advice to owners
Initial assessment
Clinical examination
Laboratory investigation
Infectious causes of abortion
Enzootic abortion (chlamydial abortion)
Toxoplasmosis
Listeriosis
Campylobacter (vibriosis)
Q-fever
Leptospirosis
Salmonellosis
Tickborne fever
Border disease (hypomyelinogenesis congenita, hairy shaker disease)
Brucellosis
Neosporosis
Sarcocystosis
Other organisms
Non-infectious causes
Further reading
General
Border disease
Brucellosis
Campylobacter
Caprine herpes virus
Chlamydial abortion
Neosporosis
Plant poisoning
Q-fever
Tickborne fever
Toxoplasmosis
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Chapter 3: Male infertility
Investigation of male infertility
Initial assessment
Assessment of individual buck
Scrotum
Testes
Penis/prepuce
Paraphimosis
Examination of semen
Individual buck problems
Further reading
General
Gynaecomastia
Semen quality and examination
Ultrasonography
Chapter 4: The periparturient goat
The dry period
Management during late pregnancy
Feeding during late gestation
Feeding in early lactation
Periparturient toxaemia
Hypocalcaemia (milk fever)
Abortion
Dead kids without immediate abortion
Vaginal prolapse
Evisceration through a vaginal tear
Rectal prolapse
Uterine torsion
Rupture of the prepubic tendon
Normal parturition
Prolonged gestation
Dystocia
Hypocalcaemia (milk fever)
Hypomagnesaemia
Transit tetany
Trauma to the vulva
Metritis
Endometritis
Pyometra
Retained placenta
Retained kid
Rupture of the uterus
Ruptured uterine artery
Uterine prolapse
Urine scald
Mastitis
Laminitis
Further reading
General
Caesarian section
Dystocia
Fluid therapy
Nutrition
Prenatal stress
Pregnancy toxaemia
Rectal prolapse
Vaginal prolapse
Chapter 5: Weak kids
Initial assessment
Clinical examination
Prematurity/low birth weight
Birth injury
Intrauterine malnutrition
Trace element deficiencies
Congenital infections
Inherited diseases
Congenital defects
Post-natal malnutrition
Post-natal infections
Exposure
Further reading
General
Colostrum
Congenital heart disease
Copper disorders
Floppy kid syndrome
Neurogenetic disorders
Portosystemic shunt
Chapter 6: Inadequate growth rate
Initial assessment
Clinical examination
Laboratory investigations
Post-mortem examination
Pre-natal growth
Birth to weaning
Poor growth in individual kids <4 weeks being reared on their mother
Poor growth in groups of kids <4 weeks being reared on their mother
Poor growth in groups of kids <4 weeks being artificially reared
Poor growth from 4 weeks to weaning
Poor growth after weaning
Further reading
General
Chapter 7: Lameness in adult goats
Initial assessment
Clinical examination
Further assessment
Treatment
Non-infectious diseases of the foot
Infectious diseases of the foot
Lameness above the foot
Accident or trauma
Carpal hygroma
Osteopetrosis
Osteoporosis
Enzootic calcinosis
Degenerative arthritis (osteoarthritis)
Caprine arthritis encephalitis
Lyme disease
Tumour
Exotic causes of lameness
Further reading
General
Caprine arthritis encephalitis
Caprine digital dermatitis
Footrot
Osteoporosis
Septic pedal arthritis
Surgery
Tumour
White line disease
Chapter 8: Lameness in kids
Trauma
Congenital abnormalities
Infections
Nutritional causes
Further reading
General
Arthrogryposis hydranencephaly syndrome
Erysipelas
Fracture repair
Mycoplasma
Osteodystrophia fibrosa
Patella luxation
Selenium deficiency
Selenium toxicity
Spastic paresis
Chapter 9: Chronic weight loss
Initial assessment
Clinical examination
Primary nutritional deficiency
Trace element deficiency
Inability to utilise available foodstuffs
Unwillingness to utilise available foodstuffs
Inability to increase feed intake to match production demands
Interference with absorption of nutrients/loss of nutrients
Johne's disease (paratuberculosis)
Liver disease
Interference with rumen/intestinal mobility
Presence of chronic disorders
Pruritic conditions
Further reading
General
Condition scoring
Dentition
Foreign body
Johne's disease
Liver fluke
Nutrition
Periparturient toxaemia
Chapter 10: External swellings
Throat swellings
Other swellings around the head and neck
Body swellings
Leg swellings
Further reading
General
Bluetongue
Caseous lymphadenitis
Dentigerous cyst
Developmental cysts
Hypothyroidism
Lymphosarcoma
Orf
Thymic hyperplasia
Thymoma
Chapter 11: Skin disease
Initial assessment
Clinical examination
Laboratory investigation
Treatment of external parasites
Pruritic skin disease
Non-pruritic skin disease
Skin disease presenting as swellings
Further reading
General
Blowfly strike
Ectoparasites
Malignant catarrhal fever
Malassezia
Pemphigus foliaceus
Pygmy goat dermatitis
Chapter 12: Nervous diseases
Initial assessment
Clinical examination
Treatment
Neonatal kids (Table 12.3; see also Chapter 5)
Kids up to 1 month old (Table 12.3)
Kid mentally alert
Kid mentally impaired
Kids 2 to 7 months old (Table 12.3)
Older kids, goatlings and adult (Table 12.5)
Infectious disease
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
Metabolic disease
Space-occupying lesions of the brain
Space-occupying lesions of the spinal cord
Trauma
Vestibular disease
Hepatic encephalopathy
Poisonings
Epilepsy
Further reading
General
ß-Mannosidosis
Botulism
Caprine arthritis encephalitis
Cerebrocortical necrosis
Cerebrospinal fluid
Coenuriasis
Disbudding meningoencephalitis
Ear mites
Enzootic ataxia
Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia
Hepatic encephalopathy
Listeriosis
Louping ill
Malignant catarral fever
Meningitis
Metabolic and nutritional diseases
Oestrus ovis
Parasitic disease
Pituitary abscess syndrome
Rhodococcus equi infection
Transmissable spongiformencephalopathies
Tickborne diseases
Tumour
West Nile virus
Chapter 13: Diseases of the mammary gland
Mastitis
Clinical mastitis
Mycoplasmal mastitis
Dry-goat therapy
Drying off
The milking machine and mastitis
Preventing and controlling mastitis
Antibiotic screening tests
High bacteria counts in milk
‘Hard udder’
Udder oedema
Trauma to the udder
Abscesses
Fibrous scar tissue
Pustular dermatitis of the udder
Fly bites
Tumours
Orf
Maiden milkers
‘Witch's milk’
Milking males (gynaecomastia)
Milk problems
Milk leakage (‘weeping teats’)
Cystic dilation of the teat sinuses
Investigation of milk taint (Figure 13.1)
Self-sucking
Teat abnormalities
Further reading
Cystic dilation
Gynaecomastia
Machine milking
Mastectomy
Mastitis
Milk hygiene
Milk taint
Probiotics
Self-suckling
Somatic cell counts
Teat biting
Udder conditions
Ultrasonography
Chapter 14: Diarrhoea
Initial assessment
Clinical examination
Laboratory investigation
Treatment of kids
Treatment of older goats
Birth to 4 weeks
Viral diarrhoea
From 4 to 12 weeks
Older kids and adult goats
Further reading
General
Clostridial disease
Coccidiosis
Cryptosporidiosis/giardiasis
Fluid therapy
Helminthiasis
Rumen fluke
Chapter 15: Colic
Initial assessment
Further investigations
Examination of rumen contents
Clinical signs of colic
Colic in adult goats
Ruminal tympany
Enterotoxaemia (Clostridium perfringens type D, pulpy kidney disease)
Urolithiasis
Liver disease
Toxic minerals
Fertiliser ingestion
Post-kidding problems
Peritonitis
Cystitis
Uterine tumours
Uterine torsion
Plant poisoning
Colic in kids
Abomasal bloat
Ruminal bloat
Mesenteric torsion
Coccidiosis
Diarrhoea
Clostridium perfringens type D (enterotoxaemia)
Urolithiasis
Visceral cysticercosis
Plant poisoning
Further reading
Clinical procedures and ultrasonography
Copper poisoning
Enterotoxaemia
Leiomyoma
Liver disease
Ruminal acidosis
Urolithiasis
Chapter 16: Abdominal distension
Initial assessment
Further investigations
Adult goats
Ruminal distension
Abomasal distension
Distension related to pregnancy and the reproductive tract
Ventral hernia
Ascites
Abdominal tumours
Ruptured bladder (urolithiasis)
Kids from birth to 1 week old
Older kids
Further reading
Displaced abomasum
Chapter 17: Respiratory disease
Initial assessment
Clinical examination
Radiographic examination of the thorax
Ultrasonographic examination of the thorax
Endoscopy
Nasal discharge
Cough
Sinusitis
Infectious respiratory disease
Bacteria
Viruses
Laboratory investigation of infectious respiratory disease
Treatment of infectious respiratory diseases
Control of infectious respiratory diseases
Parasites
Fungi
Airway obstruction
Inhalation pneumonia
Trauma
Heat stress
Allergic alveolitis
Neoplasia
Other conditions producing respiratory signs as part of a clinical syndrome
Further reading
General
Aspergillosis
Cryptococcus
Endoscopy
Enzootic nasal tumours
Housing and ventilation
Lungworms
Mycoplasma
Peste de petit-ruminants (PPR)
Tracheal wash
Tuberculosis
Ultrasonography
Chapter 18: Anaemia
Initial assessment
Clinical examination
Laboratory investigation
Treatment
Helminthiasis
Protozoal causes
Bacterial causes
Plant poisoning
External parasites
Trauma
Cow colostrum
Mineral deficiencies
Mineral poisoning
Protein deficiency
Chronic disease
Rapid changes in plasma osmolality
Congenital disease
Further reading
General
Anaplasma
Fluid therapy
Haemonchosis
Leptospirosis
Chapter 19: Sudden death, post-mortem examination and euthanasia
Initial assessment
Examination of the carcase
Post-mortem examination
Sudden death in kids
Sudden death in adult goats
Euthanasia
Further reading
General
Euthanasia
Post-mortem examinations
Predators
Transport of casualty animals
Chapter 20: Eye disease
Non-infectious conjunctivitis
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis
Foreign bodies
Corneal trauma
Entropion
Tumours of the eyelids
Exophthalmos
Photosensitisation
Blindness
Cyclopia
Normal ophthalmic diagnostic test values
Further reading
Drugs
General
Exophthalmos
Keratoconjunctivitis
Mycoplasma
Ophthalmic examination and diagnostic test values
Reflexes
Surgery
Tumours
Ultrasonography
Chapter 21: Plant poisoning
Is it plant poisoning?
If plant poisoning is suspected
Finding information on poisonous plants
Clinical signs of plant poisoning
Plants affecting milk
Treatment of plant poisoning
Specific plant poisoning
Cardiotoxic plants
Other cardiotoxic plants
Plants containing grayanotoxins
Plants causing nephrotoxicity
Calcinogenic plants
Cyanogenic plants
Plants containing excess nitrites/nitrates
Plants causing anaemia
Plants causing bloody or dark urine (haematuria or haemoglobinuria)
Hepatotoxic plants
Plants causing diarrhoea
Plants toxic to the nervous system
Plants that cause abortions and fetal defects
Plants causing mechanical injury
Mycotoxins
Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
Further reading
General
Miscellaneous plant poisons
Fetal development
Milk
Mycotoxins
Neurological disease
Nitrate/nitrite poisoning
Photosensitisation
Chapter 22: The geriatric goat
Housing
Nutrition
Teeth
Arthritis
Further reading
Chapter 23: Herd health and biosecurity
Herd health plans
Preventing exposure to disease
Existing herds
Other biosecurity measures
Identification of disease already on the farm
Control of chronic infectious diseases
Official health schemes and disease-free acceditation
Chapter 24: Anaesthesia
Initial clinical examination
Injectable anaesthetic agents
Gaseous anaesthetic agents
Local anaesthetic agents
Paravertebral anaesthesia
Caudal (sacrococcygeal) epidural anaesthesia
Lumbosacral epidural anaesthesia
Local infiltration
Further reading
Chapter 25: Disbudding and dehorning
Anatomy
Disbudding of kids
Age
Selection of anaesthetic agent for disbudding kids
By intravenous injection into the cephalic or jugular vein
Analgesia
Equipment
Procedure
Descenting of kids
Dehorning of adult goats
Descenting of adult goats
Further reading
Chapter 26: Surgical techniques
Considerations before surgery
Pre- and post-operative pain management
Castration
Umbilical hernias
Surgical treatment of obstructive urolithiasis
Vasectomy
Caesarian section
Exploratory laparotomy to examine the uterus and ovaries
Mastectomy
Teat injuries
Rumenotomy
Treating dog bite wounds
Fracture management
Cast application
Amputation of a digit
Eye enucleation
Further reading
Amputation of a digit
Analgesia
Caesarian section
Fracture management
General surgery
Mastectomy
Obstructive urolithiasis
Orthopaedics
Reproductive system
Teat surgery
Umbilical surgery
Appendix: Drugs for goats
Drug doses
Administration of drugs
Anaesthetics, sedatives and pre-medications
Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs
Anthelmintics
Drugs for flukes (trematodes)
Drugs for tapeworms (cestodes)
Antibiotics
Anticonvulsants
Coccidiosis
Drugs acting on the digestive tract
External parasites
Fertility
Fungal treatments
Further reading
Anatomy
Fluid therapy
Haematology and biochemistry
Management
Medicine and surgery
Nutrition
Pain
Reproduction
Index
Supplemental Images
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface to the fourth edition
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: Female infertility
Figure 1.1 Causes of female infertility.
Figure 1.2 Biparietal diameter and gestational age of goats (from Haibel et al ., 1989).
Figure 1.3 Induction of parturition.
Chapter 3: Male infertility
Figure 3.1 Causes of male infertility.
Chapter 4: The periparturient goat
Figure 4.1 Buhner suture.
Chapter 7: Lameness in adult goats
Figure 7.1 Weak pasterns. (a) Superficial digital flexor tendon weakness; (b) superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, weak or ruptured; (c) flexor tendons and suspensory ligament ruptured.
Chapter 9: Chronic weight loss
Figure 9.1 Lumbar score.
Figure 9.2 Sternal score.
Figure 9.3 Dentition and time of eruption (from Owen, 1977).
Chapter 13: Diseases of the mammary gland
Figure 13.1 Identification of the cause of milk taint (after Mews, 1987).
Chapter 19: Sudden death, post-mortem examination and euthanasia
Figure 19.1 Captive-bolt stunning.
Chapter 24: Anaesthesia
Figure 24.1 (a) Paravertebral block. (b) Caudal epidural block.
Figure 24.2 (a) Inverted L block and (b) local anaesthetic for dehorning.
Chapter 25: Disbudding and dehorning
Figure 25.1 Incision line for scent gland removal.
Chapter 26: Surgical techniques
Figure 26.1 Treatment of obstructive urolithiasis.
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Female infertility
Table 1.1 Reproduction in the goat
Table 1.2 Causes of anoestrus
Table 1.3 Irregular oestrus cycles
Table 1.4 Regular oestrus cycles
Table 1.5 Techniques available for pregnancy diagnosis in the doe
Table 1.6 Abnormal finding on ultrasonographic examination of the uterus
Table 1.7 Transabdominal ultrasound scanning for pregnancy diagnosis
Table 1.8 Correlation of fetal length with age of fetus
Table 1.9 Methods for controlling oestrus cycles
Table 1.10 Regimes for sponging goats
Table 1.11 Serum gonadotrophin treatments for sponged goats
Table 1.12 Optimum time for artificial insemination following sponge removal
Chapter 2: Abortion
Table 2.1 Causes of abortion
Table 2.2 Timing of abortion
Table 2.3 Chlamydial abortion in goats compared to sheep
Chapter 3: Male infertility
Table 3.1 Normal semen characteristics
Table 3.2 Visual appraisal of semen density
Table 3.3 Semen motility
Chapter 4: The periparturient goat
Table 4.1 Problems with over and under feeding
Table 4.2 Routine husbandry tasks before kidding
Table 4.3 Feeding in late pregnancy
Table 4.4 Feeding in early lactation
Table 4.5 Periparturient toxicosis
Table 4.6 Drugs used in the periparturient goat
Table 4.7 Fluid loss and associated clinical signs
Table 4.8 Maternal causes of dystocia
Table 4.9 Fetal causes of dystocia
Chapter 6: Inadequate growth rate
Table 6.1 Milk replacer for rearing female dairy kids
Table 6.2 Feed schedule for 12 week weaning
Table 6.4 Feed schedule for 10 week weaning (Mowlem, 1984)
Table 6.5 Target weights for dairy goats
Table 6.6 Target weights for fibre and meat goats . From Thompson (1990)
Chapter 7: Lameness in adult goats
Table 7.1 InjecTable NSAIDs.
Table 7.2 Oral NSAIDs.
Table 7.3 Care of the goat's foot
Table 7.4 Foot trimming procedures
Table 7.5 Footbath guidelines
Table 7.6 Reducing the impact of infectious foot disease.
Table 7.7 Differential diagnosis of FMD lesions
Chapter 9: Chronic weight loss
Table 9.1 Differential diagnosis for chronic weight loss
Table 9.2 Daily requirements for energy and protein
Table 9.3 Fascioliasis
Chapter 10: External swellings
Table 10.1 Control of caseous lymphadentitis in an infected herd
Chapter 11: Skin disease
Table 11.1 Distribution of lesions
Table 11.2 External parasites causing skin disease
Table 11.3 Treatment of external parasites
Chapter 12: Nervous diseases
Table 12.1 Nervous diseases
Table 12.2 Normal values for cerebrospinal fluid
Table 12.3 Nervous disease in kids
Table 12.4 Localisation of spinal cord lesions
Table 12.5 Causes of nervous disease in older kids, goatlings and adults
Chapter 13: Diseases of the mammary gland
Table 13.1 Factors affecting the somatic cell count
Table 13.2 Difference in milk secretion and somatic cells between the goat and the cow
Table 13.3 California mastitis test
Table 13.4 Investigating a mastitis problem or high somatic cell count
Table 13.5 Milking machine settings
Table 13.6 Sensitivities of antibiotic tests to EU MRLs
Table 13.7 Investigating antibiotic residues in milk
Table 13.8 Avoiding residues in milk
Table 13.9 Investigating high bacteria counts in milk
Chapter 14: Diarrhoea
Table 14.1 Fluid loss and associated clinical signs of diarrhoea
Table 14.2 Amount of fluid required for 5 kg with 5% fluid loss
Table 14.3 Causes of diarrhoea
Table 14.4 Helminth parasites of goats in the UK (after Taylor, 2006)
Table 14.5 Groups of broadspectrum anthelmintics
Table 14.6 Smart drenching programme
Table 14.7 Coccidia species found in goats in the UK
Chapter 15: Colic
Table 15.1 Estimation of base deficit
Table 15.2 Estimation of bicarbonate deficit
Table 15.3 Vaccination regime for clostridial disease
Table 15.4 Causes of colic in kids
Chapter 16: Abdominal distension
Table 16.1 Abdominal distension in adult goats
Table 16.2 Abdominal distension in kids
Chapter 17: Respiratory disease
Table 17.1 Differential diagnosis for nasal discharge
Table 17.2 Differential diagnosis for cough
Table 17.3 Differential diagnosis for dyspnoea
Table 17.4 Indications for endoscopy
Table 17.5 Mycoplasma spp. involved in caprine disease
Table 17.6 Factors associated with respiratory disease
Table 17.7 SuiTable environmental conditions for goats
Chapter 18: Anaemia
Table 18.1 Red blood cell parameters
Table 18.2 Type of anaemia and possible aetiology
Table 18.3 Cause of anaemia and possible aetiology (after Bennett, 1983)
Table 18.4 Blood transfusion.
Chapter 19: Sudden death, post-mortem examination and euthanasia
Table 19.1 Some common autolytic/agonal changes
Table 19.2 Post-mortem examination of goats found dead
Table 19.3 Chemical levels in aqueous and vitreous humour
Table 19.4 Predators
Chapter 20: Eye disease
Table 20.1 Normal ophthalmic diagnostic test values
Chapter 21: Plant poisoning
Table 21.1 Clinical signs of plant poisoning
Table 21.2 Plant toxins excreted through milk
Table 21.3 Plants that can taint milk
Table 21.4 Plants affecting milk causing a reduction in milk yield
Chapter 22: The geriatric goat
Table 22.1 InjecTable NSAIDs
Table 22.2 Oral NSAIDs
Chapter 23: Herd health and biosecurity
Table 23.1 Rearing kids on farms with chronic infectious diseases
Chapter 24: Anaesthesia
Table 24.1 Physiological parameters
Table 24.2 Premedicants and sedatives
Table 24.3 Anaesthetic drugs
Chapter 26: Surgical techniques
Table 26.1 Clinical signs of post-operative pain
Table 26.2 Opioid analgesics
Table 26.3 InjecTable NSAIDs licensed for food-producing animals in the United Kingdom
Table 26.4 Castration of kids
Table 26.5 Comparison of surgical techniques in treatment of obstructive urolithiasis
Table 26.6 The pros and cons of left flank and ventral midline laparatomy
Table 26.7 Choice of anaesthesia for caesarian section
Table 26.8 Fracture splinting
Table 26.9 SuiTable orthopaedic procedures for caprine fractures
John Matthews BSc BVMS MRCVS
Chalk Street Services Ltd, The Limes Chelmsford, Essex, UK
4th Edition
This edition first published 2016 © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons Limited
Third edition first published 2009 © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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Cover image: © inset images 2,3 and 4 courtesy of Peter Cox LRPS, CPAGB
Preface to the fourth edition
It is now 25 years since the first edition of Diseases of the Goat was published as Outline of Clinical Diagnosis of the Goat and 7 years since the third edition was published. The original concept was to provide a reasonably priced text that would provide useful and practical information for veterinary surgeons, whether they were in farm animal, mixed or small animal practice, and that would also be of use to students and goatkeepers. Despite the plethora of information that is now available on the Internet, I still believe that the book provides a valuable source of information that is readily accessible, whether kept in the car, surgery or on the farm.
The identification of a new disease in ruminants throughout Northern Europe, caused by Schmallenberg virus, which followed the arrival of blue tongue virus earlier in the century, and outbreaks of tuberculosis, long thought by British goatkeepers to be of no importance in goats, which occurred in both commercial and show herds, emphasised the fact that no country is an island, let alone an individual farm, so I have included more information on exotic diseases in this edition. In response to requests from readers of the third edition, I have expanded the chapter on poisonous plants to make it more relevant for readers out-with the United Kingdom and included information on predators, euthanasia, post-mortem techniques and fracture repair. As in the previous editions, I have tried to include new references that are likely to be relevant to the veterinarian in practice and updated the information throughout the book.
I hope that this new edition will continue to provide general practitioners with the support they need when dealing with caprine patients.
As with the previous editions, I am extremely grateful to my wife Hilary, who has provided encouragement and support during the compilation of this edition and given valuable advice on goat husbandry.
Tony Andrews, David Harwood, Peter Jackson, Katherine Anzuino and Leigh Sullivan have supplied photographs that are reproduced with their permission and I am pleased to acknowledge their contribution and that of their colleagues involved with the clinical cases to which they relate. Peter Cox supplied photographs for the cover.
I am pleased to acknowledge the contribution of the many members of the Goat Veterinary Society and the American Association of Small Ruminant Practioners, whose tips and advice, which they have willingly shared with other veterinary surgeons and goatkeepers, I have incorporated in this edition.
For many medical conditions, there are no drugs available that are specifically licensed for use in goats. Dose rates are quoted in the book for many unlicensed drugs. These drug rates have been obtained from published reports, data held on file by the drug manufacturers and from personal experience. Whenever possible, the clinician should use drugs that carry a full product licence, both for goats and for the condition being treated. In all cases where unlicensed drugs are used, milk should not be used for human consumption for a minimum of 7 days and meat for a minimum of 28 days following the administration of the drug. Not all the drugs mentioned have a current licence for food-producing animals in the United Kingdom. It is the reader's responsibility to ensure that he/she is legally entitled to use any drug mentioned.