Cover Page

PLANNING HEALTH
PROMOTION PROGRAMS

AN INTERVENTION MAPPING APPROACH

Fourth Edition

L. Kay Bartholomew Eldredge
Christine M. Markham
Robert A.C. Ruiter
María E. Fernández
Gerjo Kok
Guy S. Parcel

 

Title Page

Figures and Tables

Figures

  1. 1.1 Intervention Mapping Steps
  2. 1.2 Logic Model of the Problem
  3. 1.3 Logic Model of Change
  4. 2.1 Logic Model for Methods, Determinants, Behaviors, Environmental Conditions, and Health
  5. 4.1 Logic Model of the Problem
  6. 4.2 Epilepsy PRECEDE Model
  7. 4.3 Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
  8. 4.4 It's Your Game PRECEDE Logic Model
  9. 5.1 Logic Model of Change
  10. 5.2 IYG Logic Model of Change
  11. 6.1 Intervention Logic Model
  12. 6.2 Schematic Representation of Shift in Environmental Levels
  13. 6.3 Cultivando La Salud
  14. 6.4 Developing Tailored Feedback
  15. 7.1 MINDSET Top Level Flow Diagram Depicting Data Input to Produce a Tailored Action Plan
  16. 7.2 Example Draft Screen Map Mock-Ups for MINDSET
  17. 7.3 Flowchart and Screen Maps Outlining the Data Input Process for MINDSET
  18. 7.4 Screen Maps Outlining the Generation of Tailored Decision Support Recommendations for MINDSET
  19. 7.5 Tasks for Producing a Print Piece
  20. 7.6 Tasks for Producing a Video
  21. 7.7 Example of an It's Your Game Computer Lesson Tailored by Sexual Experience
  22. 7.8 Activity Sequence for an It's Your Game Computer Lesson: Healthy Dating Relationships
  23. 7.9 Design Document for a Reel World Series
  24. 7.10 Example Role Play Activity From It's Your Game
  25. 7.11 It's Your Game Parent Newsletter (Sample Pages)
  26. 7.12 Screen Captures Depicting Change Methods and Practical Applications From It's Your Game…Keep It Real Computer Activities
  27. 8.1 The EBI and Implementation Intervention Targets and Outcomes
  28. 9.1 Intervention Logic Model
  29. 9.2 Illustration of the PRECIS Criteria to Characterize Research Studies
  30. 9.3 IYG Intervention Logic Model for Evaluation
  31. 10.1 Adapting an Evidence-based Health Promotion Intervention
  32. 10.2 Logic Model of the Problem With Guiding Questions
  33. 10.3 Logic Model of Change With Guiding Questions
  34. 10.4 Parts of a Program
  35. 10.5 Case Study Logic Model of Change
  36. 10.6 Case Study Logic Model of the Problem

Tables

  1. 1.1 Provisional List of Answers Regarding Condom Use Among Adolescents
  2. 1.2 Examples of Theories for Intervention Mapping Steps and Questions
  3. 1.3 Programs Developed Using Intervention Mapping
  4. 2.1 Examples of When to Use Theory in Intervention Planning
  5. 2.2 Theories Arrayed by Level
  6. 2.3 The Precaution-Adoption Process Model
  7. 3.1 A Comparison of Empowering Processes and Empowered Outcomes Across Levels of Analysis
  8. 3.2 Principles Underlying Effective Tactics
  9. 4.1 Questions to Guide Recruitment of Stakeholders
  10. 4.2 Group Facilitation Processes
  11. 4.3 Examples of Secondary Data Sources for Health, Behavior, Environment, and Quality-of-Life Description
  12. 4.4 Community Asset Assessment
  13. 5.1 Performance Objectives for Consistently and Correctly Using Condoms During Sexual Intercourse
  14. 5.2 Environmental Performance Objectives for the ToyBox-Study
  15. 5.3 Environmental Performance Objectives for T.L.L. Temple Foundation Stroke Project
  16. 5.4 Performance Objectives to Reduce Stigma and Promote HIV Testing
  17. 5.5 Performance Objectives for Condom Use Among HIV+ Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) Using a Self-Regulatory Approach (Van Kesteren, Hospers, Kok, & van Empelen, 2005)
  18. 5.6 Judging Importance of Determinants of Performance Objectives
  19. 5.7 Sample Matrix for Children in the ToyBox-Study (De Decker et al., 2014)
  20. 5.8 Sample of Rows From Matrices for Interpersonal and Organizational Environmental Change in the ToyBox-Study (De Decker et al., 2014)
  21. 5.9 Examples of Cells From a Behavior Matrix: Consistently and Correctly Using Condoms During Sexual Intercourse
  22. 5.10 List of Action Words for Writing Change Objectives: Organized by Levels of Complexity of Learning Tasks
  23. 5.11 Examples of Cells From a Simulated Matrix to Address a Habitual Behavior
  24. 5.12 Behavioral Outcomes, Environmental Outcomes, and Performance Objectives for It's Your Game…Keep It Real
  25. 5.13 Work on Determinants of Middle School Students' Choosing Not to Have Sex
  26. 5.14 Work on Determinants of Parents' Communication With Child
  27. 5.15 Matrix for Behavioral Outcome: Student Chooses Not to Have Sex
  28. 5.16 Matrix for Behavioral Outcome: Student Has Healthy Relationships With Friends, Girlfriends, or Boyfriends
  29. 5.17 Sample Cells for Matrix for Interpersonal Environmental Outcome: Parent Communicates With Child About Dating and Sexual Health Topics
  30. 6.1 Scope and Sequence of the T.L.L. Temple Foundation Stroke Project
  31. 6.2 Communication Channels and Vehicles
  32. 6.3 Examples of Objectives and Methods for Changing Awareness and Risk Perception
  33. 6.4 Examples of Objectives and Methods at Various Levels
  34. 6.5 Basic Methods at the Individual Level
  35. 6.6 Methods to Increase Knowledge
  36. 6.7 Methods to Change Awareness and Risk Perception
  37. 6.8 Methods to Change Habitual, Automatic, and Impulsive Behaviors
  38. 6.9 Methods to Change Attitudes, Beliefs, and Outcome Expectations
  39. 6.10 Methods to Change Social Influence
  40. 6.11 Methods to Change Skills, Capability, and Self-Efficacy and to Overcome Barriers
  41. 6.12 Methods to Reduce Public Stigma
  42. 6.13 Basic Methods for Change of Environmental Conditions
  43. 6.14 Methods to Change Social Norms
  44. 6.15 Methods to Change Social Support and Social Networks
  45. 6.16 Methods to Change Organizations
  46. 6.17 Methods to Change Communities
  47. 6.18 Methods to Change Policy
  48. 6.19 Methods and Applications for Emergency Department Matrices in the T.L.L. Temple Foundation Stroke Project
  49. 6.20 Scope and Sequence for It's Your Game…Keep It Real
  50. 6.21 Sample of Methods and Applications for Students From It's Your Game…Keep It Real
  51. 7.1 Design Document Highlights From the T.L.L. Temple Foundation Stroke Project—Community Component Materials
  52. 7.2 Additional Design Document Details for the Stroke Project
  53. 7.3 Suitability Assessment of Materials Rationale
  54. 7.4 Pretesting and Pilot-Testing Purposes and Methods
  55. 8.1 Examples of Change Objectives from the Peace of Mind Program (Highfield, 2014)
  56. 8.2 Peace of Mind Program Implementation Intervention Plan
  57. 8.3 It's Your Game…Keep It Real: Matrices of Change Objectives for Implementation
  58. 8.4 It's Your Game…Keep It Real: Methods, Practical Applications, and Program Materials to Enhance Program Implementation
  59. 9.1 Evaluation Stakeholders
  60. 9.2 Evaluation of a School HIV Prevention Program
  61. 9.3 Process Evaluation Questions for a Program to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening (CRCS) Among U.S. Veterans
  62. 9.4 Diabetes Program Performance Standards
  63. 9.5 Hypothetical Process Evaluation of Diabetes Counseling Program
  64. 9.6 Comparison of Domains of Asthma Knowledge
  65. 9.7 Evaluation Plan Summary: School AIDS Prevention Program
  66. 9.8 Partial Evaluation Plan for It's Your Game…Keep It Real (IYG)
  67. 10.1 Terms for Thinking About Evidence
  68. 10.2 Websites for Full EBIs and General Intervention Strategies
  69. 10.3 Adaptation “To-Do List” for Telephone-Counseling Program
  70. 10.4 Examples From the Design Document Template for the Telephone-Counseling Program

Acknowledgments

Our thanks to colleagues who contributed to chapters and provided case studies in the fourth edition.

Rik Crutzen, PhD, is assistant professor at the Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, the Netherlands. He also serves as an honorary principal research fellow in behavior change at the Centre for Technology Enabled Health Research (CTEHR), Coventry University, United Kingdom. The overarching theme of his research is how technological innovations can be used in the field of public health to optimize the impact of these innovations. He contributed to Chapters 6 and 7.

Nell H. Gottlieb, PhD, is emeritus professor of health education in the Department of Kinesiology and Health Education at the University of Texas at Austin and formerly was professor of behavioral sciences at the School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Dr. Gottlieb received her PhD degree in medical sociology from Boston University. Her interests are in multilevel health promotion intervention development and evaluation. Dr. Gottlieb is pursuing a second career as an artist; however, her work on this Intervention Mapping text over the years is apparent in all chapters.

Marieke A. Hartman, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow (sponsored by the U.S. National Cancer Institute) in health promotion and behavioral sciences at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health. Her research interests are in bridging public health/health promotion research and practice through community-based dissemination and implementation research. She has used Intervention Mapping to adapt and evaluate theory- and evidence-based interventions for culturally diverse populations. She contributed to Chapters 9 and 10.

Linda Highfield, PhD, is assistant professor of management, policy, and community health at the UTHealth School of Public Health. Dr. Highfield holds a PhD in epidemiology from Texas A&M University and spent five years as the director of research for the Episcopal Health Charities prior to joining the faculty at UTHealth. Dr. Highfield's research interests include geospatial analysis methods and translation of evidence-based interventions to real-world settings. Her current work focuses on improving access to mammography screening for underserved women. She contributed to Chapters 4, 8, and 10.

Joanne N. Leerlooijer, PhD, received her PhD from Maastricht University and is now with the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. She has supported organizations in various countries in Africa and Asia in health promotion planning using Intervention Mapping. She has developed training, tools, and guidelines to make Intervention Mapping a practical framework for nonacademic organizations that promote sexual and reproductive health and rights of young people. She contributed to Chapter 10.

Patricia Dolan Mullen, DrPH, MLS, is a distinguished teaching professor and president's scholar for teaching, health promotion, and behavioral sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health. She designed and taught the School's program evaluation and systematic review courses. She has served on many expert panels, including the U.S. Community Preventive Services Task Force. Her current research interests include promoting the use of evidence-based programs and policy, especially cancer prevention and preconception counseling. She has developed programs to help practitioners identify, select, and adapt evidence-based programs. She contributed to Chapters 9 and 10.

Melissa Peskin, PhD, associate professor of health promotion and behavioral sciences and epidemiology at the UTHealth School of Public Health, is an expert in the development, implementation, and evaluation of adolescent sexual health promotion interventions. She is lead author for the iCHAMPSS case study.

Serena Rodriguez, MA, MPH, is a PhD candidate in health promotion and behavioral sciences at the UTHealth School of Public Health, and has taught Intervention Mapping. She contributed to Chapter 10 and to referencing and editing the entire book.

Diane Santa Maria, DrPH, MSN, RN, assistant professor at the UTHealth School of Nursing, contributed examples of the application of Intervention Mapping in clinical settings for each of the Intervention Mapping step chapters.

Herman Schaalma, PhD (1960–2009), was associate professor of social psychology at Maastricht University, the Netherlands. He held the Dutch AIDS Fund–endowed chair for AIDS prevention and health promotion with a special focus on the development of culturally sensitive prevention programs. He received his doctorate in health sciences from Maastricht University. His research applied psychology to understanding and predicting behavior, carefully specifying health promotion goals and objectives, developing innovative health promotion interventions, and promoting the adoption and implementation of health promotion programs. Dr. Schaalma's contributions to Intervention Mapping over the years continue to be apparent in all chapters of the book.

Ross Shegog, PhD, associate professor, health promotion and behavioral sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, is an expert in the development of technology-based health promotion interventions for chronic disease management and adolescent health. He is lead author on the MINDSET case study and contributed examples from MINDSET to Chapters 4 and 7. He also contributed a section on eHealth applications in Chapter 6.

Andrew Springer, DrPH, assistant professor, health promotion and behavioral sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health (Austin Regional Campus), has expertise in community-based participatory research methods to develop, implement, and evaluate interventions to enhance physical activity and nutrition among children. He contributed to Chapter 4.

Maartje M. van Stralen, PhD, assistant professor, prevention and public health, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije University Amsterdam, the Netherlands, is an expert in the development, implementation, and evaluation of interventions promoting exercise and other energy balance–related behaviors associated with overweight and obesity. She is the lead author of the Active plus case study.

Susan Tortolero Emery, PhD, Professor, health promotion and behavioral sciences and epidemiology at the UTHealth School of Public Health, is a codeveloper with Christine Markham, Ross Shegog, and Melissa Peskin of It's Your Game…Keep It Real, which is presented as a case study example in each of the Intervention Mapping step chapters.

Melissa Valerio, PhD, MPH, is associate professor and regional dean of the San Antonio Regional Campus at the UTHealth School of Public Health. Dr. Valerio coteaches Intervention Mapping to master's and doctoral students and has applied the methods to multiple studies to address chronic disease in vulnerable populations in Detroit, Michigan, and the Central and South Texas region. Her research focuses on addressing health literacy in her interventions, with a specific focus on cognitive understanding and processing of self-management regimens and patient/provider communication. She contributed to Chapter 7.

An instructor's supplement, which includes case studies, PowerPoint lecture slides, and student assessments, is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/bartholomew4e. Please follow the URL and select the link for “Companion Site” in the “For Instructors” box. You will be instructed to sign-up and then a Wiley representative will contact you and provide you with access to the site. Additional materials, such as videos, podcasts, and readings, can be found at www.josseybasspublichealth.com. Comments about this book are invited and can be sent to publichealth@wiley.com.

About the Authors

L. Kay Bartholomew Eldredge, EdD, MPH, is professor and distinguished teaching professor, health promotion and behavioral sciences, and associate dean for academic affairs at the UTHealth School of Public Health. Dr. Bartholomew has worked in the field of health education and health promotion since her graduation from Austin College in 1974, first at a city-county health department and later at Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine. She teaches courses in health promotion intervention development and conducts research in chronic disease self-management. Dr. Bartholomew received her MPH degree from the UTHealth School of Public Health and an EdD degree in educational psychology from the University of Houston College of Education.

Christine M. Markham is associate professor and associate department chair of health promotion and behavioral sciences, and associate director, Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, at the UTHealth School of Public Health. Her research focuses on child and adolescent health, with an emphasis on sexual and reproductive health, dating violence prevention, and chronic disease management. She received her master's degree in anthropology from the University of Pennsylvania and her PhD in behavioral sciences from the UTHealth School of Public Health. She has been instrumental in demonstrating the use of Intervention Mapping as an effective approach for adapting existing programs to meet the needs of a new population and has taught Intervention Mapping in the United States and the Netherlands.

Robert A. C. Ruiter, PhD, is professor of applied psychology with a special interest in the application of neuroscience in applied social psychology (endowed chair) and head of the Department of Work and Social Psychology at the Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands. He obtained his MPH degree in 1995 with specializations in health education and health policy and management and his PhD in psychology, both at Maastricht University. Dr. Ruiter combines laboratory-based research in the working mechanisms of persuasion with applied research in the development of behavior change interventions using Intervention Mapping in the domains of public health and traffic safety. Topics include vaccination, HIV/AIDS, maternal health, and risky decision making in adolescents in both national and international research collaborations.

María E. Fernández, PhD, is professor, health promotion and behavioral sciences, at the UTHealth School of Public Health. She is associate director for the Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, where she leads cancer control and chronic disease research and health promotion efforts. Her research focus is the reduction of health disparities, the development and evaluation of cancer control interventions for low-income and minority populations, the use of technology for health promotion, and implementation and dissemination science. Since the mid-1990s Dr. Fernández has contributed to the refinement of Intervention Mapping through her teaching and use of the framework.

Gerjo Kok, PhD, is former dean and professor of applied psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands. A social psychologist, he received his doctorate in social sciences from the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. From 1984 to 1998 he was professor of health education at Maastricht University. He held the Dutch AIDS Fund–endowed professorship for AIDS prevention and health promotion from 1992 to 2004. His main interest is in the application of social psychological theory to health promotion behavior, energy conservation, traffic safety, and the prevention of stigmatization.

Guy S. Parcel, PhD, is dean emeritus and former professor, health promotion and behavioral sciences, at the UTHealth School of Public Health. Dr. Parcel has authored or coauthored over 200 scientific papers and book chapters over the past 40 years. He has directed research projects funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to develop and evaluate programs to address sexual risk behavior in adolescents, diet and physical activity in children, smoking prevention in adolescents, and self-management of childhood chronic diseases, including asthma and cystic fibrosis. Dr. Parcel received his BS and MS degrees in health education at Indiana University and his PhD at Pennsylvania State University with a major in health education and a minor in child development and family relations.

Part One
Foundations