Edited by
John Whittall
Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB),
The University of Manchester, UK
Peter W. Sutton
GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Limited, UK
Wolfgang Kroutil
Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry,
University of Graz, Austria
This edition first published 2016
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Practical methods for biocatalysis and biotransformations 3 / edited by John Whittall, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB), The University of Manchester, UK, Peter W. Sutton, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Limited, UK, Wolfgang Kroutil, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-60525-7 (cloth)
1. Enzymes–Biotechnology. 2. Biocatalysis. 3. Biotransformation (Metabolism) 4. Organic compounds–Synthesis. I. Whittall, John, editor. II. Sutton, Peter (Peter W.), editor. III. Kroutil, Wolfgang, 1972- editor.
TP248.65.E59P73 2016
660.6'34–dc23
2015024267
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 9781118605257
Syed T. Ahmed School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
Ian Archer Ingenza Ltd, Roslin BioCentre, UK
Frances H. Arnold Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, USA
Robert Ashe AM Technology, UK
Lara Babich Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Jan-E. Bäckvall Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden
Maria Bawn Prozomix Limited, UK
Beatrice Bechi School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
Gary Black Northumbria University, Department of Applied Science, UK
Fabrizio Bonina Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Germany
Uwe T. Bornscheuer Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Germany
Elisabetta Brenna Department of Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta,” Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Aleksandra Bury Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Andrada But Biobased Commodity Chemistry, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Simon Charnock Prozomix Limited, UK
Bi-Shuang Chen Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Yong-Jun Chen Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
Pere Clapés Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Spain
Thomas Classen Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
Marine Debacker Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, France
Tom Desmet Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
Karel De Winter Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
Griet Dewitte Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
Alba Díaz-Rodríguez Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Asturias Institute of Biotechnology, University of Oviedo, Spain
Carola Dresen Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Germany
Richard Duncan Prozomix Limited, UK
Marc Dürrenberger Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland
Tadashi Ema Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
Ulrike Engel Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Roman S. Esipov Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Kurt Faber Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Christopher C. Farwell Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, USA
James Finnigan Prozomix Limited, UK
Christine Fuchs Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Michael Fuchs Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Anna Fryszkowska Merck Research Laboratories, USA
Eduardo García-Junceda Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry, Spain
Gilda Gasparini AM Technology, UK
Francesco G. Gatti Department of Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta,” Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Edzard M. Geertsema Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Laura Getrey DECHEMA Research Institute, Germany
Diego Ghislieri School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
Silvia M. Glueck Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Michael Golden AstraZeneca, Chemical Development, UK
Animesh Goswami Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA
Vicente Gotor Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Asturias Institute of Biotechnology, University of Oviedo, Spain
Vicente Gotor-Fernández Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Asturias Institute of Biotechnology, University of Oviedo, Spain
Johannes Gross Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Christine Guérard-Hélaine Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, France
Zhiwei Guo Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA
Karl P. J. Gustafson Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden
Helen C. Hailes Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, UK
Ulf Hanefeld Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Steven P. Hanlon F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Switzerland
Aloysius F. Hartog Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Bernhard Hauer Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Rachel S. Heath School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
Virgil Hélaine Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, France
Susanne Herter Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Germany
Matthew R. Hickey Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA
Michael Hofer Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute branch Straubing, BioCat – Bio-, Chemo- and Electrocatalysis, Germany
Frank Hollmann Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Dirk Holtmann DECHEMA Research Institute, Germany
Karen Holt-Tiffin Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Chirotech Technology Centre, UK
Roger M. Howard Pfizer Ltd, Chemical Research & Development, UK
Gjalt Huisman Codexis Inc, USA
Shahed Hussain School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
Syed Masood Husain Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
Todd K. Hyster Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, USA
Ed Jones C-Tech Innovation Ltd, UK
Predrag Jovanovic Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Shusuke Kamata Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
Elena Kasparyan Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Germany
Hans Kierkels DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, The Netherlands
Matthias Kittelmann NovartisPharma AG, Switzerland
Livia Knörr Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland
Valentin Köhler Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland
Pieter de Koning Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Chirotech Technology Centre, UK
Robert Kourist Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
Thomas Krieg DECHEMA Research Institute, Germany
Wolfgang Kroutil Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Jim Lalonde Codexis Inc, USA
Eleanor D. Lamming Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, UK
Alexander Lang General Biochemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
Iván Lavandera Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Asturias Institute of Biotechnology, University of Oviedo, Spain
Friedemann Leipold School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
Marielle Lemaire Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, France
Jerôme Le Nôtre Biobased Commodity Chemistry, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Shu-Ming Li Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Philipp University of Marburg, Germany
Zhi Li Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Jack Liang Codexis Inc, USA
Benjamin Lichman Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, UK
Mike Liebhold Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Philipp University of Marburg, Germany
Ji Liu Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Sarah L. Lovelock School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
Ruth Lloyd Prozomix Limited, UK
Sumire Honda Malca Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Francisco Marquillas Interquim SA, R&D Department, Spain
Oliver May DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, The Netherlands
Rebecca E. Meadows AstraZeneca, Chemical Development, UK
Elise Meulenbroeks DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, The Netherlands
Xiao Meng Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
Yufeng Miao Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Marko D. Mihovilovic Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Igor A. Mikhailopulo Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, Belarus
Daniel Mink DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, The Netherlands
Gordana Minovska Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Anatoly I. Miroshnikov Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Daniela Monti Institute of Molecular Recognition Chemistry (CNR), Italy
Thomas S. Moody Almac, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK
Keith R. Mulholland AstraZeneca, Chemical Development, UK
Michael Müller Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Germany
Jan Muschiol Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Germany
Francesco G. Mutti School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
James H. Naismith Centre for Biomolecular Science, University of St Andrews, UK
Yasuko Nakano Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
Tanja Narancic Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Bettina M. Nestl Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Tristan Nicke General Biochemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Mathias Nordblad DTU Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Nikolin Oberleitner Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Elaine O'Reilly School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, UK
Fabio Parmeggiani Department of Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta,” Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Eugenio P. Patallo General Biochemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
Bharat P. Patel Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA
Teresa Pellicer Interquim SA, R&D Department, Spain
Xavier Pérez Javierre Universitat Ramon Llull, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Spain
Antoni Planas Universitat Ramon Llull, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Spain
Christin Peters Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Germany
Mathias Pickl Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Jörg Pietruszka Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany; IBG-1: Biotechnology Research Center Jülich, Germany
Gerrit J. Poelarends Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Stefan Polnick General Biochemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
Marta Pontini School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
Nicolas Poupard Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, France
Sarah M. Pratter Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering and Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
Yu-Yin Qi Prozomix Limited, UK; Northumbria University, Department of Applied Science, UK
Xinhua Qian Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA
Jelena Radivojevic Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Hemalata Ramesh DTU Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Tamara Reiter Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Hans Renata Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, USA
Verena Resch Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Andrew S. Rowan Almac, UK
Tomislav Rovis Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, USA
Jens Rudat Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Florian Rudroff Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Alessandro Sacchetti Department of Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta,” Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Takashi Sakai Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
Israel Sánchez-Moreno Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, France
Johan P. M. Sanders Biobased Commodity Chemistry, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Johann H. Sattler Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Michael A. Schätzle Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
Daniel Scheps Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Markus Schober Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Melanie Schölzel Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
Jens Schrader DECHEMA Research Institute, Germany
Joerg H. Schrittwieser Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Martin Schürmann DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, The Netherlands
Elinor L. Scott Biobased Commodity Chemistry, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Frank Seela Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Germany
Volker Sieber Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute branch Straubing, BioCat – Bio-, Chemo- and Electrocatalysis, Germany; Technical University Munich, Germany
Robert C. Simon Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Christopher Squire AstraZeneca, Chemical Development, UK
Vladimir A. Stepchenko Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, Belarus
Harrie Straatman DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, The Netherlands
Grit D. Straganz Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering and Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
Harald Strittmatter Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute branch Straubing, BioCat – Bio-, Chemo- and Electrocatalysis, Germany
Christoph Syldatk Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Anna Szekrenyi Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Spain
Lixia Tang School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
Steve J. C. Taylor Celbius Ltd, CUBIC, Cranfield University, UK
Michael Toesch Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Hai Giang Tran Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
Nicholas J. Turner School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
Toby J. Underwood Royal Society of Chemistry, UK
Michael A. van der Horst Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Johan F. T. van Lieshout Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Karl-Heinz van Pée General Biochemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
Oscar Verho Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden
Lydia S. Walter Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Germany
Simon Waltzer Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Germany
Liang Wang Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
John M. Ward Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, UK
Thomas R. Ward Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland
Nicholas J. Weise School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
Andrew S. Wells AstraZeneca, Chemical Development, UK
Ron Wever Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
John Whittall Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB), The University of Manchester, UK
Peter William General Biochemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
Yvonne M. Wilson Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland
Margit Winkler acib GmbH, Austria
Roland Wohlgemuth Sigma-Aldrich, Research Specialties, Switzerland
Michael Kwok Y. Wong Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA
John M. Woodley DTU Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Jian-Ping Wu Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
Christiane Wuensch Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
Gang Xu Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
Li-Rong Yang Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, China
Daiki Yoshida Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
Ferdinand Zepeck Sandoz GmbH, Austria
Xuechen Zhu School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
| A5P | D-Arabinose-5-phosphate |
| ABP | Acyl-Co-A binding protein domain |
| ABTS | 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid |
| ACN | Acetonitrile |
| ACP | Acyl-carrier protein domain |
| AcOEt | Ethyl acetate |
| Acyl-Co-A | Acetyl coenzyme A |
| AD | 4-Androstene-3,17-dione |
| ADD | 1,4-Androstadiene-3,17-dione |
| ADH | Alcohol dehydrogenase |
| ADH-hT | ADH from Bacillus stearothermophilus |
| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate |
| δ-ALA | δ-Aminolevulinic acid |
| AP | Area percentage |
| API | Active pharmaceutical ingredient |
| ArR-ωTA | ω-Transaminase from Aspergillus terreus |
| AST | Arylsulfotransferase |
| ATHase | Artificial transfer hydrogenases |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| AvPAL | Anabaena variabilis phenylalanine ammonia lyase |
| aw | Water activity |
| BBE | Berberine bridge enzyme |
| BDC | Benzoic acid decarboxylase |
| BHT | 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol |
| BIA | Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid |
| BM3 | CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium |
| BmGDH | Bacillus megaterium glucose 1-dehydrogenase |
| Boc | t-Butoxycarbonyl |
| BSA | Bovine serum albumin |
| BSTR | Batch-stirred tank reactor |
| BVMO | Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase |
| b.y. | Baker's yeast |
| CALA | Candida antarctica lipase A |
| CALB | Candida antarctica lipase B |
| CDW | Cell dry weight |
| CEBR | Continuous expanded-bed reactors |
| CFBR | Continuous fluidized-bed reactor |
| CH3-IMH | D,L-5-(3-Indolylmethyl)-3-N-methylhydantoin |
| CHMO | Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase from Acinetobacter sp. |
| CLEA | Cross-linked enzyme aggregates |
| CLEC | Cross-linked enzyme crystals |
| CPE | Chloro-1-phenylethanol |
| CPFR | Continuous plug-flow reactor |
| CPO | Chloroperoxidase from C. fumago |
| CPR | Cytochrome P450 reductase |
| CRED | Carbonyl reductase |
| CSTR | Continuous stirred-tank reactor |
| CV-ωTA | ω-Transaminase from Chromobacterium violaceum |
| CYP | Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase |
| DAAO | D-amino acid oxidase |
| DAB | 1,4-Diaminobutane |
| dC | 2′-Deoxycytidine |
| DCC | Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide |
| DCM | Dichloromethane |
| DCP | Dicholoro-2-propanol |
| DCU | Dicyclohexylurea |
| ddAHU7P | 1,2-Dideoxy-D-arabino-hept-3-ulose 7-phosphate |
| DEAE | Diethylaminoethanol (group in ion-exchange resin) |
| dF6P | 1-Deoxy-D-fructose-6-phosphate |
| dG | 2′-Deoxyguanosine |
| DHA | Dihydroxyacetone |
| DHAK | Dihydroxyacetone kinase |
| DHAP | Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
| DHK | Dihydroxyacetone kinase |
| dH2O | Distilled water |
| DIPE | Diisopropylether |
| DIPEA | Di-isopropyl ethylamine |
| DKR | Dynamic kinetic resolution |
| DMAP | 4-Dimethylaminopyridine |
| DMAPP | Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate |
| DMF | Dimethylformamide |
| DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxides |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| DSP | Downstream processing |
| DTT | Dithiothreitol |
| EDA | Ethyl diazoacetate |
| E | Enantiomeric ratio |
| EBA | Expanded-bed adsorption |
| EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
| ee | Enantiomeric excess |
| EEHP | Ethyl 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate |
| ELSD | Evaporative light-scattering detector |
| ER | Ene-reductases |
| ESI-MS | Electrospray ionization – mass spectrometry |
| Et2O | Diethyl ether |
| EtOAc | Ethyl acetate |
| F6P | D-Fructose-6-phosphate |
| FAD | Flavin adenine dinucleotide |
| FADH2 | Flavin adenine dinucleotide, reduced form |
| FBR | Fluidized-bed reactor |
| FDH | Formate dehydrogenase |
| FID | Flame ionization detection |
| FMN | Flavin mononucleotide |
| FMO | Flavin monooxygenase enzyme |
| FPLC | Fast protein liquid chromatography |
| FSA | D-Fructose-6-phosphate aldolase |
| FTIR | Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy |
| αG1P | α-D-Glucose 1-phosphate |
| G3P | D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
| GA | Glycolaldehyde |
| GABA | γ-Aminobutyric acid |
| GC | Gas chromatography |
| GC-FID | Gas chromatography – flame ionization detection |
| GC-MS | Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry |
| GDE | Gas diffusion electrode |
| GDH | Glucose dehydrogenase |
| Gly-Gly | Glycyl-glycine buffer |
| GM | Glucose-milk medium |
| GPC | Gel permeation chromatography |
| GPDH | α-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase |
| HA | Hydroxyacetone |
| Hal | Halogenase |
| HapD | Thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme from Hahella chejuensis |
| HB | Hydroxybutanone |
| Hct | Hectochlorin biosynthesis enzyme |
| HEPES | 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid |
| Hhe | Halohydrin dehalogenase |
| HLADH | Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase |
| HNB | Hefe–Nährbouillon |
| 4-HPAA | 4-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde |
| HPLC | High-performance liquid chromatography |
| HPLC-DAD | High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection |
| HPLC-RI | High-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index |
| HRP | Horse radish peroxidase |
| IL | Ionic liquid |
| INT | Iodonitrotetrazolium salt |
| IPA | Isopropyl alcohol |
| IPAc | Isopropyl acetate |
| IPTG | Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside |
| IRED | Imine reductase |
| IS | Internal standard |
| ISPR | In situ product removal |
| KDO | 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid |
| α-KG | α-Ketoglutarate |
| KPi | Potassium phosphate buffer |
| KR | Kinetic resolution |
| KRED | Ketoreductase |
| LB | Luria–Bertani medium |
| LDH | Lactose dehydrogenase |
| LK-ADH | ADH from Lactobacillus kefir |
| LSADH | Leifsonia sp. alcohol dehydrogenase |
| M9-N | M9 minimal salts microbial growth medium |
| MALDI | Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization |
| MAO-N | Monoamine oxidase from Aspergillus niger |
| MBR | Membrane bioreactor |
| MCF | Siliceous mesocellular foam |
| MeCN | Acetonitrile |
| MeOH | Methanol |
| MES | 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid |
| MOPS | 4-Morpholinepropanesulfonic acid |
| MS | Mass spectrometry |
| MPLC | Medium-pressure liquid chromatography |
| MPTA | α-Methyl-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid |
| MTBE | Methyl t-butyl ether |
| MWCO | Molecular weight cut-off |
| m/z | Mass-to-charge ratio |
| NAAAR | N-Acetyl amino acid racemase |
| NAD+ | β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
| NADH | β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form |
| NADPH | β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate, reduced form |
| NADP+ | β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate |
| NCS | (S)-Norcoclaurine synthase |
| Ni-NTA | Nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid |
| nm | Nanometer |
| NCβPhe | N-Carbamoyl-β-phenylalanine |
| NMR | Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
| OD | Optical density |
| ω-OHFA | ω-Hydroxy fatty acid |
| OxM | Oxygenase medium |
| 4-OT | Oxalocrotonate tautomerase |
| OYE | Old yellow enzyme |
| P450cam | Cytochrome P450 camphor-hydroxylating |
| PAD | Phenolic acid decarboxylase |
| PAGE | Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
| PAL | Phenylalanine ammonia lyase |
| PAPS | Adenosine-3′-phospho-5′-phosphosulfate |
| PAS | Sulfatase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| PBR | Packed-bed reactor |
| PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
| PE | Petrol ether |
| PEP | Phosphoenolpyruvic acid |
| PFAM | Protein family |
| PheDU | Phenyldihydrouracil |
| PhoN-Sf | Phosphatase from Shigella flexneri |
| PigD | Thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme from Serratia marcescens |
| PK | Pyruvate kinase |
| PLP | Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate |
| PMMA | Poly(methyl methacrylate) |
| PMSF | Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride |
| PNP | Purine nucleoside phosphorylase |
| PPi | Pyrophosphate anion P2O74− |
| PPM | Phosphopentomutase |
| PPTase | 4′-Phosphopantetheinyl transferase |
| PTFE | Polytetrafluoroethylene |
| PYR | Pyruvate |
| prnA | Tryptophan 7-halogenase |
| R&D | Research and development |
| rac | Racemic |
| Rf | Retention factor |
| RgPAL | Rhodotorula glutinis phenylalanine ammonia lyase |
| RK | Ribokinase |
| RmQred | Quinuclidinone reductase of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa |
| ROH | Generic alcohol |
| RPE | Ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase |
| RPI | Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase |
| PVDF | Polyvinylidene difluoride |
| pyrH | Tryptophan 5-halogenase |
| RmQred | Quinuclidinone reductase of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa |
| rpm | Revolutions per minute |
| rt | Room temperature |
| Rt | Retention time |
| Sav | Streptavidin |
| SDR | Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase |
| SDS | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
| SeAAS | Thiamine diphosphate dependent enzyme from Saccharopolyspora erythraea |
| SFC | Supercritical fluid chromatography |
| Sfp | Phosphopanthetheinyl moiety transfer protein from Bacillus subtilis |
| SFPR | Substrate feeding product removal |
| SIM | Single-ion monitoring |
| TA | Transaminase |
| TA-CV | ω-Transaminase from Chromobacterium violaceum |
| TB | Terrific broth |
| TEAA | Triethylamine acetate |
| TEMPO | 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl |
| TFA | Trifluoroacetic acid |
| THIQ | Tetrahydroisoquinoline |
| THNR | Tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase |
| TLC | Thin-layer chromatography |
| TOF | Time-of-flight |
| TPI | Triosephosphate isomerase |
| Tris | Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane |
| TycF | Thioesterase from Bacillus brevis |
| U | Units |
| UF | Ultrafiltration |
| UHPLC-UV | Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet |
| UV | Ultraviolet |
| VCD | Vibrational circular dichroism |
| VCPO | Vanadium chloroperoxidase |
| v/v | Volume/volume |
| vvm | Gas volume flow per unit of liquid volume per minute (vessel volume per minute) |
| wcw | Wet cell weight |
| wt | Wild type |
| w/v | Weight/volume |
| w/w | Weight/weight |
| 2xYT | 2xYT Medium for microbial growth |
| YPD | Yeast extract peptone dextrose medium |