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Cover
Title Page
Contributors
Preface and Acknowledgements
Foreword
1. References
1 Our Antelope Heritage – Why the Fuss?
1. Introduction
2. Antelopes – an evolutionary success story … so far
3. Antelopes as an integral part of the structure and function of ecosystems
4. Threats facing antelopes today
5. Outline of this book
6. References
2 Conservation Challenges Facing African Savanna Ecosystems
1. Key characteristics of savanna systems
2. People and the function of savannas: salient conservation issues for antelopes
3. Moving forward: a prospectus for the conservation of African antelope in the 21^st century
4. References
3 Population Regulation and Climate Change: The Future of Africa’s Antelope
1. Introduction
2. How will climate change affect Africa’s habitats?
3. How do ungulates divide their niche space?
4. Do environmental gradients affect animal movement?
5. Conclusion
6. References
4 Interspecific Resource Competition in Antelopes: Search for Evidence
1. Introduction
2. Limits of this review and the sources of information
3. What is interspecific competition, and what is the evidence one must look for?
4. Strong evidence, weak evidence, and no evidence
5. Cases of insufficient evidence for competition in antelopes
6. Multi‐causality and untestability – more cases without evidence for competition
7. Cases of weak evidence for competition in ungulates
8. Cases of facilitation in ungulates
9. Conclusion: there is no evidence that different antelope species compete with each other
10. References
5 Importance of Antelope Bushmeat Consumption in African Wet and Moist Tropical Forests
1. Introduction
2. Antelope richness and abundance in tropical ecosystems
3. Hunting in African moist forests
4. Antelope hunting levels in African moist forests
5. Impact of bushmeat hunting on forest antelopes
6. Conclusion
7. References
6 Opportunities and Pitfalls in Realising the Potential Contribution of Trophy Hunting to Antelope Conservation
1. Trophy hunting as a conservation tool for antelopes
2. What effect does trophy hunting actually have?
3. Improving the sustainability of trophy hunting
4. Conclusion
5. References
7 Antelope Diseases – the Good, the Bad and the Ugly
1. Introduction
2. The ‘good’: disease ecology – what do we know about the role of infectious disease in natural antelope population dynamics and in genetic health?
3. The ‘bad’: disease impacts and threats to fragmented and depressed antelope populations – are these significant?
4. The ‘Ugly’: veterinary regulations and disease control measures – are these good or bad for antelope conservation?
5. Conclusion
6. References
8 Hands‐on Approaches to Managing Antelopes and their Ecosystems: A South African Perspective
1. Introduction
2. Conservation management framework, outcomes and strategic interventions
3. Connected landscapes
4. Habitat diversity
5. Trophic and ecological structure
6. Ecological processes
7. Population persistence
8. Reduced threats from alien species
9. Resilience to climate change
10. Economic viability and conflict avoidance
11. Conclusion
12. References
9 DNA in the Conservation and Management of African Antelope
1. Patterns of evolution in sub‐Saharan Africa
2. Conservation and management
3. Wildlife forensics
4. Perspectives
5. References
10 Biological Conservation Founded on Landscape Genetics
1. Habitat fragmentation and its effects on antelope populations
2. Landscape genetics as a tool in wildlife conservation
3. The mountain nyala – a case study
4. Conclusion: landscape genetics and antelope conservation
5. References
11 The Use of Camera‐Traps to Monitor Forest Antelope Species
1. Introduction
2. Sampling forest antelopes using conventional methods
3. Sampling forest antelopes using camera‐traps
4. Camera‐trap forest antelope sampling case studies
5. Conclusion
6. References
12 Reintroduction as an Antelope Conservation Solution
1. Introduction
2. What is a reintroduction?
3. How common are antelope reintroduction efforts?
4. Do the antelope species of reintroduction efforts have anything in common?
5. How successful have antelope reintroductions been?
6. Constraints to releasing antelopes on unenclosed areas
7. Discussion
8. References
13 Desert Antelopes on the Brink
1. Introduction
2. The Sahelo‐Saharan zone
3. Status and distribution of Sahelo‐Saharan wildlife
4. Threats to Sahelo‐Saharan wildlife
5. Conservation of Sahelo‐Saharan ungulates
6. The future of Sahelo‐Saharan antelopes
7. References
14 The Fall and Rise of the Scimitar‐Horned Oryx
1. From abundance to extinction in the wild
2. The safety net: the development of modern captive populations
3. Returning to nature: the initial steps
4. The future of the scimitar‐horned oryx
5. References
15 Two Decades of Saiga Antelope Research
1. Background
2. Saigas as victims of a turbulent history
3. Conservation responses
4. Our research, phase one: science for science's sake
5. Phase two: research for conservation
6. Phase three: evaluating conservation outcomes
7. New stories, old stories
8. What have we learnt in twenty years?
9. References
16 Synthesis: Antelope Conservation – Realising the Potential
1. What do we want to preserve?
2. Using ecosystem services provided by antelopes to support their conservation
3. Integrating local and global action to preserve our antelope heritage
4. Priorities for research
5. Conclusion
6. References
Appendix
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 04
1. Table 1 The worldview or paradigm adhered to may depend on the study system of the researcher and make the chances of invoking inter‐specific competition less or more likely. For example, most gazelle species are living in arid or semi‐arid systems, and most of these areas appear to fall in the domain where non‐equilibrium dynamics are thought to be prevalent.
2. Table 2 Strength of evidence for the effects of resource competition and resource facilitation, based on Spear & Chown (2007: Table 1) but modified (I have added the requirement for resource limitation to the facilitation rows). If 1d or 2c reveal non‐significant relationships it is likely that diffuse competition or facilitation takes place. If two species have no perfect resource use overlap (‘resource partitioning’) then this is insufficient information to draw the conclusion that this points at competition (see text).
Chapter 07
1. Table 1 Antelope infections (usually asymptomatic carriers or hosts)
2. Table 2 Major infectious diseases of antelope
Chapter 11
1. Table 1 Strengths and limitations of camera‐traps for sampling forest antelopes.
2. Table 2 Aders’ duiker event rates in the Boni‐Dodori and Arabuko‐Sokoke camera sampling grids. Event rate was calculated as the mean of the number of independent photographic events per trap day times 100.
3. Table 3 Modelled occupancy estimates and detection probability estimates for the Aders’ duiker in the Boni‐Dodori and Arabuko‐Sokoke camera sampling grids. Naïve occupancy is presented where encounters were too few to model occupancy.
4. Table 4 Event rate, naïve and modelled occupancy for six antelope species photographed at 42 camera stations, Pic de Fon, Guinea, 2009.
Chapter 12
1. Table 1 Antelope genera, extant species, weights (kg), Red List status and reintroduction status. Where a genus contains species with widely differing weights, the species have been grouped into separate categories, identified in Table 1 as ‘Cephalophus 1’, ‘Cephalophus 2’ etc. The apparent overlaps between some of these categories are due to extreme sexual dimorphism within their species. Reintroduction status: R = species has been reintroduced; r = species waiting to be reintroduced.
2. Table 2 Antelope species with a reintroduction effort
3. Table 3 Reintroduced antelopes: best estimates of locations and numbers. The area available, if fenced, may be part of a larger protected area.
Chapter 13
1. Table 1 IUCN Red List status of ungulates and selected other taxa of the Sahelo‐Saharan zone.
2. Table 2 Sahelo‐Saharan ungulates in formal zoo breeding programmes in the United States (AZA) and Europe (EAZA). Source: Abáigar (pers. comm. 2013), Espeso Pajares (pers. comm. 2013), Fischer (pers. comm. 2013), Goodwin (pers. comm. 2013), Moreno (pers. comm. 2013). SSP = Species Survival Plan, EEP = European Endangered Species Programme. The numbers in brackets use the convention of number of males followed by the number of females e.g. 2.7 translates as two males and seven females.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1 Thomson gazelles and impalas in Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya
2. Figure 2 The evolution within Bovidae since the divergence from deer 32 million years ago (for common names, see the Appendix). Bar indicates one million years.
Chapter 03
1. Figure 1 Structural equation models assessing the spatial recurrence of savanna grazers in the Serengeti ecosystem; (a) African buffalo, (b) Coke’s hartebeest, (c) topi, (d) Grant’s gazelle, and (e) Thomson’s gazelle. Solid lines indicate significant paths (p < 0.05) and are weighted according to their standardized path strength. Positive path strengths are illustrated black lines and increase the probability of recurrence. Negative path strengths in grey decrease the probability of recurrence. Curved double‐headed arrows represent correlations between exogenous predictor variables and the overall variation explained by the model is in bold above the recurrence index box. The results illustrate the distribution of small ungulates are constrained by predation and grass quality while large ungulates are weakly constrained by food abundance.
Chapter 05
1. Figure 1 Comparison of ungulate biomass between tropical dry forests (TDF), tropical rainforests (TRF), and savannas (SAV) in neotopical (Neo), palaeotropical (Palaeo) and African (Afr) regions separately. Localities where livestock were (+) or were not (–) included are shown.
2. Figure 2 Rank order diagram indicating the percentage contribution of the main mammal groups to hunting in 26 tropical moist forest sites in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Chapter 06
1. Figure 1 Management Strategy Evaluation framework including a manager decision‐making model (also called assessment model) passing the quota to the hunter and/or local people's decision‐making model, who may deviate or not from the quota. These people hunt animals with impacts on their biology described in a biological model. Finally, the observation model translates monitoring data into indicators that can be used by the manager to inform decision making.
2. Box Figure 1 Male mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in the Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia.
Chapter 08
1. Figure 1 Management actions required to deliver on conservation outcomes for ‘large’ (>10,000 km², open squares) and ‘small’ (solid squares) protected areas. The size of the square indicates the extent to which such activities would be required (large square = extensively used or important; small square = infrequently used or less important).
2. Figure 2 Trends in the total area (ha), number of vegetation units, and the ‘climate adaptation area’ (ha) covered by national parks in South Africa since 1930. A ‘climate adaptation area’ is defined as an area of high biotic and abiotic diversity, including steep gradients in temperature, precipitation, and altitude (Holness & Bradshaw, 2012). Vegetation units refer to a complex of plant communities occupying the landscape (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).
3. Figure 3 The population trends of antelope species within 17 South African National Parks (NPs). (MoNP = Mokala, MNP = Marakele, MpNP = Mapungubwe, MZNP = Mountain Zebra, CNP = Camdeboo, GGHNP = Golden Gate Highlands, KRNP = Karoo, AENP = Addo Elephant, NNP = Namqua, KGNP = Kalahari Gemsbok, TKNP = Tankwa Karoo, KNP = Kruger, WCNP = West Coast, AFNP = Augrabies Falls, BNP = Bontebok, TABLMT = Table Mountain, ANP = Agulhas).
Chapter 09
1. Figure 1 Distribution, diversity, and regional biogeography of sub‐Saharan African antelope species. (a) Diversity isoclines of ungulates (hoofed mammals) across sub‐Saharan Africa. Bovids, a taxonomic group dominated by antelopes, make up 80% of ungulate species. Distribution of savanna in grey shading, redrawn from Toit & Cumming (1999). (b) The four main biogeographic regions elucidated from comparative phylogeographic data of antelope and other savanna‐adapted species. In many species, East Africa is the only region that harbours several endemic, distinct genetic lineages.
2. Figure 2 Four examples of regional genetic structuring inferred from genetic data. Populations that have been genotyped are indicated by black dots. Species distributions are in light grey, and biogeographic regions inferred from genetic data are in dark grey. The species and genetic studies are (a) impala (Aepyceros melampus) (Lorenzen, Arctander, et al., 2006a), (b) eland (Tragelaphus oryx) (Lorenzen et al., 2010), (c) Grant’s gazelle (Nanger granti) (Lorenzen et al., 2007) and (d) waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) (Lorenzen, Simonsen, et al., 2006b). Solid black lines in (b) and (d) indicate hybrid zones. Antelope illustrations by Jonathan Kingdon.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 1 Female mountain nyala.
2. Figure 2 Mountain nyala distribution in the Bale mountains. As can be seen from this map, most of the populations are found in localities outside the conservation area within the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP).
3. Figure 3 Predicted dispersal corridors between the mountain nyala populations in the Bale Massif, as derived from least‐cost path analysis of habitat suitability maps. The three most recommended conservation corridors are indicated by thick lines
Chapter 11
1. Figure 1 Pictures of the white rump‐band and leg‐spots (left image), key distinguishing features, of Aders’ duiker were sometimes partially obscured in infra‐red illuminated black and white images (right image).
2. Figure 2 Aders’ duiker grooming a calf, Boni National Reserve, Kenya, May 2010.
3. Figure 3 Camera‐trap evidence of forest antelope behaviour at a pre‐orbital gland scent‐marking wand, Boni National Reserve, Kenya, May 2010.
4. Figure 4 Camera‐trap monitoring of Aders’ duiker scent marking behaviour; outcome of n=122 visits to a scent‐marking station on a naturally growing wand, Boni National Reserve, Kenya, May 2010.
5. Figure 5 Probability of detection for six forest antelope species, Pic de Fon, Guinea, 2009.
6. Figure 6 Comparative occupancy rates.
7. Figure 7 24‐hour distribution of camera‐trap events for six antelope species living sympatrically at Pic de Fon, Guinea 2009.
8. Figure 8 Distribution of six antelope species across the camera‐trap grid, showing each location where cameras detected antelopes, weighted by photographic event rate, Pic de Fon Guinea 2009 [shading represents contour relief].
Chapter 12
1. Figure 1 Antelope habitat selection.
2. Figure 2 Antelope diets.
3. Figure 3 Antelope movement patterns.
4. Figure 4 The countries where antelopes have been reintroduced or which have species‐in‐waiting.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 1 Map of the Sahelo‐Saharan zone of Africa. The Sahara desert is shown in light grey, the Sahel is the bordering dark grey area to the south, and the dark grey area to the north is normally referred to as “sub‐desert steppe”.
2. Figure 2 Female red‐fronted gazelle in Zakouma National Park, Chad (© John Newby).
3. Figure 3 Maps showing the current distribution of the addax (Addax nasomaculatus), the scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah), the dama gazelle (Nanger dama), the dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), the slender‐horned gazelle (Gazella leptoceros), the Cuvier’s gazelle (Gazella cuvieri), and the red‐fronted gazelle (Eudorcas rufifrons). Drawn by Mike Hoffmann based on data from the IUCN Red List, v 2015.3, www.iucnredlist.org.
Chapter 14
1. Figure 1 Assumed indigenous distribution of scimitar‐horned oryx across the Saharan region based on documented sightings and zones of presence, and likely ecological range (Barzdo, 1982; Bonnet, 1909; Brehm, 1920; H. Brahim, pers. comm.; Dixon et al., 1991; Flower, 1932; Gillet, 1965; Gillet, 1966; Gillet, 1971; Gordon, 1991; Haltenorth, 1963; Heringa, 1989; IUCN. 1987; Maydon, 1923; Newby, 1975; Newby, 1984; Olsen et al., 2001; Rode, P. 1943; Schomber, H.W. 1963; Sclater & Thomas, 1899/1900; Wilson, 1980).
2. Figure 2 Approximate dates marking the local extinction of scimitar‐horned oryx by country (Devillers & Devillers‐Terschuren, 2005; Wakefield et al., 2004; Newby, 1988). Dots mark the locations of current scimitar‐horned oryx populations in Tunisia, Morocco, and Senegal.
Chapter 15
1. Figure 1 Map of saiga distribution in the past and present.
2. Figure 2 Saiga antelope population changes since the 1980s.
3. Figure 3 The changing themes of EJMG's saiga research and conservation over her research career.

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Conservation Science and Practice Series

Published in association with the Zoological Society of London

Wiley‐Blackwell and the Zoological Society of London are proud to present our Conservation Science and Practice series. Each book in the series reviews a key issue in conservation today from a multidisciplinary viewpoint.

Each book proposal will be assessed by independent academic referees, as well as our Series Editorial Panel. Members of the Panel include:

Richard Cowling, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
John Gittleman, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, USA
Andrew Knight, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
Nigel Leader‐Williams, University of Cambridge, UK
Georgina Mace, University College London, UK
Daniel Pauly, University of British Columbia, Canada
Stuart Pimm, Duke University, USA
Hugh Possingham, University of Queensland, Australia
Peter Raven, Missouri Botanical Gardens, USA
Helen Regan, University of California, Riverside, USA
Alex Rogers, University of Oxford, UK
Michael Samways, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
Nigel Stork, Griffith University, Australia

Previously published

Elephants and Savanna Woodland Ecosystems: A Study from Chobe National Park, Botswana
Edited by Christina Skarpe, Johan T. du Toit, and Stein R. Moe
ISBN: 978‐0‐470‐67176‐4 Hardcover; May 2014

Biodiversity Monitoring and Conservation: Bridging the Gap between Global Commitment and Local Action
Edited by Ben Collen, Nathalie Pettorelli, Jonathan E. M. Baillie, and Sarah M. Durant
ISBN: 978‐1‐4443‐3291‐9 Hardcover;
ISBN: 978‐1‐4443‐3292‐6 Paperback; April 2013

Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Alleviation: Exploring the Evidence for a Link
Edited by Dilys Roe, Joanna Elliott, Chris Sandbrook, and Matt Walpole
ISBN: 978‐0‐470‐67478‐9 Paperback;
ISBN: 978‐0‐470‐67479‐6 Hardcover; December 2012

Applied Population and Community Ecology: The Case of Feral Pigs in Australia
Edited by Jim Hone
ISBN: 978‐0‐470‐65864‐2 Hardcover; July 2012

Tropical Forest Conservation and Industry Partnership: An Experience from the Congo Basin
Edited by Connie J. Clark and John R. Poulsen
ISBN: 978‐0‐4706‐7373‐7 Hardcover; March 2012

Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Management
Edited by John G. Ewen, Doug. P. Armstrong, Kevin A. Parker, and Philip J. Seddon
ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐8674‐2 Paperback;
ISBN: 978‐1‐4443‐6156‐8 Hardcover; January 2012

Trade‐offs in Conservation: Deciding What to Save
Edited by Nigel Leader‐Williams, William M. Adams, and Robert J. Smith
ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐9383‐2 Paperback; ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐9384‐9 Hardcover; September 2010

Urban Biodiversity and Design
Edited by Norbert Müller, Peter Werner, and John G. Kelcey
ISBN: 978‐1‐4443‐3267‐4 Paperback;
ISBN: 978‐1‐4443‐3266‐7 Hardcover; April 2010

Wild Rangelands: Conserving Wildlife While Maintaining Livestock in Semi‐Arid Ecosystems
Edited by Johan T. du Toit, Richard Kock, and James C. Deutsch
Edited by Glyn Davies and David Brown
ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐6779‐6 Paperback; December 2007

Reintroduction of Top‐Order Predators
Edited by Matt W. Hayward and Michael J. Somers
ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐7680‐4 Paperback;
ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐9273‐6 Hardcover; April 2009

Recreational Hunting, Conservation, and Rural Livelihoods: Science and Practice
Edited by Barney Dickson, Jonathan Hutton, and Bill Adams
ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐6785‐7 Paperback;
ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐9142‐5 Hardcover; March 2009

Participatory Research in Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Doing Science Together
Edited by Louise Fortmann
ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐7679‐8 Paperback; October 2008

Bushmeat and Livelihoods: Wildlife Management and Poverty Reduction
Edited by Glyn Davies and David Brown
ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐6779‐6 Paperback; December 2007

Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation: Moving from Perspectives to Principles
Edited by David Lindenmayer and Richard Hobbs
ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐5914‐2 Paperback; December 2007

Protected Areas: Are They Safeguarding Biodiversity?
Edited by Lucas Joppa, Jonathan Baillie and John Robinson
ISBN: 9781118338155 Paperback;
ISBN: 9781118338162 Hardcover; March 2016

Conservation Science and Practice Series

Previously published

Conservation Science and Practice Series

Antelope Conservation: From Diagnosis to Action

Edited by

Jakob Bro‐Jørgensen
David P. Mallon

Conservation Science and Practice Series

Previously published

Edited by Jakob Bro‐JørgensenDavid P. Mallon

Edited by

Jakob Bro‐Jørgensen
David P. Mallon