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Nuclear and Particle Physics - An introduction Wiley - 2006, Nuclear and Particle Physics - Second Edition Wiley 2009.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Martin, B. R. (Brian Robert), author. ∣ Shaw, G. (Graham), 1942– author.

Title: Nuclear and particle physics : an introduction / Brian R. Martin (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, UK), Graham Shaw (School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK).

Description: Third edition. ∣ Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2019. ∣ Includes index. ∣

Identifiers: LCCN 2018043095 (print) ∣ LCCN 2018058046 (ebook) ∣ ISBN 9781119344629 (Adobe PDF) ∣ ISBN 9781119344636 (ePub) ∣ ISBN 9781119344612 (pbk.)

Subjects: LCSH: Nuclear physics–Textbooks. ∣ Particles (Nuclear physics)–Textbooks.

Classification: LCC QC776 (ebook) ∣ LCC QC776 .M34 2019 (print) ∣ DDC 539.7/2–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018043095

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Images: Courtesy of Brookhaven National Laboratory

CONTENTS

Cover

Preface

Notes

1 Basic concepts

1.1 History
1.2 Relativity and antiparticles
1.3 Space-time symmetries and conservation laws
1.4 Interactions and Feynman diagrams
1.5 Particle exchange: forces and potentials
1.6 Observable quantities: cross-sections and decay rates
1.7 Units
Problems 1
Notes

2 Nuclear phenomenology

2.1 Mass spectroscopy
2.2 Nuclear shapes and sizes
2.3 Semi-empirical mass formula: the liquid drop model
2.4 Nuclear instability
2.5 Decay chains
2.6 β decay phenomenology
2.7 Fission
2.8 γ decays
2.9 Nuclear reactions
Problems 2
Notes

3 Particle phenomenology

3.1 Leptons
3.2 Quarks
3.3 Hadrons
Problems 3
Notes

4 Experimental methods

4.1 Overview
4.2 Accelerators and beams
4.3 Particle interactions with matter
4.4 Particle detectors
4.5 Detector Systems
Problems 4
Notes

5 Quark dynamics: the strong interaction

5.1 Colour
5.2 Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
5.3 New forms of matter
5.4 Jets and gluons
5.5 Deep inelastic scattering and nucleon structure
5.6 Other processes
5.7 Current and constituent quarks
Problems 5
Notes

6 Weak interactions and electroweak unification

6.1 Charged and neutral currents
6.2 Charged current reactions
6.3 The third generation
6.4 Neutral currents and the unified theory
6.5 Gauge invariance and the Higgs boson
Problems 6
Notes

7 Symmetry breaking in the weak interaction

7.1 P violation, C violation, and CP conservation
7.2 Spin structure of the weak interactions
7.3 Neutral kaons: particle–antiparticle mixing and CP violation
7.4 CP violation and flavour oscillations in B decays
7.5 CP violation in the standard model
Problems 7
Notes

8 Models and theories of nuclear physics

8.1 The nucleon–nucleon potential
8.2 Fermi gas model
8.3 Shell model
8.4 Nonspherical nuclei
8.5 Summary of nuclear structure models
8.6 α decay
8.7 β decay
8.8 γ decay
Problems 8
Notes

9 Applications of nuclear and particle physics

9.1 Fission
9.2 Fusion
9.3 Nuclear weapons
9.4 Biomedical applications
9.5 Further applications
Problems 9
Notes

10 Some outstanding questions and future prospects

10.1 Overview
10.2 Hadrons and nuclei
10.3 Unification schemes
10.4 The nature of the neutrino
10.5 Particle astrophysics
Notes

A Some results in quantum mechanics

A.1 Barrier penetration
A.2 Density of states
A.3 Perturbation theory and the Second Golden Rule
A.4 Isospin formalism
Problems A
Notes

B Relativistic kinematics

B.1 Lorentz transformations and four-vectors
B.2 Frames of reference
B.3 Invariants
Problems B
Notes

C Rutherford scattering

C.1 Classical physics
C.2 Quantum mechanics
Problems C
Note

D Gauge theories

D.1 Gauge invariance and the standard model
D.2 Particle masses and the Higgs field
Problems D
Notes

E Short answers to selected problems

Problems 1
Problems 2
Problems 3
Problems 4
Problems 5
Problems 6
Problems 7
Problems 8
Problems 9
Problems A
Problems B
Problems C

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 The observed electron energy distribution dN/dE in β decay (dashed line) as a f...
Figure 1.2 Some examples of electromagnetic processes: (a) single-photon exchange in e⁻ + ...
Figure 1.3 The forbidden vertex e⁻ → e⁺ + γ.
Figure 1.4 Contributions to the elastic weak scattering reaction e⁻ + ν_e → e⁻ + ν_e by (a) ...
Figure 1.5 (a) The decay of a neutron via an intermediate W boson; (b) single π⁰ exchange ...
Figure 1.6 Exchange of a particle X in the reaction A + B → A + B.
Figure 1.7 Two-photon exchange in the reaction e⁻ + e⁻ → e⁻ + e⁻.
Figure 1.8 Geometry of the differential cross-section. A beam of particles, shown in green...
Figure 1.9 The Breit–Wigner formula (1.82).
Figure 1.10 Formation and decay of a resonance R in the reaction 1 + 2 → f.
Figure 1.11 Formation and decay of a resonance R in the reaction 1 + 2 → f.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Schematic diagram of a deflection mass spectrometer.
Figure 2.2 Schematic diagram of a deflection mass spectrometer.
Figure 2.3 Schematic diagram of a deflection mass spectrometer.
Figure 2.4 Schematic diagram of a deflection mass spectrometer.
Figure 2.5 Schematic diagram of a deflection mass spectrometer.
Figure 2.6 Schematic diagram of a deflection mass spectrometer.
Figure 2.7 Schematic diagram of a deflection mass spectrometer.
Figure 2.8 Schematic diagram of a deflection mass spectrometer.
Figure 2.9 Binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A for stable and long-l...
Figure 2.10 Schematic diagram of nuclear energy levels near the highest filled levels.
Figure 2.11 Fit to the binding energy data (shown as green circles) for odd-A and even-A nu...
Figure 2.12 Contributions to the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number fo...
Figure 2.13 Contributions to the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number fo...
Figure 2.14 Time variation of the relative numbers of nuclei in the decay chain (2.69).
Figure 2.15 (a) Mass parabola of the A = 111 isobars. (b) Mass parabolas of the A = 102 iso...
Figure 2.16 (a) Mass parabola of the A = 111 isobars. (b) Mass parabolas of the A = 102 iso...
Figure 2.17 Deformation of a heavy nucleus.
Figure 2.18 Potential energy during different stages of a fission reaction.
Figure 2.19 Energy-level diagram showing the excitation of a compound nucleus C^* and its s...
Figure 2.20 Energy-level diagram showing the excitation of a compound nucleus C^* and its s...
Figure 2.21 Direct and compound nucleus reactions in nuclear reactions initiated by protons...
Figure 2.22 Direct and compound nucleus reactions in nuclear reactions initiated by protons...
Figure 2.23 Direct and compound nucleus reactions in nuclear reactions initiated by protons...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Single-photon exchange in the reaction e⁺e⁻ → μ⁺μ⁻.
Figure 3.2 Dominant Feynman diagram for the decay .
Figure 3.3 Dominant Feynman diagram for the decay .
Figure 3.4 Dominant Feynman diagram for the decay .
Figure 3.5 Dominant Feynman diagram for the decay .
Figure 3.6 Dominant Feynman diagram for the decay .
Figure 3.7 Three-neutrino squared-mass spectra in both the ‘normal’ and ‘inverted’ mass hi...
Figure 3.8 A Feynman diagram contributing to the decay τ⁻ → μ⁻ + γ. There are two other di...
Figure 3.9 A Feynman diagram contributing to the decay τ⁻ → μ⁻ + γ. There are two other di...
Figure 3.10 Mechanism for two-jet production in e⁺e⁻ annihilation reaction.
Figure 3.11 Quark Feynman diagram for the decay in the spectator model.
Figure 3.12 Production mechanism for the reaction .
Figure 3.13 Production mechanism for the reaction .
Figure 3.14 Total cross-sections for π⁻p and π⁺p scattering.
Figure 3.15 The lowest-lying states with (a) J^P = 0⁻ and (b) J^P = 1⁻ that are composed of u...
Figure 3.16 The lowest-lying states with (a) J^P = 1/2⁺ and (b) J = 3/2⁺ that are composed o...
Figure 3.17 The J = 3/2⁺ baryon states composed of u, d, s, and c quarks.
Figure 3.18 Feyman diagrams for the decays (a) K^*+ → K⁰ + π⁺, (b) π⁺ → μ⁺ + ν_μ, and (c) Λ...
Figure 3.19 Mechanism for the formation of mesons V⁰ with quantum numbers J^PC = 1⁻⁻ in ele...
Figure 3.20 Mechanism for the formation of mesons V⁰ with quantum numbers J^PC = 1⁻⁻ in ele...
Figure 3.21 Quark diagrams for (a) the decay of a charmonium state to a pair of charmed mes...
Figure 3.22 The states of charmonium () and bottomonium () ...
Figure 3.23 Patterns of S- and P-wave energy levels arising from (a) Coulomb-like (r⁻¹) and...
Figure 3.24 Heavy quark–antiquark potentials obtained from fitting the energy levels of cha...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Principle of the tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (see text for a detailed desc...
Figure 4.2 Acceleration in a linear ion accelerator.
Figure 4.3 Acceleration in a linear ion accelerator.
Figure 4.4 Cross-section of: (a) a typical bending (dipole) magnet; (b) a focusing (quadru...
Figure 4.5 Magnitude of the electric field as a function of time at a fixed point in the r...
Figure 4.6 Magnitude of the electric field as a function of time at a fixed point in the r...
Figure 4.7 Magnitude of the electric field as a function of time at a fixed point in the r...
Figure 4.8 Magnitude of the electric field as a function of time at a fixed point in the r...
Figure 4.9 Total and elastic cross-sections for π⁻p scattering as functions of the pion la...
Figure 4.10 Total and elastic cross-sections for π⁻p scattering as functions of the pion la...
Figure 4.11 Dominant Feynman diagrams for the bremsstrahlung process e⁻ + (Z, A) → e⁻ + γ +...
Figure 4.12 Dominant Feynman diagrams for the bremsstrahlung process e⁻ + (Z, A) → e⁻ + γ +...
Figure 4.13 The pair production process γ + (Z, A) → e⁻ + e⁺ + (Z, A).
Figure 4.14 Gas amplification factor as a function of voltage V applied in a single-wire ga...
Figure 4.15 Gas amplification factor as a function of voltage V applied in a single-wire ga...
Figure 4.16 Gas amplification factor as a function of voltage V applied in a single-wire ga...
Figure 4.17 Schematic diagram of a resistive-plate chamber.
Figure 4.18 Schematic diagram of a resistive-plate chamber.
Figure 4.19 A particle P, produced from the target, emits Čerenkov radiation on traversing ...
Figure 4.20 Approximate development of an electromagnetic shower in a sampling calorimeter ...
Figure 4.21 Approximate development of an electromagnetic shower in a sampling calorimeter ...
Figure 4.22 Approximate development of an electromagnetic shower in a sampling calorimeter ...
Figure 4.23 Approximate development of an electromagnetic shower in a sampling calorimeter ...
Figure 4.24 Approximate development of an electromagnetic shower in a sampling calorimeter ...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Example of quark–quark scattering by gluon exchange. In this diagram, the quark...
Figure 5.2 The three lowest-order contributions to gluon–gluon scattering in QCD: (a) and ...
Figure 5.3 Values of the running coupling constant α_s obtained from the following sources:...
Figure 5.4 OZI-suppressed decay of a C = −1 charmonium state below the th...
Figure 5.5 (a) The simplest quantum fluctuation of an electron and (b) the associated exch...
Figure 5.6 (a) A more complicated quantum fluctuation of the electron and (b) the associat...
Figure 5.7 The two lowest-order vacuum polarisation corrections to one-gluon exchange in q...
Figure 5.8 The two lowest-order vacuum polarisation corrections to one-gluon exchange in q...
Figure 5.9 Schematic diagram of possible tetraquark structures: (a) a molecular quark stat...
Figure 5.10 Schematic diagram of possible tetraquark structures: (a) a molecular quark stat...
Figure 5.11 Schematic diagram of possible tetraquark structures: (a) a molecular quark stat...
Figure 5.12 Stages in the formation of a quark–gluon plasma and subsequent hadron emission:...
Figure 5.13 View of a 200 GeV gold–gold interaction in the STAR detector at the RHIC accele...
Figure 5.14 Dimuon invariant–mass distributions in PbPb (left) and pp (right) data at a tot...
Figure 5.15 Basic mechanism of a two-jet production in electron–positron annihilation.
Figure 5.16 Basic mechanism of a two-jet production in electron–positron annihilation.
Figure 5.17 Dominant mechanism for electron–positron annihilation to muon pairs.
Figure 5.18 Measured values of the cross-section ratio R and the theoretical prediction (5....
Figure 5.19 Dominant one-photon exchange mechanism for inelastic lepton–proton scattering, ...
Figure 5.20 Dominant one-photon exchange mechanism for inelastic lepton–proton scattering, ...
Figure 5.21 Dominant one-photon exchange mechanism for inelastic lepton–proton scattering w...
Figure 5.22 (a) The interaction of the exchanged photon with the struck quark in the parton...
Figure 5.23 Quark and antiquark distributions (5.34a), together with the valence quark dist...
Figure 5.24 Dominant contribution to deep inelastic neutrino scattering in the parton model...
Figure 5.25 Mechanism for producing W^± and Z⁰ bosons in proton–antiproton annihilations.
Figure 5.26 Mechanism for producing W^± and Z⁰ bosons in proton–antiproton annihilations.
Figure 5.27 Sketch of a final-state charged lepton and the associated jet produced by the m...
Figure 5.28 The dominant mechanism for di-jet production in proton–proton collisions. The d...
Figure 5.29 Sketch of the two high-p_T jets j₁ and j₂ produced by the mechanism of Figure 5....
Figure 5.30 The Drell–Yan mechanism for charged lepton-pair production in proton–proton col...
Figure 5.31 Dilepton invariant mass spectrum, in the mass region 15 < M < 600 GeV/c². The v...
Figure 5.32 Schematic representation of the evolution of the quark content of the proton wi...
Figure 5.33 Measured charm mass m_c(μ) in the scheme. The red square at sca...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Feynman diagram for the weak neutral current reaction ν_μ + N → ν_μ + X.
Figure 6.2 Feynman diagram for the weak neutral current reaction ν_μ + N → ν_μ + X.
Figure 6.3 The basic vertex for electron–photon interactions, together with two of the bas...
Figure 6.4 One of the two basic vertices for W^± – lepton interactions, together with two ...
Figure 6.5 The second basic vertex for W^± – lepton interactions, together with two of the...
Figure 6.6 Example of a vertex that violates lepton number conservation, together with two...
Figure 6.7 Dominant diagram for neutron decay (6.7).
Figure 6.8 Dominant diagrams for Λ decay (6.6).
Figure 6.9 The W^± quark vertices obtained from lepton–quark symmetry when quark mixing is...
Figure 6.10 Feynman diagrams for the semileptonic decays: (a) and (b)
Figure 6.11 The ud′W vertex and its interpretation in terms of udW and usW vertices.
Figure 6.12 The additional vertices arising from lepton–quark symmetry when quark mixing is...
Figure 6.13 Cabibbo-allowed decays from (6.22a) and (6.22b) of a charmed quark.
Figure 6.14 Feynman diagram for the decays .
Figure 6.15 The dominant mechanism for the decay of W^± bosons into hadrons.
Figure 6.16 Mechanism for the decay .
Figure 6.17 Mechanism for the decay .
Figure 6.18 The dominant decays of the b quark to lighter quarks and leptons. Here ℓ = e, μ...
Figure 6.19 The dominant decays of the τ lepton to quarks and leptons. Here ℓ = e or μ a...
Figure 6.20 The mechanism for t quark decays. The decays that lead to b quarks are overwhel...
Figure 6.21 Production of hadron jets from the decay t → b + W⁺ where the W boson decays t...
Figure 6.22 Higher-order contribution to the reaction e⁺μ⁻ → e⁺μ⁻ from the exchange of two ...
Figure 6.23 Two of the higher-order contributions to inverse muon decay that were neglected...
Figure 6.24 Two of the higher-order contributions to inverse muon decay that were neglected...
Figure 6.25 The two dominant contributions to the reaction e⁺ + e⁻ → μ⁺+ μ⁻ in the unified ...
Figure 6.26 Qualitative sketch of the observed total cross-section for the reaction e⁺e⁻ → ...
Figure 6.27 The basic vertices for Higgs boson–fermion interactions. The fermion f can be a...
Figure 6.28 The basic first-order vertices for Higgs boson–boson interactions.
Figure 6.29 The basic second-order vertices for Higgs boson–boson interactions.
Figure 6.30 The dominant mechanism for the decay .
Figure 6.31 The dominant mechanism for the decay H⁰ → g + g.
Figure 6.32 The dominant mechanisms for the rare decay H⁰ → γ + γ.
Figure 6.33 The dominant mechanisms for the reactions (6.80a), (6.80b), and (6.80c), respec...
Figure 6.34 The dominant mechanisms for the reactions (6.80a), (6.80b), and (6.80c), respec...
Figure 6.35 Gluon fusion production mechanism for the reaction p + p → H⁰ + X at the LHC.
Figure 6.36 Production mechanisms for the Higgs boson at the LHC.
Figure 6.37 Production mechanisms for the Higgs boson at the LHC.
Figure 6.38 Dominant background processes producing 2γ final states.
Figure 6.39 Dominant background processes producing 2γ final states.
Figure 6.40 Dominant mechanism for the decay H⁰ → ℓ⁺ + ℓ⁻ + ℓ′⁺ + ℓ′⁻ (ℓ = e, μ; ℓ′ = e, ...
Figure 6.41 Dominant mechanism for the decay H⁰ → ℓ⁺ + ℓ⁻ + ℓ′⁺ + ℓ′⁻ (ℓ = e, μ; ℓ′ = e, ...
Figure 6.42 Dominant mechanism for the decay H⁰ → ℓ⁺ + ℓ⁻ + ℓ′⁺ + ℓ′⁻ (ℓ = e, μ; ℓ′ = e, ...
Figure 6.43 Feynman diagram for the reaction e⁺e⁻ → μ⁺μ⁻ via the exchange of a single Higgs...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Effect of a parity transformation on ⁶⁰Co decay. The thick arrows indicate the ...
Figure 7.2 Effect of a parity transformation on muon decays. The thick arrows indicate the...
Figure 7.3 Photon and Z⁰ exchange in Möller scattering.
Figure 7.4 (a) Möller scattering; (b) the effect of a parity transformation on the configu...
Figure 7.5 Helicity states of a spin-1/2 particle. The long thin arrows represent the mome...
Figure 7.6 Effect of C, P, and CP transformations. Only the states shown in boxes are obse...
Figure 7.7 Possible helicities of the photon and neutrinos emitted in the reaction e⁻ + ^15...
Figure 7.8 Helicities of the charged leptons in pion decays. The short arrows denote spin ...
Figure 7.9 Muon decays in which electrons of the highest possible energy are emitted (a) i...
Figure 7.10 Example of a process that can convert a K⁰ state to a state. ...
Figure 7.11 Example of a process that can convert a K⁰ state to a state. ...
Figure 7.12 Predicted variation with time of the intensities I(K⁰ → K⁰) (solid line) and ...
Figure 7.13 Predicted variation with time of the intensities I(K⁰ → K⁰) (solid line) and ...
Figure 7.14 Quark diagrams for the decay B⁰ → K⁺ + π⁻ in lowest order weak interactions. ...
Figure 7.15 Example of a process that can convert a state into a
Figure 7.16 Mechanism for the decay of the 4S state ϒ(10.58); q = u or d.
Figure 7.17 Mechanism for the decay of the 4S state ϒ(10.58); q = u or d.
Figure 7.18 Mechanism for the decay of the 4S state ϒ(10.58); q = u or d.
Figure 7.19 The tree (a) and penguin (b) diagrams for the decays , where in...
Figure 7.20 The leading tree and penguin diagrams for the decays and...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Idealised square well representation of the strong interaction nucleon–nucleon ...
Figure 8.2 Proton and neutron potentials and states in the Fermi gas model.
Figure 8.3 The black line shows the binding energy per nucleon for even values of A. The g...
Figure 8.4 Low-lying energy levels in a single-particle shell model using a Woods–Saxon po...
Figure 8.5 Magnetic moments for odd-N, even-Z nuclei (left diagram) and odd-Z, even-N (rig...
Figure 8.6 Shapes of nuclei leading to (a) Q > 0 (prolate) and (b) Q < 0 (oblate).
Figure 8.7 Some measured electric quadrupole moments for odd-A nuclei, normalised by divid...
Figure 8.8 Comparison of the Geiger–Nuttall relation with experimental data for some α emi...
Figure 8.9 Schematic diagram of the potential energy of an α particle as a function of its...
Figure 8.10 Predicted electron spectra: Z = 0, without the Fermi screening factor; β^±, with...
Figure 8.11 Predicted electron spectra: Z = 0, without the Fermi screening factor; β^±, with...
Figure 8.12 Predicted Kurie plot for tritium decay very close to the end point of the elect...
Figure 8.13 Predicted Kurie plot for tritium decay very close to the end point of the elect...
Figure 8.14 Transition rates using the single-particle shell model formulas of Weisskopf as...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Transition rates using the single-particle shell model formulas of Weisskopf as...
Figure 9.2 Transition rates using the single-particle shell model formulas of Weisskopf as...
Figure 9.3 Sketch of the elements of the core of a reactor.
Figure 9.4 Sketch of the elements of the core of a reactor.
Figure 9.5 Possible energy flows in an energy amplifier system of the Rubbia design. The c...
Figure 9.6 (a) The dashed curve increasing with energy is proportional to the barrier pene...
Figure 9.7 The function τ² exp(−τ) of (9.31) for the p–p and p – ¹²C fusion reactions.
Figure 9.8 Typical values of the thermal reactivity 〈συ〉 for the d–t reaction (9.51) and t...
Figure 9.9 Typical values of the thermal reactivity 〈συ〉 for the d–t reaction (9.51) and t...
Figure 9.10 Schematic diagrams of: (a) gun assembly and (b) implosion assembly technique fo...
Figure 9.11 Schematic diagram of the Teller-Ulam staged explosion technique for an idealise...
Figure 9.12 Relative absorption of photons and protons as functions of equivalent depth of ...
Figure 9.13 Treatment plans for an extensive non-small-cell lung cancer (shown in brown) us...
Figure 9.14 Treatment plans for an extensive non-small-cell lung cancer (shown in brown) us...
Figure 9.15 Basic layout for imaging using an external source.
Figure 9.16 Schematic diagram of a gamma camera.
Figure 9.17 Schematic diagram of a gamma camera.
Figure 9.18 Schematic diagram of the arrangement for a CT X-ray scanner.
Figure 9.19 Schematic diagram of the arrangement for a CT X-ray scanner.
Figure 9.20 Schematic diagram of the arrangement of a PET scanner.
Figure 9.21 Schematic diagram of the arrangement of a PET scanner.
Figure 9.22 (a) Precession of the magnetisation M in the xy plane under the action of a tor...
Figure 9.23 (a) Precession of the magnetisation M in the xy plane under the action of a tor...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 (a) Precession of the magnetisation M in the xy plane under the action of a tor...
Figure 10.2 Idealised behaviour of the strong and electroweak coupling as functions of the ...
Figure 10.3 Fundamental vertices that can occur for the multiplet of particles in (10.2a).
Figure 10.4 The three fundamental vertices involving X and Y bosons that are predicted by t...
Figure 10.5 Examples of processes that contribute to the proton decay reaction p → π⁰ + e⁺....
Figure 10.6 The zero-range approximation to an X boson exchange process.
Figure 10.7 (a) Double β decay ββ2ν (allowed in the standard model); (b) neutrinoless doubl...
Figure 10.8 Energy spectra for the two electrons in ββ2ν and ββ0ν decays as a function of E...
Figure 10.9 The predicted values of the effective neutrino Majorana mass m_ββ, as a function...
Figure 10.10 The predicted values of the effective neutrino Majorana mass m_ββ, as a function...
Figure 10.11 The predicted values of the effective neutrino Majorana mass m_ββ, as a function...
Figure 10.12 Data for neutrinos from SN1987A detected in the Kamiokande and IMB experiments....
Figure 10.13 Data for neutrinos from SN1987A detected in the Kamiokande and IMB experiments....
Figure 10.14 Motion of the Sun and Earth through the dark matter background.
Figure 10.15 Motion of the Sun and Earth through the dark matter background.
Figure 10.16 (a) An example of a diagram involving superparticles that can lead to a nonzero...
Figure 10.17 (a) An example of a diagram involving superparticles that can lead to a nonzero...

Chapter a

Figure A.1: (a) Rectangular barrier with wavefunction solutions. (b) Form of the real parts...
Figure A.2: The function .

Chapter c

Figure C.1: Kinematics of the Geiger and Marsden experiment.
Figure C.2: Kinematics of Rutherford scattering.

Chapter d

Figure D.1: The potential energy density V(η), as given by (D.22), for λ > 0.

Preface

It is common practice to teach nuclear physics and particle physics together in an introductory undergraduate course, and it is for such a course that this book has been written. The material is presented so that different selections can be made for a short course of about 25–30 lectures depending on the lecturer's preferences and the students' backgrounds. On the latter, students should have taken a first course in quantum physics, covering the traditional topics in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics and atomic physics. No prior knowledge of nuclear and particle physics is assumed. A few lectures on relativistic kinematics would also be useful, but this is not essential, as the necessary background is given in an appendix and is only used in a few places in the book.

We have not presented proofs or derivations of all the statements in the text. Rather, we have taken the view that it is more important that students see an overview of the subject, which for many, probably the majority, will be the only time they study nuclear and particle physics. For future specialists, the details will form part of more advanced courses. We have tried to take a direct approach throughout, focusing on the interpretation of experimental data in terms of current models and theories. Space restrictions have still meant that it has been necessary to make a choice of topics, and doubtless other equally valid choices could have been made. This is particularly true in Chapter 9, which deals with applications of nuclear and particle physics.

Since publication of the Second Edition of this book, there have been many important developments in both nuclear and particle physics. These include: the long-awaited discovery of the Higgs boson; substantial progress in neutrino physics and symmetry breaking in the weak interaction; a better understanding of stellar evolution and cosmology; high-precision nuclear mass measurements; increased developments in applying nuclear and particle physics techniques to clinical science; and tighter constraints on difficult-to-measure quantities, such as possible electric dipole moments and the masses of hypothetical particles, which are important for testing new theories of particle physics. Our aim in producing this Third Edition is again to bring the book up-to-date throughout, while leaving its basic philosophy unchanged. In doing this we are grateful to John Wiley and Sons for permission to use material from other books that we have published with them.

Finally, a word about footnotes: readers often have strong views about these (‘Notes are often necessary, but they are necessary evils’ – Samuel Johnson), so, as in previous editions, in this book they are designed to provide ‘non-essential’ information only. For those readers who prefer not to have the flow disrupted, ignoring the footnotes should not detract from understanding the text. Nuclear and particle physics have been, and still are, very important parts of the entire subject of physics and its practitioners have won an impressive number of Nobel Prizes. For historical interest, the footnotes also record many of these awards.

Brian Martin and Graham Shaw

July 2018

Notes

References

References are referred to in the text in the form of a name and date, for example Jones (1997). A list of references with full publication details is given at the end of the book.

Data

Tabulations of nuclear and particle physics data, such as masses, quantum numbers, decay modes, etc., are now readily available at the ‘click of a mouse’ from a number of sites and it is useful for students to get some familiarity with such sources. They are also needed to solve some end-of-chapter problems in the book. Many physical quantities are also readily found by a simple Internet search.

For particle physics, a comprehensive compilation of data, plus brief critical reviews of a number of current topics, may be found in the biannual publications of the Particle Data Group (PDG). The 2018 edition of their definitive Review of Particle Properties is referred to in Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group) (). Physical Review D98, 030001 in the references, and also as Particle Data Group (). The PDG Review is available online at http://pdg.lbl.gov and this site also contains links to other sites where compilations of specific particle data may be found.

Nuclear physics does not have the equivalent of the PDG review, but extensive compilations of nuclear data are available from a number of sources. Examples are: the Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project (http://ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm); the National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC), based at Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov); the Nuclear Data Centre of the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (http://wwwndc.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/NuC); and the Nuclear Data Evaluation Laboratory of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (http://atom.kaeri.re.kr). All four sites have links to other data compilations.

Problems

Problems are provided for Chapters 1 to 9 and Appendices A to D; they are an integral part of the text. The problems are sometimes numerical and require values of physical constants that are given on the inside rear cover. Some also require data that may be found in the reference sites listed above. Short answers to selected problems are given at the end of the book in Appendix E. Readers may access the full solutions to odd-numbered problems on the book's website given below, and instructors can access there the full solutions for all problems.

Illustrations

Some illustrations in the text have been adapted from, or are based on, diagrams that have been published elsewhere. We acknowledge, with thanks, permission to use such illustrations from the relevant copyright holders, as stated in the captions.

Website

www.wiley.com/go/martin/nuclear3

Instructors may access PowerPoint slides of all the illustrations from the text on the accompanying website. As indicated above, solutions for all the problems are also available to Instructors, with odd-numbered solutions available to all Readers. Any misprints or other necessary corrections brought to the author's notice will be listed. We would also be grateful for any other comments about the book, which should initially be sent to the Publishers (jcossham@wiley.com).