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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-119-27968-6
ISSN 0730-2207

CONTENTS

Contributors

1: James L. Brewbaker: Distinguished Geneticist, Tropical Plant Breeder, Inspiring Teacher

I. EARLY YEARS
II. RESEARCH
III. EDUCATOR
IV. THE MAN
RELEASES AND PUBLICATIONS OF JAMES L. BREWBAKER

2: Breeding Leucaena: Tropical Multipurpose Leguminous Tree

ABBREVIATIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. GENETIC RESOURCES
III. Genetics in Relation to Breeding
IV. Cultivar Development
V. BREEDING CHALLENGES
VI. THE FUTURE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LITERATURE CITED

3: Maize Doubled Haploids

ABBREVIATIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. HISTORY OF HAPLOID RESEARCH IN MAIZE
III. MILESTONES FOR ESTABLISHING DH TECHNOLOGY IN MAIZE BREEDING
IV APPLICATION OF DH TECHNOLOGY IN MAIZE BREEDING AND GENETIC STUDIES
V. APPLICATION OF DH TECHNOLOGY IN MAIZE-BREEDING PROGRAMS
VI. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES IN USING DH TECHNOLOGY IN MAIZE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LITERATURE CITED

4: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Use Efficiencies in Wheat: Physiology, Phenotyping, Genetics, and Breeding

ABBREVIATIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PHYSIOLOGY OF N UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION
III. PHYSIOLOGY OF P UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION
IV. CROP PHENOTYPING FOR NUE/PUE
V. GENES INVOLVED IN N UPTAKE AND METABOLISM
VI. QTL FOR NUE/PUE
VII. MICRORNA, LONG NON-CODING RNA, TARGET MIMICS FOR N/P HOMEOSTASIS
VIII. Approaches for the Genetic Improvement of NUE/PUE
IX. OUTLOOK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LITERATURE CITED

5: Interspecific Periclinal Chimeras as a Strategy for Cultivar Development

I. INTRODUCTION
II. CHIMERA FORM AND FUNCTION
III. INTERSPECIES CHIMERAS
IV. CASE STUDIES
V. PROSPECTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LITERATURE CITED

6: Open Source Plant Breeding and the Open Source Seed Initiative

ABBREVIATIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. RESTRICTIONS ON FREEDOM TO OPERATE IN PLANT BREEDING
III. THE OPEN SOURCE SEED INITIATIVE
IV. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT OF OPEN SOURCE PLANT BREEDING
V. BREEDING CONTEXT: WORKING WITH OSSI GERMPLASM
VI. OUTLOOK
LITERATURE CITED

7: Rapid Cycle Breeding: Application of Transgenic Early Flowering for Perennial Trees

I. INTRODUCTION
II. GENERATION OF EARLY FLOWERING TREES
III. UTILIZING EARLY FLOWERING FOR RAPID CYCLE BREEDING
IV. OUTLOOK
LITERATURE CITED

Subject Index

Cumulative Subject Index

Cumulative Contributor Index

EULA

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Fig. 1.1 James Brewbaker receiving the International Inventor Award from King Carl Gustav of Sweden in 1986. Courtesy of James Brewbaker.
Fig. 1.2 James Brewbaker enjoys being in the corn fields of Waimanalo, Hawaii. Courtesy of University of Hawaii Foundation.

Chapter 2

Fig. 2.1 Comparison of common leucaena, L. leucocephala ssp. leucocephala (a) and cultivar K8 of giant leucaena, L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata (b).
Fig. 2.2 Cultivated leucaenas: (a) pastures of “Tarramba” and buffel grass in central Queensland, Australia under traditional management by graziers; (b) seedless triploid hybrid “KX4-Hawaii,” derived from hybrid of L. esculenta × L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata; 10-year old tree; (c) “KX4-Hawaii” clones showing 30-month regrowth following coppicing.
Fig. 2.3 Sorensson's hybridization chart summarizing his experience with 15 species of Leucaena, connecting bars indicating whether crosses were fertile both ways, one-way only, or with only abortive or no seeds. Abbreviations include TRI (L. trichodes) and TRIC (L. trichandra). Adapted from Sorensson 1993.

Chapter 3

Plate 3.1. Kernel resulting from haploid induction crosses: (a) top aleurone and embryo are both red/purple, which represents normal diploid hybrid grain; (b) top aleurone appears red/purple, while embryo is non-red/purple with reduced embryo surface, recessed deeper in haploid grain; (c) embryo and aleurone are both not red/purple, which is indicative of self-pollination of donors or contamination with non-inducer pollen (See color version of this plate in the color plate section).
Fig. 3.1 Approaches to generate haploids.
Fig. 3.2 Progress in development of maternal haploid inducers in maize.
Fig. 3.3 QTL/genes affecting induction in maize.
Fig. 3.4 Hybrid maize-breeding schemes using DH lines under two-stage of testcross selection. W, S = winter nursery, summer nursery; A, B… = parent lines; D_i = ith generation of DH plants; DHL = DH lines; TC_i = ith stage of testcross evaluation; <> = crossing or selfing; = visual evaluation.

Chapter 4

Fig. 4.1 Uptake, assimilation and remobilization of N in roots, vegetative leaves, senescing leaves, and seeds. AA, amino acids; AAT, amino acid transporter; AMT, ammonium transporter; NRT, nitrate transporter; CLC, chloride channels; NR, nitrate reductase; NiR, nitrite reductase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; GS1, glutamine synthetase 1; GS2, glutamine synthetase 2; 2−OG, 2-oxoglutarate; PK, pyruvate kinase; AspAT, aspartate aminotransferase; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; AS, asparagine synthetase; Asp, aspartate; Glu, glutamate; Gln, glutamine; Asn, asparagine; Ala, alanine; Ser, serine; AlaAT, alanine aminotransferase; Pyr, Pyruvate; PEPc, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; OAA, oxaloacetate; Fd−GOGAT, ferredoxin-glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate (modified from McAlister and Beaty 2012).
Fig. 4.2 Uptake of Pi in roots and its distribution in shoots and leaves in wheat.
Fig. 4.3 Assignment of the ammonium transporter gene TaAMT1-1 to chromosome 2B using nullisomic-tetrasomic stocks of homoeologous group 2 chromosomes of wheat cv. Chinese Spring. The B-genome specific primers of the TaAMT1-1 gene amplified products of 831 bp in nullisomic lines for chromosomes 2A and 2D and not in nullisomic lines for chromosome 2B confirming the location of the TaAMT1-1 gene on chromosome 2B.
Fig. 4.4 MicroRNA and target mimic (TM)/lncRNA-mediated phosphate homeostasis in Arabidopsis under phosphate deficiency. (a) MicroRNA399 encoded by MIR399 gene suppresses the expression of PHOSPHATE2 (PHO2) gene, which encode an E2 ubiquitin conjugase-related protein, to control the phosphate homeostasis; (b) IPSI (INDUCED BY PHOSPHATE STARVATION1), a lncRNA, which acts as a TM for miRNA399, is induced to regulate phosphate homeostasis. RNA Pol II, RNA polymerase II; DCL 1, endoribonuclease dicer-like 1 (modified from Liu et al. 2015).

Chapter 5

Fig. 5.1 A graphic representation of apical meristem organization showing chimera arrangement of tissues in shoot apical meristem as well as histogen constitution in mature organs as determined by their unique derivation from the apex. Adapted from Hartmann et al. 2002.
Fig. 5.2 Steps involved in the synthesis of interspecific chimeras showing key procedures utilized in different successful programs.
Fig. 5.3 Schematic outlining efforts for chimera formation though direct injection. Meristem cells from actively growing almond cultivars are microinjected into the meristem region of hydrated but nonstratified red-leaf peach seed using a microcapillary pipette syringe and plunger. Capillary glass tubing is heated to its softening point and pulled to create the proper size tip diameter and taper for meristem injection. Injection is basal to the meristem to avoid external damage and is positioned near the apex with a micromanipulator using light channeled through the micropipette for accurate tip positioning.
Fig. 5.4 Shoot apical meristem showing L1, L2, and L3 with arrows showing the tissues they generate. Multiple cell initials or stem cells appear to feed each histogen. Source: Clark 2001. Reproduced with permission of Nature Publishing Group.
Fig. 5.5 Periderm characteristics as observed in transversal stem sections. (a) Schematic representation of stem epidermis with stomata. Epidermis is usually single layered with stomata. (b) Schematic representation of stem periderm showing the multi- and stratified layers. (c) Epidermis of Solanum lycopersicum with a trichome. (d) Periderm of S. lycopersicum early in development showing the first phellem layers of the periderm forming below the epidermis. (e) Epidermis of Manihot esculenta. (f) Periderm of M. esculenta at an advanced stage of development showing collapsed layers. (g) Initiation of the phellogen activity in Brassica oleracea in cortex (arrow). (h) Representation of the first phellogen divisions (phellem externally and phelloderm internally) (arrow in top drawing) of Manihot pilosa based on Vanucci and Rezende (2003) where shaded boxes on the left side of photos indicates epidermis (light), periderm (dark), and cortex (unshaded). (i) Bottom row shows typical periderm formation from L2-derived cortex.

Chapter 7

Fig. 7.1 Illustration of phenotypes of early flowering trees. Plums are transformed with the PtFT1 gene, apples with the BpMADS4 or the PtFT1 genes and pear with the BpMADS4 gene. (a) Normal plum tree growth in the greenhouse. (b and c) Examples of plum with little apical dominance. (d and e) Apple that has the long, “droopy” laterals and more bush like appearance. (f) Pear exhibiting floral bud development in tissue culture. (g) Plum plantlets blooming in tissue culture prior to root development. (h) Blooms on plum in a 10 cm pot in the greenhouse. (i) Plum panicle inflorescence. (j) Apple bloom with no apparent “King” flower. (k) Multiple plum fruit from one flower. (l) Apple fruit. (m and n) Fruit load on a greenhouse plum tree. Apple and pear photos courtesy of Drs. Jay Norelli, Michael Wisniewski, Tim Artlip, and Richard Bell.
Fig. 7.2 A general procedure to utilize an early flowering gene to advance breeding. The scheme presented is the incorporation of the early flowering and the trait of interest (Steps 1 and 2). Successive crosses are done to capture any other traits needed while always screening for the early flowering and trait of interest (Step 3 and 4). When the combination of traits is achieved, the early flowering gene is selected against (Step 5). These resulting seedlings are then grown and screened in the conventional manner.

Contributors

Priyanka Agarwal,: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Harindra S. Balyan,: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Nayra N. Bomfim Fernandes,: Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Brasilia, Planaltina, Brazil
James L. Brewbaker,: Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
Ann M. Callahan,: Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, USA
Chris Dardick,: Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, USA
Raman Dhariwal,: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ursula K. Frei,: Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Vijay Gahlaut,: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Irwin L. Goldman,: Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Thomas M. Gradziel,: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Pushpendra K. Gupta,: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Danielle Y. Hashimoto Freitas,: Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
Vandana Jaiswal,: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Jules Janick,: Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Jack R. Kloppenburg,: Department of Community and Environmental Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Anuj Kumar,: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Zhixin Liu,: Institute of Maize Research, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Thomas Lübberstedt,: Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Claire H. Luby,: Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Mei Mei,: Harbin Yinong Seed Co., Ltd., Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
Nagib A. Nassar,: Department of Genetics and Morphology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
Supriya Kumari,: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Jiaojiao Ren,: National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Ralph Scorza,: Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, USA
Chinnathambi Srinivasan,: Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, USA
Ganesan Srinivasan,: Dean of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Culinary Arts, Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, CA, USA
Benjamin Trampe,: Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Sandhya Tyagi,: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Yanbo Wang,: Institute of Maize Research, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

Editorial Board, Volume 40

PLANT BREEDING REVIEWS

Volume 40

Contributors