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Reinhard Laun

MEDICAL ENGLISH
für Beschäftigte im Gesundheitswesen

MEDICAL ENGLISH

WORKBOOK TEIL I

für Beschäftigte im Gesundheitswesen

IMPRESSUM

Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt.
Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen bedarf der vorherigen schriftlichen Einwilligung des Autors.

Hinweis zu § 52a UrG: Weder das Werk noch seine Teile dürfen ohne eine solche Einwiliigung überspielt, gespeichert und in ein Netzwerk eingespielt werden.

1.AUFLAGE
© Reinhard Laun

Verlag: TREDITION GmbH, Hamburg

ISBN 978-3-7345-4888-8 (Paperback)
ISBN 978-3-7345-4889-5 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-3-7345-4890-1 (e-Book)

1 Introduction to Medical Terminology

Einführung in die med. Fachsprache (Terminologie)

Viele medizinische Fachbegriffe kommen aus dem Griechischen oder aus dem Lateinischen. Man muss aber nicht perfekt griechisch oder lateinisch sprechen, um die medizinischen Fachbegriffe „zu einem Wortgebäude zusammenbauen“ zu können. Meistens ist es viel einfacher, als man denkt!

Wir unterscheiden in der Hauptsache drei Typen von Wortteilen:

1. Wortstamm („word roots“)

2. Nachsilben („suffixes“

3. Vorsilben („prefixes“)

Beispiel:

An diesem Beispiel sehen wir, dass die Wortendung „-algie“ immer die Bedeutung Schmerzen hat. Wenn wir nun andere Wortstämme mit der Endung „-algie“ kombinieren, bekommen wir entsprechende Wortkombinationen, die alle auf „ - schmerzen“ enden, wie z.B.

Ceph / algie Kopfschmerzen
Neur / algie Nervenschmerzen
Lumb / algie Lendenschmerzen
My / algie Muskelschmerzen

Wir sehen also, dass die einzelnen „Wortteile“ der Schlüssel zum Verständnis der medizinischen Fachausdrücke sind.

Word Parts are the Key

Word roots or combining forms usually, but not always, indicate the involved body part. Word roots or combining forms contain the basic meaning of the term.

Compound words can be formed when two or more word roots are used to build the word.

Suffixes come at the end of a word. Suffixes usually, but not always, indicate the disorder, the procedure or the disease.

Prefixes always come at the beginning of a word. Prefixes usually, but not always, indicate location, number, status or time.

Combining Vowels are necessary to make the medical term easier to pronounce. A combining vowel may be needed between the word root and the suffix. The letter “o” ist the most commonly used combining vowel.

Üben und studieren Sie nun gründlich die folgenden Beispiele für „zusammengesetzte Fachbegriffe“!

For example:

hydrotherapy (hydr/o/therapy)

microscope (micr/o/scope)

RULES FOR USING THE COMBINING VOWEL

Rule 1:

Do not place a vowel between a prefix and the word root.

Rule 2:

Do not place a vowel between a suffix and the word root when the suffix beginns with a vowel.

For example: An often used suffix is “-itis” (= inflammation). When the word root “neur/o” ( “neur” means nerve) is joined with the suffix “itis”, the combining vowel is not used because “-itis” begins with a vowel.

neuritis (neur/itis)

Rule 3:

A combining vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant.

For example: When the word root “neur/o” ( “neur” means nerve) is joined with the suffix “-plasty” (surgical repair), the combining vowel “o” is used because “-plasty” begins with a consonant.

neuroplasty (neur/o/plasty)

encephalotomy (encephal/o/tomy)

The ending that follows a word root is a suffix. You can change the meaning of a word by putting another part after it.

For example:

gastroduodenoscopy (gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy)

electrocardiography (electr/o/cardi/o/graphy)

appendectomy (append/ectomy)

COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES

Here are some examples of combining forms, suffixes and prefixes that are commonly found in medical terms.

COMBINING FORMMEANINGMEDICAL TERMGERMAN MEANING
arthr/ojointarthritis
arthr/ojointarthrosis
arthr/ojointarthroscopy
arthr/ojointarthralgia
arthr/ojointarthrocentesis
arthr/ojointarthrodesis
arthr/ojointarthrography
arthr/ojointarthropathy
bi/olifebiology
bi/olifebiopsy
bi/olifebiorhythm
carcin/ocancercarcinoma
carcin/ocancercarcinectomy
cardi/oheartcardiology
cardi/oheartcardiomegaly
cardi/oheartcardiologist
cardi/oheartcardiologist
cardi/oheartcardiomyopathy
cardi/oheartcardioplegy
cyst/ourinary bladdercystoscope
cyst/ourinary bladdercystolith
cyst/ourinary bladdercystolithectomy
cyst/ourinary bladdercystolithiasis
cyt/ocellcytology
cyt/ocellcytolysis
cyt/ocellcytoplasm
cyt/ocellcytotoxin
cyt/ocellcyturia
dermat/o derm/oskindermatitis
dermat/o derm/oskindermatic
dermat/o derm/oskindermatosis
encephal/obrainencephalopathy
encephal/obrainencephalitis
encephal/obrainencephalo-graphy
enter/ointestineenteritis
enter/ointestineenterocentesis
enter/ointestineenterectomy
enter/ointestineenterocolitis
enter/ointestineentero-gastritis
enter/ointestineenteromycosis
eryth/orederythrocyte
eryth/orederythrocyturia
eryth/orederythrocyte-metry
gastr/ostomachgastroscopy
gastr/ostomachgastroscopy
gastr/ostomachgastroduo-denitis
gastr/ostomachgastrocolo-stomy
gastr/ostomachgastrotomy
gyn(a)ec/owomangynaecology
gyn(a)ec/owomangynaecologist
gyn(a)ec/owomangynaecomastia
h(a)emat/o h(a)em/obloodhaematoma
h(a)emat/o h(a)em/obloodhaemacytometer
h(a)emat/o h(a)em/obloodhaemangioma
h(a)emat/o h(a)em/obloodhaematocrit
h(a)emat/o h(a)em/obloodhaematology
h(a)emat/o h(a)em/obloodhaematuria
h(a)emat/o h(a)em/obloodhaemoglobin
h(a)emat/o h(a)em/obloodhaemoglobinuria
h(a)emat/o h(a)em/obloodhaemomanometer
h(a)emat/o h(a)em/obloodhaemophilia
hepat/oliverhepatitis
hepat/oliverhepatic disease
hepat/oliverhepatalgia
hepat/oliverhepatocyte
hepat/oliverhepatologist
leuk/o leuc/owhiteleukocyte
leuk/o leuc/owhiteleukocyturia
leuk/owhiteleukaemia
nephr/okidneynephrectomy
nephr/okidneynephrecystitis
nephr/okidneynephrolithiasis
nephr/okidneynephrology
kidneykidneynephrologist
nephr/okidneynephropathy
nephr/okidneynephropyelitis
nephr/okidneynephroureter-cystectomy
neur/onerveneurology
neur/onerveneurologist
neur/onerveneurasthenia
neur/onerveneuritis
onc/otumoroncologist
onc/otumoroncogenesis
onc/otumoroncotherapy
opthalm/oeyeophtalmo-scope
opthalm/oeyeophtalmalgia
opthalm/oeyeophtalm-ectomy
opthalm/oeyeophtalmia
opthalm/oeyeophtalmic surgery
opthalm/oeyeophtalmo-tonometry
oste/oboneosteoarthritis
oste/oboneosteoarthropathy
oste/oboneosteoarthrosis
oste/oboneosteochondritis
oste/oboneosteocyte
oste/oboneosteoectomy
oste/oboneosteoma
oste/oboneosteomalcia
oste/oboneosteomyelitis
path/odiseasepathologist
path/odiseasepathogenesis
path/odiseasepathogen
path/odiseasepathology
psych/omindpsychosis
psych/omindpsychoanalysis
psych/omindpsychology
psych/omindPsychopathic
psych/omindpsychosomatic
psych/omindpsychotherapy
psych/omindpsychotonic
ren/okidneyrenal
ren/okidneyrenal
ren/okidneyrenal failure
ren/okidneyrenal pelvis
ren/okidneyrenal transplantation
ren/okidneyrenal tubule
ren/okidneyrenal scintigraphy
rhin/onoserhinitis
rhin/onoserhinalgia
rhin/onoserhinopharyngitis
rhin/onoserhinopharynx
rhin/onoserhinoscopy
rhin/onoserhinosinusitis
sarc/ofleshsarcoma
sarc/ofleshsarcoid
sarc/ofleshsarcosis
thromb/oclottingthrombocyte
thromb/oclottingthrombectomy
thromb/oclottingthromboangiitis
thromb/oclottingthromboembolus
thromb/oclottingthrombolysis
thromb/oclottingthrombophilia
thromb/oclottingthrombophlebitis
thromb/oclottingthromboplastin time
thromb/oclottingthrombosis
thromb/oclottingthrombus
thromb/oclottingthrombocytopenia
SUFFIXESMEANINGMEDICAL TERMGERMAN MEANING
-alpertaining toneural
-alpertaining toanal sphincter
-alpertaining tooral cavity
-alpertaining toparenteral feeding
-alpertaining toneural
-algiapainarthralgia
algiapainneuralgia
algiapainmyalgia
algiapainostalgia
algiapaingastralgia
algiapainnephralgia
-cytecellleukocyte
-cytecellerythrocyte
-cytecellthrombo-cyte
-cytecellosteocyte
-cytecellneurocyte
-cytecellmyocyte
-ectomyremoval,nephrectomy
-ectomyremoval, excisioncholecystectomy
-ectomyremoval, excisioncoloproctectomy
-ectomyremoval, excisionspleenectomy
-gramrecordarteriogram
-gramrecordarthrogram
-gramrecordangiogram
-gramrecordelectrocar- diogram
-gramrecordencephalo-gram
-gramrecordelectro- encephalo-gram
-graphyprocess of recordingencephalography
-graphyprocess of recordingelectrocardiograp hy
-graphyprocess of recordingradiography
-graphyprocess of recordingpyelography
-icpertaining togastric
-icpertaining tonephric
-icpertaining tosplenic
-icpertaining tohepatic
-icpertaining toepiglottic cartilage
-ismcondition, processhypothyroidism
-ismcondition, processhypothymism
-ismcondition, processhyperthymism
-itisinflammationangiitis
-itisinflammationencephalitis
-itisinflammationmenigitis
-itisinflammationosteitis
-itisinflammationnephritis
-itisinflammationmyelitis
-itisinflammationarthritis
-itisinflammationchondritis
-itisinflammationrhinitis
-itisinflammationpansinusitis
-itisinflammationconjunctivitis
-itisinflammationhepatitis
-itisinflammationappendicitis
-logistspecialist in the study ofneurologist
-logistspecialist in the study ofcardiologist
-logistspecialist in the study ofnephrologist
-logistspecialist in the study ofpathologist
-logistspecialist ingynaecologist the study of
-logystudy ofgynaecology
-logystudy ofcardiology
-logystudy ofdermatology
-logystudy ofendocrinology
-logystudy ofgastroenterology
-logystudy ofhaematology
-logystudy ofneurology
-logystudy ofoncology
-logystudy ofophtalmology
-logystudy ofpathology
-logystudy ofpsychology
-logystudy ofrheumatology
-osisabnormal conditionarthrosis
-osis abnormal conditionnephrosis
-osisabnormal conditionvaricosis
-osisabnormal conditionhepatosis
-scopeinstrument to visually examinecoloscope
-scopeinstrument to visually examinerectoscope
-scopeinstrument to visually examinerhinoscope
-scopeinstrument to visually examinebronchoscope
-scopeinstrument to visually examinearthroscope
-scopeinstrument to visually examinecolposcope
-scopyprocess of visually examinationarthroscopy
-scopyexamination process of visuallyotoscopy
-scopyexamination process of visuallyamnioscopy
-scopyprocess of visually examinationgastroscopy
-scopyexamination process of visuallyduodenoscopy
-scopyexamination process of visuallyoesophagoscopy
-scopyexamination process of visuallylaparoscopy
-sisstate ofprognosis
-sisstate ofdiagnosis
-sisstate ofdysostosis
-sisstate ofpsychosis
-sisstate ofarthrosis
-sisstate ofchondrosis
-sisstate ofhepatosis
-tomy process of cutting, incisionanatomy
-tomy process of incisionduodenotomy
PREFIXES MEANINGMEDICAL TERMGERMAN MEANING
a-, an-no, notanaemia
a-, an-no, notabacterial
a-, an-no, notanaesthesia
a-, an-no, notanalgesia
a-, an-no, notamnesia
a-, an-no, notanorexia
a-, an-no, notanosmia
a-, an-no, notanoxia
a-, an-no, notanuria
aut/o-selfautoclave
aut/o-selfautopsy
aut/o-selfautogenous
aut/o-selfautodigestion
aut/o-selfautoimmune disease
aut/o-selfautonomic nervous system
aut/o-selfautosuggestion
dia-complete, throughdiabetes
dia-complete, throughdiabetic coma
dia-complete, throughdialysate
dia-complete, throughdiarrhoea
dia-complete, throughdiathermy
dys-bad, painful, difficultdysacousia
dys-bad, painful, difficultdysaesthesia
dys-bad, painful, difficultdysentery
dys-bad, painful, difficultdysfunction
dys-bad, painful, difficultdyshidrosis
dys-bad, painful, difficultdyskinesia
dys-bad, painful, difficultdysmenorrhoea
dys-bad, painful, difficultdysmnesia
dys-bad, painful, difficultdysostosis
dys-bad, painful, difficultdyspepsia
dys-bad, painful, difficultdysphoria
dys-bad, painful, difficultdysplasia
dys-bad, painful, difficultdyspnoea
dys-bad, painful, difficultdystonia
dys-bad, painful, difficultdystrophia
dys-bad, painful, difficultdysuria
endo-withinendocarditis
endo-withinendocrine glands
endo-withinendocrinology
endo-withinendodontitis
endo-withinendolymph
endo-withinendometritis
endo-withinendoparasite
endo-withinendoplasmic reticulum
endo-withinendoscope
endo-withinendoscopy
endo-withinendotracheal tube
exo-outsideexophoria
exo-outsideexophthalmus
exo-outsideexotropia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperacousia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperactivity
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperaesthesia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperalgesia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperchromasia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperchylia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperchylia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperextension
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperglycaemia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperhidrosis
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperkeratosis
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperkinesia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperopia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperpyrexia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhypersensitivity
hyper-excessive, more than normalhypertension
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperthermia
hyper-excessive, more than normalhyperventilation
hypo-below, less than normalhypochromasia
hypo-below, less than normalhypodermic
hypo-below, less than normalhypodermic injection
hypo-below, less than normalhypoglycaemic shock
hypo-below, less than normalhypogonadism
hypo-below, less than normalhypometropia
hypo-below, less than normalhyposensitive
pro-beforeprodrome
pro-beforeproerythrocyte
pro-beforeprognosis
pro-beforeprolapse
re-backreanimation
re-backrebleeding
re-backrebreathing bag
re-backrecalcification
re-backrecall
re-backrecidivism
re-backrecurrent
re-backreposition
retro-behindretroflexion
retro-behindretrolisthesis
retro-behindretrosternal pain
sub-under, belowsubhepatic
sub-under, belowsublingual gland
sub-under, belowsubconscious
sub-under, belowsubcutaneous injection
sub-under, belowsubcutis
trans-across, throughtransfusion
trans-across, throughtransurethral
trans-across, throughtransmitter
trans-across, throughtransplantation

1 Introduction to the Human Body

Unser Körper ist ein Wunderwerk, eine geheimnisvolle Fabrik mit vielen Abteilungen. Wir essen, schlafen, bewegen uns, atmen, denken, sprechen, verdauen Speisen und vieles mehr. Dies ist alles nur möglich, weil jede

„Produktionsstätte“, jede einzelne „Fachabteilung“ -wir können auch Organsystem dazu sagen- mit der anderen Fachabteilung eng zusammenarbeitet. Je nachdem aus welcher Blickrichtung wir unseren Körper betrachten, sehen und analysieren wir ihn.

Der Biologe sieht vor allem die Milliarden von Körperzellen, die helfen, den Körper wachsen, gedeihen und mit den verschiedenen Organen zusammenarbeiten zu lassen. Der Chemiker sieht natürlich an erster Stelle die unzählbaren Atome und Moleküle (Atomverbindungen), die in jeder Sekunde unseres Lebens chemische Reaktionen eingehen. Der Physiologe untersucht die grundlegenden Lebensprozesse (z.B. Enzymreaktionen, hormonelle Regelkreise usw.). Für den Ernährungswissenschaftler ist der menschlichen Körper eine Ansammlung von Proteinen, Kohlenhydrate, Eiweiße, Mineralien, Spurenelemente usw..Für den Ingenieur ist der Körper wiederum eine unglaubliche Biomaschine, die sich selbst kontrolliert und gegebenenfalls auch selbst repariert.

Übungsaufgabe:

Beschreiben Sie auf deutsch die folgenden Abbildungen „vom Atom“ zum „Körper“:

Levels of organization

The human body is highly organized from the single cell to the total organism.

The anatomy of the human body is composed of different levels of organization. These levels represent a series of steps. Each level is a building step for the next level.

Fill in the answer blanks with the correct terms for these increasingly larger structures.

Using the following terms: cell, organ system, atoms, organism, organelle, organ, molecules, tissue.

Was gehört zusammen? Bitte durch einen Strich verbinden!

The integumentary system    prepares food molecules for use by the cells of the body.
The skeletal system    sends signals throughout the body.
The skeletal muscles    transports substances to and from body cells.
The nervous system    distributes and exchanges gases between the body and external environment.
The central nervous system    protects and regulates body temperature.
The glands of the endocrine system    produces sex cells.
The circulatory system    consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The respiratory system    contract to produce body movements.
The digestive system    consists of the bones and the articulations (joints).
The urinary system    secrete chemical messages called hormones.
The male reproductive system    controls the composition and volume of the blood. It eliminates wastes.

Grundwortschatz

Für den nachfolgenden Text benötigen Sie einige neue Vokabeln. Bitte lernen Sie die Vokabel auswendig bzw. übertragen Sie die deutsch-englischen Begriffe in Ihr Vokabelheft und helfen Sie sich gegenseitig, indem Sie untereinander in der Gruppe die Vokabeln abfragen.

Verben:

to be part of
to call
to circulate
to compose
to consist of
to contract
to display
to function
to include
to make up
to tend to
to work together

Substantive:

body movement
circulatory system
heart system
muscle cell
organ
organelles
organism
property
tissue

Adjektive:

same
several
Similar
small
smaller
smallest

Wenn Sie diesen Grundwortschatz gut auswendig gelernt haben, dürfte Ihnen die folgende Übung nicht mehr schwerfallen!

Work with a partner

Complete the sentences using the nouns in the box.

Dictate the sentences to each other.

Molecules compose the parts of the cell called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

The _ _ _ _ is the smallest unit displaying the properties of life. Cells tend to specialize. Similar cells function together in a _ _ _ _ _ _ . Muscle cells work together in the skeletal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . These cells contract, producing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Two or more tissues work together in an _ _ _ _ _ . The _ _ _ _ _ consists of several tissue types. Organs with related functions are part of the same _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

The heart and the blood vessels are organs of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . They function to circulate the blood throughout the body. All organ systems make up the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . The organ systems of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ include the nervous, circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems.

heart; human body; muscle tissue; body movement; cell; tissue; organelles; organism; organ system; organ; circulatory system;

Vocabulary:

blood vessels __________________
body movement __________________
cells__________________
circulatory system __________________
digestive system __________________
heart__________________
human body __________________
molecules __________________
muscle cells __________________
muscle tissue __________________
nervous system __________________
organ__________________
organ system __________________
organelles __________________
property__________________
respiratory system __________________
similar__________________
to circulate __________________
to compose __________________
to consist of __________________
to contract __________________
to produce __________________
to specialize. __________________
unit__________________

Match the terms to the following figures.

[     ] skin[     ] eye[     ] blood circulation
[     ] respiratory system[     ] urinary[     ] endocrine system

Was gehört zusammen?

Bitte durch einen Strich verbinden!

Physiology   A tendency of the body´ s system to maintain the normal physiological states of the organism
Anatomy    The branch of medicine dealing with the essential nature of disease, especially changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease.
Metabolism    A branch of morphology that deals with the structure of organisms; the art of separating the parts of an organism in order to ascertain their position, relations, structure, and function
Homeostasis    The sum of the processes in the build up and destruction of protoplasm; specifically : the chemical changes in living cells by which energy is provided for vital processes and activities and new material is assimilated
Pathology    The branch of biological science that studies and describes how body parts work or function.

Für den nachfolgenden Text benötigen Sie einige neue Vokabeln. Bitte lernen Sie die Vokabel auswendig bzw. übertragen Sie die deutsch-englischen Begriffe in Ihr Vokabelheft und helfen Sie sich gegenseitig, indem Sie untereinander in der Gruppe die Vokabeln abfragen.

Verben:

to evaluate  
to get pregnant  
to note  
to protect  
to support  
to transmitt  
to use  

Substantive:

airborne germs  
birth control  
blood glucose  
body  
breast  
disease  
examination  
heart  
lungs  
medical assistant  
physician  
radiologist  
relative  
skeleton  
tuberculosis  
weight gain  

Adjektive:

effective  
ecessive  
infectious  
internal  
Medical  
nearest  
plastic  
Premeal  
significant  
various  

Wenn Sie diesen Grundwortschatz gut auswendig gelernt haben, dürfte Ihnen die folgende Übung nicht mehr schwerfallen!

Word formation: adjectives

Work with a partner

Complete the sentences using the adjectives in the box.
Dictate the sentences to each other.

1. The skeleton supports the body and protects the _______________ organ, such as the heart and lungs.

2. The medical assistant noted an ________________________ amount of blood glucose.

3. Your _______________ blood glucose should be between 90 mg/dl and 130 mg/dl.

4. What is the name of your _______________ relative?

5.