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Flavour

From Food to Perception

 

 

Edited by

 

Elisabeth Guichard

Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France

Christian Salles

Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France

Martine Morzel

Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France

Anne-Marie Le Bon

Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France

 

 

 

 

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List of Contributors

  1. Carmen Barba
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Maik Behrens
  2. Department Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
  1. Loïc Briand
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Francis Canon
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Isabelle Cayeux
  2. Firmenich SA Research & Development Department, Geneva, Switzerland
  1. Frédérique Datiche
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Patricia Duchamp-Viret
  2. Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR CNRS 5292, INSERM U1020, Université Lyon1, Lyon Cedex, France
  1. Philippe Faure
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Johannes Frasnelli
  2. CÉAMS, Research Center, Sacré-Coeur Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  3. Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
  1. Jean Gascuel
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Florence Gingras-Lessard
  2. CÉAMS, Research Center, Sacré-Cœur Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  3. Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  1. Anna Gracka
  2. Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
  1. Xavier Grosmaitre
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Elisabeth Guichard
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Christian Hannig
  2. Polyclinic of Operative Dentistry and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
  1. Matthias Hannig
  2. Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
  1. Hassan-Ismail Hanser
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Jean-Marie Heydel
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Thomas Hummel
  2. Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
  1. Henryk Jeleń
  2. Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
  1. Anni Laffitte
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Anne-Marie Le Bon
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Wolfgang Meyerhof
  2. Department Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
  1. Martine Morzel
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Fabrice Neiers
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Eric Neyraud
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  1. Laurianne Paravisini
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  3. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
  1. Andrea Romano
  2. Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
  3. Faculty of Science and Technology, Freie Universität Bozen – Libera Università di Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
  1. Christian Salles
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
  3. Han-Seok Seo
  4. Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A
  1. Charles Spence
  2. Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  1. Christian Starkenmann
  2. Firmenich SA Research & Development Department, Geneva, Switzerland
  1. Thierry Thomas-Danguin
  2. Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France

Preface

Flavour perception plays a key role in the acceptability of food by consumers. Flavour science has become a broad research subject aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of flavour from its generation in food to its perception during eating. All the aspects of flavour perception are presented, including aroma, taste and trigeminal sensation, from the general composition of food to the perception at the peri-receptor, receptor and central level taking into account the recent evolution in flavour science. The book responds to a growing need for pluridisciplinary approaches to better understand the mechanisms involved in flavour perception. It provides to scientists and industries working on flavour and food a general view of the mechanisms of flavour perception including multimodal interactions between sensory modalities. This will offer new tools and approaches for the reformulation of foods, for example increasing the organoleptic acceptability of products with low salt, fat and sugar content or elaborated with new sources of fat and proteins.

The first part brings basic knowledge on the chemosensory systems involved in the perception of flavour molecules, complemented with the latest scientific papers. This includes the structural and functional anatomy of olfactory, gustatory and trigeminal systems in vertebrates and the olfactory and gustatory peri-receptor mechanisms.

The second part, focused on flavour compounds in food, provides basic knowledge on the structural, physico-chemical and sensory properties of flavour (aroma, taste and trigeminal) compounds and their interactions with the different macromolecules present in the food matrix.

The third part describes in more details the in-mouth mechanisms leading to the release of aroma and taste compounds from the food matrix during the eating process and their transformation by bodily fluids of the oral cavity before reaching the chemosensory receptors.

The fourth part covers different aspects of flavour perception, from orthonasal and retronasal perception, biological and analytical aspects involved in the perception of mixture of odorants and tastants to multimodal sensory interactions.

List of Abbreviations

3D
3 dimensions
γι
activity coefficient
ABT
1-aminobenzotriazole
Aco
anterior cortical nucleus of amygdala
ADH
alcohol dehydrogenase
AEDA
aroma extract dilution analysis
AI
agranular insular cortex
AL
antennal lobe
AMP
adenosine-5'-monophosphate
AOB
accessory olfactory bulb
AON
anterior olfactory nucleus
AOS
allene oxide synthase
APCI-MS
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry
aPCx
anterior piriform cortex
aPRP
acidic proline-rich protein
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
AUC
area under the curve
BLA
basolateral nucleus
BNPP
bis-p-nitro-phenylphosphate
BOLD
blood-oxygen-level dependent
bPRP
basic proline-rich protein
Ca
calcium
cAMP
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CaSR
calcium sensing receptor
CAVI
carbonic anhydrase VI
CD
cyclodextrin
CG
concentration of the volatile in the headspace
cGMP
cyclic guanosine monophosphate
CHARM
combined hedonic aroma response measurement
CIT
citral
CM
concentration of the volatile compound in the matrix
CNGC
cyclic nucleotide gated channels
CNV
cranial nerve 5
CYP
cytochrome P450 enzyme
Da
dalton
DE
dextrose equivalent
DF
detection frequency
DIMS
direct injection-mass spectrometry
dliq
liquid density (kg L−1)
DOSY
diffusion ordered spectroscopy investigation
DP
deep pyramidal cell
EEG
electro-encephalogram
EgCG
epigallocatechin gallate
EGF
epidermal growth factor
ENaC
epithelial sodium channel
EOG
electro-olfactogram
EPL
external plexiform layer
ER
endoplasmic reticulum
ERP
event-related potentials
ESP
exocrine-gland-secreting peptide
FB
feedback interneuron
FDA
food and drug administration
FF
feed forward interneuron
FFT
furfurylthiol
FID
flame ionisation detection
fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging
FPR
formyl peptide-like receptor
FSCM
finger span cross modality
GBC
globose basal cell
GC-GOOD
gas chromatography-global olfactometry omission detection
GC-MS
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
GC-O
gas chromatography-olfactometry
GC-PO
gas chromatography-pedestal olfactometry
GC-R
gas chromatography recomposition-olfactometry
GDP
guanosine diphosphate
GG
Grueneberg ganglion
GL
glomerular layer
GMP
guanosine 5'-monophosphate
GPCR
G protein-coupled receptor
gPRP
glycosylated proline-rich protein
Gr
granule cells
GRAS
generally regarded as safe
GrL
granular cell layer
GSH
glutathione
GST
glutathione-S-transferase
HEK
human embryonic kidney cell
HPL
hydroperoxide lyase
HPLC
high performance liquid chromatography
Hst
histatin
IAA
isoamyl acetate
IBMX
3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
IDP
intrinsically disordered protein
IL
infralimbic cortex
IMAC
in-mouth air cavity
Imax
maximum intensity of the release profiles
IMP
inosine-5'-monophosphate
IPL
internal plexiform layer
ISO
International Standards Organization
K
gas matrix partition coefficient
Kd
dissociation constant
ki
molar concentration
Ki
molar fraction
km
mass fraction
L
liter
LCN1
lipocalin-1
LEC
lateral entorhinal cortex
LH
lateral hypothalamus
LISS
ligand-induced selective signaling
LN
local interneurons
LOT
lateral olfactory tract
Ma
molar mass of air (28.8 g mol−1)
MC
mitral cell
MCL
mitral cell layer
MDR
multidrug resistance
mGluR
metabotropic glutamate receptor
Mliq
molar mass of liquid (g mol−1)
MMP-3
matrix metalloproteinase 3
MOE
main olfactory epithelium
Mp
multipolar cell
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MRP
multidrug resistance-associated protein
MSG
monosodium glutamate
MUC
mucin
MUC1
mucin 1
MUC5B
mucin 5B
MUC7
mucin 7
NaCl
sodium chloride
NHDC
neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
NIF
nasal impact frequency
NLOT
nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract
NMP
negative mucosal potential
NMR
nuclear magnetic resonance
NPY
neuropeptide Y
NTS
nucleus tractus solitarius
OASIS
original aroma simultaneously input to the sniffing port method
OAV
odour activity value
OB
olfactory bulb
OBP
odorant-binding protein
OC
olfactory cortex
OCT
octanol/al
OE
olfactory epithelium
OEC
olfactory ensheathing cell
OFC
orbito-frontal cortex
OM
olfactory mucosa
OME
odorant metabolizing enzyme
ONL
olfactory nerve layer
OR
olfactory receptor
ORN
olfactory receptor neuron
OSN
olfactory sensory neuron
OT
odour threshold
OT
olfactory tubercle
P
pressure (Pa)
flast-math-0001
saturated vapour pressure of compound i (Pa)
PCx
piriform cortex
PEEK
poly-ether-ether-ketone
PET
positron emission tomography
pgC
periglomerular cells
Pgp
P-glycoprotein
PI3
phosphoinositide-3
PI3K
phosphoinositide-3-kinase
PIP3
phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-trisphosphate
PLC
phospholipase C
PLco
posterolateralcortical nucleus of amygdala
PN
projection neuron
pPCx
posterior piriform cortex
PPI
polyproline I
PPII
polyproline II
PRH2 protein
proline-rich protein HaeIII subfamily 2
PROP
6-n-propylthiouracil
PRP
proline-rich protein
PRV
phase ratio variation
PTC
phenylthiocarbamide
PTFE
polytetrafluoroethylene
PTR-MS
proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry
QSAR
quantitative structure activity relationships
QSPR
quantitative structure property relationships
R
gas constant (8.314 J mol−1 K−1)
RAS
retronasal aroma simulator
RI
retention index
RMS
rostral migratory stream
RNA
ribonucleic acid
RNAi
RNA interference
SCM
single chain monellin
SCOPe
structural classification of proteins
sIgA
secretory immunoglobulin A
SL
semilunar cell
SNIF
surface of nasal impact frequency
SNP
single nucleotide polymorphism
SO
septal organ
SON
supraoptic nucleus
SP
superficial pyramidal cell
SPLUNC2
short palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 2
SPME
solid phase micro-extraction
ST
sulfotransferase
SVP
saturated vapour pressure
T
temperature (K)
T1R1
taste receptor type 1, member 1
T1R2
taste receptor type 1, member 2
T1R3
taste receptor type 1, member 3
TAS1R
taste 1 receptor
TAS2R
taste 2 receptor
TDS
temporal dominance of sensations
TGF-α
transforming growth factor-alpha
TI
time-intensity
TM
trans-membrane
Tmax
time to reach maximum intensity
ToF
time-of-flight
TRP
transient receptor potential
Trp
tryptophan
TT
tenia tecta
UGT
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
V1
first branch of the trigeminal nerve
V2
second branch of the trigeminal nerve
V3
third branch of the trigeminal nerve
VEG
von Ebner's glands
VEGP
von Ebner's gland protein
VNO
vomeronasal organ
VNR
vomeronasal receptor
VSN
vomeronasal sensory neuron
VTD
venus flytrap domain
WL
wiskey lactone
XME
xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme