Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Overview of sea ice growth and properties
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Ions in the water: sea ice microstructure and phase diagram
1.3 Desalination and pore microstructure
1.4 Physical properties
1.5 Sea ice growth models, deformation and melt
1.6 Conclusion
1.7 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2: Sea ice thickness distribution
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The sea ice thickness distribution
2.3 Measurement techniques
2.4 Airborne laser altimetry
2.5 Ice thickness measurement intercomparison and long-term trends
2.6 Dynamic and thermodynamic thickness changes
References
Chapter 3: Snow in the sea ice system: friend or foe?
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Relationship Between Snow and Sea Ice
3.3 General characteristics of snow on ice
3.4 The temporal evolution of the snow pack
3.5 Bulk snow pack properties
3.6 Snow depth distribution
3.7 Remote sensing
3.8 Ecological and biogeochemical significance of snow
3.9 The outlook
3.10 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4: Sea ice and sunlight
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Radiative transfer theory
4.3 Inherent optical properties
4.4 Apparent optical properties
4.5 Radiative transfer modelling
4.6 Changing ice, changing light
4.7 Summary
4.8 Acknowledgements
Glossary
References
Chapter 5: The sea ice–ocean boundary layer
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Turbulent exchange in the IOBL
5.3 The ice–ocean interface
References
Chapter 6: The atmosphere over sea ice
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Surface energy budget
6.3 Vertical structure of the atmosphere (from surface layer to inversion top)
6.4 Cloud–radiation–turbulence– wave interactions
6.5 Wind and ice motion
6.6 Modelling of the atmosphere over sea ice
6.7 Summary
References
Chapter 7: Sea ice and Arctic Ocean oceanography
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Historical perspective
7.3 General oceanographic description
7.4 Ocean heat and sea ice
7.5 The Arctic halocline
7.6 Polynyas
7.7 Conclusion
Dedication
References
Chapter 8: Oceanography and sea ice in the Southern Ocean
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Geographic and oceanographic setting of the Southern Ocean
8.3 Sea ice and dense water production in the Southern Ocean
8.4 Seasonal cycles of ice and ocean on a ‘warm’ Antarctic shelf
8.5 The future
8.6 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9: Methods of satellite remote sensing of sea ice
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Microwave radiometry and scatterometry
9.3 Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
9.4 Altimetry
9.5 Optical and thermal infrared imaging
9.6 Uncertainties and validation
9.7 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10: Gaining (and losing) Antarctic sea ice: variability, trends and mechanisms
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Data sources and approaches
10.3 Seasonal and regional variability and change
10.4 Sea ice thickness, drift, winds and waves
10.5 Ice-climate connections
10.6 The historical perspective
10.7 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11: Losing Arctic sea ice: observations of the recent decline and the long-term context
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sea ice extent
11.3 Sea ice thickness
11.4 Sea ice type/age as a proxy for thickness
11.5 Snow depth on sea ice
11.6 Melt onset and freeze-up
11.7 Sea ice motion
References
Chapter 12: Sea ice in Earth system models
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Representing sea ice in an Earth system model
12.3 Learning from ESMs
12.4 Summary and outlook
12.5 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13: Sea ice as a habitat for Bacteria, Archaea and viruses
13.1 Introduction and short history
13.2 Sampling issues
13.3 Abundance and distribution
13.4 Seasonal dynamics
13.5 Diversity
13.6 Adaptations
13.7 Frontiers
References
Chapter 14: Sea ice as a habitat for primary producers
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sea ice as a habitat
14.3 Algae inhabiting sea ice
14.4 Primary production
References
Chapter 15: Sea ice as a habitat for micrograzers
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Origins and fates of sea ice protists
15.3 Diversity and abundances
15.4 Ecology and biogeochemistry of sea ice protozoa
15.5 Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16: Sea ice as a habitat for macrograzers
16.1 Environmental setting and relevant forcing factors for ice macrograzers
16.2 Diversity, distribution and abundance
16.3 Adaptations to sea ice habitat
16.4 Food web and carbon cycle
16.5 Grazing impact and contribution to sea ice carbon cycle
16.6 Change and trends
16.7 Summary and outlook
16.8 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 17: Dynamics of nutrients, dissolved organic matter and exopolymers in sea ice
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Definitions and biogeochemical importance of solutes in sea ice
17.3 Physical sources and sinks
17.4 Chemical sources and sinks
17.5 Biological cycling of nutrients, dissolved carbon and EPS
17.6 Summary and future challenges
17.7 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 18: Gases in sea ice
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The total gas content in sea ice
18.3 The gas composition in sea ice
18.4 Gas incorporation and transport in sea ice
18.5 Air–sea ice–ocean gas fluxes
18.6 Revisiting Tsurikov's classification
References
Chapter 19: Transport and transformation of contaminants in sea ice
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Contaminants in the Arctic sea ice
19.3 Pathways of contaminants entering sea ice
19.4 Transport of contaminants across the OSA interface
19.5 Transformation of contaminants across the OSA Interface
19.6 Biological uptake of sea ice-borne contaminants
19.7 Case studies
19.8 Implications of a changing sea ice environment
19.9 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 20: Numerical models of sea ice biogeochemistry
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The use of numerical models for sea ice biogeochemical studies
20.3 One-dimensional modelling of sea ice microbial communities
20.4 Selected model simulations
20.5 Discussion and outlook
20.6 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21: Arctic marine mammals and sea ice
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Ecology, distribution, and population structure of ice-dependent or ice-associated Arctic marine mammals
21.3 Marine mammals that seasonally occupy Arctic waters
21.4 Important habitats for Arctic marine mammals
21.5 Conservation and management challenges
References
Chapter 22: Antarctic marine mammals and sea ice
22.1 Pinnipedia
22.2 Cetacea
22.3 Climate change
22.4 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 23: A feathered perspective: the influence of sea ice on Arctic marine birds
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The ‘central’ problem of breeding in the Arctic
23.3 Feeding at the edge
23.4 Sometimes less (sea ice) is more: The importance of polynyas
23.5 Timing is everything
23.6 Sea ice in all seasons
23.7 The sea ice-loving (pagophilic) seabird: the ivory gull
23.8 Conservation implications
23.9 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 24: Birds and Antarctic sea ice
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Antarctic sea ice as a seabird habitat
24.3 Sea ice as a hindrance or facilitator of seabird travel
24.4 Sea ice and seabird foraging
24.5 Antarctic penguins and sea ice: intensively researched perspective
24.6 Predictions for the future
24.7 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 25: Sea ice is our beautiful garden: indigenous perspectives on sea ice in the Arctic
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Indigenous accounts of sea ice use
25.3 Documentation of indigenous use of sea ice
25.4 Discussion
25.5 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 26: Advances in palaeo sea ice estimation
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Antarctic
26.3 Arctic
26.4 Conclusion
26.5 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 27: Ice in subarctic seas
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Sea of Okhotsk
27.3 Hudson Bay
27.4 Baltic Sea
27.5 Subarctic sea ice ecosystems
27.6 Changes in ice cover in subarctic seas in the coming decades
27.7 Direct effect of sea ice loss
References
Index
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Guide
cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Begin Reading