Admiralty Arch: a temple of the Edwardian Baroque.
Admiralty Arch: a temple of the Edwardian Baroque.
The Edward VII 5d dull purple and ultramarine, reflecting the glory of the nation.
The Edward VII 5d dull purple and ultramarine, reflecting the glory of the nation.
Sir Edward Elgar, the composer of swagger.
Sir Edward Elgar, the composer of swagger.
Gertrude Elizabeth Blood, Lady Colin Campbell, proving the value of the corsage, by Boldini, 1897.
Gertrude Elizabeth Blood, Lady Colin Campbell, proving the value of the corsage, by Boldini, 1897.
Thomas Lister, 4
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale, in everyday pose, by Sargent in his bravura style, 1902.
Off to the seaside for a spot of lunch in the Daimler, 1907.
Off to the seaside for a spot of lunch in the Daimler, 1907.
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, a landmark of Tory pessimism and proprietor of the Hotel Cecil, painted by Millais, 1883.
Arthur James Balfour, a long-term resident of the hotel, and defender of philosophic doubt, by Sargent, 1908.
Arthur James Balfour, a long-term resident of the hotel, and defender of philosophic doubt, by Sargent, 1908.
Low behaviour in high society: the ill-fated house party at Tranby Croft, 1890. The Prince of Wales is third from the right in the front row; Lt-Col Sir William Gordon-Cumming is to the Prince’s right.
Low behaviour in high society: the ill-fated house party at Tranby Croft, 1890. The Prince of Wales is third from the right in the front row; Lt-Col Sir William Gordon-Cumming is to the Prince’s right.
Homes for the growing middle classes: new build at Hornsey as London expands, 1883.
Homes for the growing middle classes: new build at Hornsey as London expands, 1883.
Blythe (Kent) bowling to Tyldesley (Lancashire) at Canterbury, 10 August 1906, by Albert Chevallier Tayler. Kent won by an innings and 195 runs.
Blythe (Kent) bowling to Tyldesley (Lancashire) at Canterbury, 10 August 1906, by Albert Chevallier Tayler. Kent won by an innings and 195 runs.
Mr Selfridge’s baroque palace:
Mr Selfridge’s baroque palace: de luxe department store shopping comes to London’s Oxford Street, 1909.
The power couple of middle-class radicalism: Beatrice Webb, beloved of Joe Chamberlain and mocked by H. G. Wells, and Sidney Webb: ‘his tiny tadpole body, unhealthy skin, lack of manner, Cockney pronunciation, poverty are all against him’.
The power couple of middle-class radicalism: Beatrice Webb, beloved of Joe Chamberlain and mocked by H. G. Wells, and Sidney Webb: ‘his tiny tadpole body, unhealthy skin, lack of manner, Cockney pronunciation, poverty are all against him’.
Alfred Harmsworth, 1
Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, who built his fortune on never overestimating the taste of the aspirant reading public.
The Boy’s Own Paper, morally equipping the future rulers of the Empire.
The Boy’s Own Paper, morally equipping the future rulers of the Empire.
The newly monied working-class at play: the Edwardians did love to be beside the seaside, appropriately dressed.
The newly monied working-class at play: the Edwardians did love to be beside the seaside, appropriately dressed.
A poster for Marie Lloyd, enemy of the Social Purity Movement: she’d never had her ticket punched before.
A poster for Marie Lloyd, enemy of the Social Purity Movement: she’d never had her ticket punched before.
The happiest days of their lives: Edwardian children at the St James’s Road Council School, Northampton – one of those established after the 1902 Education Act.
The happiest days of their lives: Edwardian children at the St James’s Road Council School, Northampton – one of those established after the 1902 Education Act.
Women workers in Mr Rowntree’s splendid new chocolate factory, 1910.
Women workers in Mr Rowntree’s splendid new chocolate factory, 1910.
John Burns, a thoughtful working-class rebel who became a Liberal statesman.
John Burns, a thoughtful working-class rebel who became a Liberal statesman.
James Keir Hardie, in the age before amplification, addresses the faithful in Trafalgar Square, 1913.
James Keir Hardie, in the age before amplification, addresses the faithful in Trafalgar Square, 1913.
A. E. Housman ponders a blue remembered hill, and almost certainly premature death.
A. E. Housman ponders a blue remembered hill, and almost certainly premature death.
Cecil Sharp (left) captures another folk song from Edwin Clay, at Brailes in Warwickshire, c. 1905.
Cecil Sharp (left) captures another folk song from Edwin Clay, at Brailes in Warwickshire, c. 1905.
The plan for C. F. A. Voysey’s house for J. W Buckley Esq. at Windermere, 1899: the apotheosis of Arts and Crafts.
The plan for C. F. A. Voysey’s house for J. W Buckley Esq. at Windermere, 1899: the apotheosis of Arts and Crafts.
David Lloyd George, lady-killer, politician and taunter of dukes.
David Lloyd George, lady-killer, politician and taunter of dukes.
Herbert Henry Asquith, the last prime minister of a Liberal government.
Herbert Henry Asquith, the last prime minister of a Liberal government.
King George V in his coronation robes, by Fildes, 1911.
King George V in his coronation robes, by Fildes, 1911.
His Majesty presides over a poster for Empire Day: Britannia greets her kith and kin while the British lion looks on.
His Majesty presides over a poster for Empire Day: Britannia greets her kith and kin while the British lion looks on.
‘Chinese’ Gordon, who would fulfil his death wish at Khartoum, and pass into legend.
‘Chinese’ Gordon, who would fulfil his death wish at Khartoum, and pass into legend.
George Nathaniel, 1
George Nathaniel, 1st Earl Curzon of Kedleston, in viceregal garb, every inch a superior person.
Robert Baden-Powell, hero of Mafeking and boy scouts everywhere.
Robert Baden-Powell, hero of Mafeking and boy scouts everywhere.
A warder tries to contain his boredom while Charles Stewart Parnell and James Dillon plot Home Rule in prison.
A warder tries to contain his boredom while Charles Stewart Parnell and James Dillon plot Home Rule in prison.
Captain Charles Boycott’s way of dealing with resdess native people in the wild west of Ireland.
Captain Charles Boycott’s way of dealing with restless native people in the wild west of Ireland.
The light touch of landlordism: an eviction in County Clare, 1888.
The light touch of landlordism: an eviction in County Clare, 1888.
One of the first old-age pensioners claims his five bob, January 1909.
One of the first old-age pensioners claims his five bob, January 1909.
Lloyd George becomes an early victim of Tory opposition to tax and spend, 1910.
Lloyd George becomes an early victim of Tory opposition to tax and spend, 1910.
Lloyd George invents the welfare state, 1911.
Lloyd George invents the welfare state, 1911.
One of the new Labour Exchanges at Camberwell Green, London, 1 February 1910.
One of the new Labour Exchanges at Camberwell Green, London, 1 February 1910.
Riots during the strike in the London docks, August 1911.
Riots during the strike in the London docks, August 1911.
Police reinforcements seek to impose order during the Liverpool Transport Strike, August 1911.
Police reinforcements seek to impose order during the Liverpool Transport Strike, August 1911.
James Larkin appealing to a higher authority in Dublin during the lockout, 1913.
James Larkin appealing to a higher authority in Dublin during the lockout, 1913.
Christabel and Emmeline Pankhurst, the militant tendency.
Christabel and Emmeline Pankhurst, the militant tendency.
Flora Drummond – the General – with her customary police escort.
Flora Drummond – the General – with her customary police escort.
H. G. Wells, whose ideas on women’s liberation went only so far, 1896.
H. G. Wells, whose ideas on women’s liberation went only so far, 1896.
Mrs Pankhurst chalks up another arrest, 1914.
Mrs Pankhurst chalks up another arrest, 1914.
A misogynist’s view of how to deal with a suffragette. After breaking windows, Mrs Pankhurst’s militants moved on to setting fire to letterboxes.
A misogynist’s view of how to deal with a suffragette. After breaking windows, Mrs Pankhurst’s militants moved on to setting fire to letterboxes.
Force-feeding in prison: the reality was far worse.
Force-feeding in prison: the reality was far worse.
John Redmond, who very nearly succeeded in securing Home Rule.
John Redmond, who very nearly succeeded in securing Home Rule.
Loyalist workers prepare a hostile welcome for Winston Churchill and his message of Home Rule: an early step on the road to civil war.
Loyalist workers prepare a hostile welcome for Winston Churchill and his message of Home Rule: an early step on the road to civil war.
Sir Edward Carson, in predictably genial mood, inspects some Ulster Volunteers with his ‘galloper’, F. E. Smith.
Sir Edward Carson, in predictably genial mood, inspects some Ulster Volunteers with his ‘galloper’, F. E. Smith.

NOTES

image missing

Abbreviations may be found in the Bibliography here.

Prologue: Swagger

1. BL Add. MS 49684 f. 143.

2. BL Add. MS 49684 f. 144.

3. BL Add. MS 49684 f. 158.

4. ESHR:12/6, ff. 4, 8, 24, 26.

5. The Times, 9 June 1897, p. 6.

6. Ibid. 17 June 1897, p. 8.

7. Ibid.

8. QV3, III, p. 172.

9. Ibid. p. 174.

10. The Times, 23 June 1897, p. 9.

11. QV3, III, p. 175.

12. Ibid.

13. The Times, 23 June 1897, p. 11.

14. Ibid. p. 10.

15. QV3, III, p. 181.

16. Ibid. p. 176.

17. Cohen, p. 270.

18. The Times, 4 February 1901, p. 5.

19. Ibid. 4 February 1901, p. 8.

20. Ibid.

21. Cust, p. 135.

22. Ibid. p. 139.

23. The Times, 27 May 1887, p. 10.

24. Heffer, HM, p. 357ff.

25. The Times, 25 July 1887, p. 3.

26. Hansard, Vol. 90 cols 1031–2.

27. Ibid. col. 829.

28. The Times, 28 February 1901, p. 7.

29. Ibid. 7 March 1901, p. 8.

30. Hansard, Vol. 90 col. 1343.

31. The Times, 15 January 1902, p. 7.

32. Service, p. 142.

33. For details of the reluctance with which Scott built the Foreign Office in the classical style he despised see Heffer, HM, p. 735ff.

34. Pevsner, London W, p. 645.

35. Heffer, HM, p. 372.

36. Pevsner, London W, p. 211.

37. Pevsner, London C, p. 121.

38. Pevsner, London W, p. 559.

39. Ibid. p. 460.

40. St Aubyn, p. 146.

41. Ridley, p. 91.

42. Magnus, p. 365.

43. St Aubyn, p. 147.

44. Ibid. p.146.

45. Magnus, p. 364.

46. Ellman, p. 4.

47. Ibid. p. 196.

48. Ibid. p. 276.

49. Wilde, Letters, p. 465.

50. Rosebery, pp. 31–2.

51. Rhodes James, p. 53.

52. Rose, LC, pp. 46–7.

53. Rose, GV, p. 80.

54. Ibid. p. 102.

55. Kennedy, E, p. 168.

56. Ibid. p. 169.

57. Ibid. p. 225.

58. Forster, HE, pp. 37–8.

59. Kennedy, E, p. 236.

60. Ibid. p. 238.

61. James, Portrait, p. 1.

62. Bennett, WGHJ, p. 13.

63. Wells, TB, p. 69.

64. Searle, p. 89.

65. Harris, pp. 11–12.

66. Retrieved from http://www.britishtelephones.com/histuk.htm

67. Searle, p. 85.

68. Ibid.

69. The Times, 9 February 1912, p. 6.

Part I: The World of the Late Victorians
Chapter 1: The Decline of the Pallisers

1. Harris, p. 99.

2. Ridley, p. 233.

3. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 508.

4. QV2, III, p. 165.

5. G&A, I, p. 386.

6. BL Add. MS 44225, f. 158.

7. BL, Chamberlain MSS 5/34/1.

8. QV2, III, p. 88.

9. Ibid. p. 87; BL Add. MS 44258 f. 163.

10. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 526.

11. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 564.

12. QV2, III, p. 181.

13. Jackson, p. 332.

14. G&A, I, p. 386.

15. QV2, III, p. 298.

16. The Times, 31 March 1883, p. 10.

17. Ibid. 4 April 1883, p. 11.

18. Ibid. 16 April 1883, p. 8.

19. Ibid. 14 June 1883, p. 6.

20. BL Add. MS 44546 f. 128.

21. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 1.

22. Ibid. p. 2.

23. QV2, III, p. 431.

24. BL Add. MS 44546 f. 166.

25. BL Add. MS 44546 f. 173.

26. BL Add. MS 44546 f. 179.

27. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 59.

28. Hamilton, II, p. 514.

29. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 70.

30. BL Add. MS 44146 f. 239.

31. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 80.

32. BL Add. MS 44547 f. 24.

33. Hansard, Vol. 285 col. 108.

34. Ibid. col. 129.

35. Ibid. col. 133.

36. Ibid. col. 113.

37. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 119.

38. Hansard, Vol. 285 col. 150.

39. Ibid. col. 431.

40. Ibid. col. 625.

41. Ibid. Vol. 287 col. 769.

42. Ibid. col. 773.

43. Ibid. col. 1437.

44. Ibid. col. 1438.

45. BL Add. MS 44109 f. 97.

46. BL Add. MS 44547 f. 78.

47. BL Add. MS 44487 f. 42.

48. BL Add. MS 44547 f. 81.

49. Ibid.

50. Hansard, Vol. 290 col. 112.

51. Ibid. col. 143.

52. Ibid. col. 395.

53. Ibid. col. 407.

54. Ibid. col. 408.

55. Ibid. col. 414.

56. Ibid. col. 416.

57. Ibid. col. 468.

58. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 171.

59. Roberts, p. 297.

60. Hansard, Vol. 290 col. 692.

61. Ibid. col. 798.

62. Jenkins, p. 187.

63. Hansard, Vol. 290 col. 1342.

64. Ibid. col. 1343.

65. Ibid. cols 690–91

66. Broadhurst, p. 126.

67. G&A, I, p. 465.

68. QV2, III, p. 523, Letters, Vol. 2, p. 253.

69. BL Add. MS 44547 f. 90.

70. G&A, I, p. 467.

71. Ibid. p. 470.

72. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 191.

73. Ibid. p. 192.

74. Ibid. p. 193.

75. Ibid. p. 201.

76. Morley, II, p. 370.

77. BL Add. MS 44547 f. 116.

78. BL Add. MS 43875 f. 177.

79. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 216.

80. National Review, October 1884, Vol. IV, p. 157.

81. BL Add. MS 44147 f. 149.

82. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 217.

83. The Times, 4 October 1884, p. 7.

84. Ibid. p. 9.

85. Rosebery, pp. 87–8.

86. The Times, 4 October 1884, p. 10.

87. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 220.

88. Ibid. p. 221.

89. The Times, 8 October 1884, p. 6.

90. G&A, I p. 472.

91. QV2, Letters, Vol. III, p. 548.

92. The Times, 14 October 1884, p. 6.

93. Ibid. 15 October 1884, p. 6.

94. Ibid. 20 October 1884, p. 10.

95. QV2, Letters, Vol. III, p. 554.

96. Ibid. p. 555.

97. G&A, I p. 474.

98. QV2, Letters, Vol. III, p. 557.

99. G&A, I p. 474.

100. QV2, Letters, Vol. III, p. 558.

101. BL Add. MS 44547 f. 124.

102. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 225.

103. BL Add. MS 44487 f. 290.

104. Hansard, Vol. 293 col. 544.

105. Morley, II, p. 375.

106. BL Add. MS 43875 f. 192.

107. BL Add. MS 44645 f. 203.

108. BL Add. MS 50014 f. 274.

109. Morley, II, p. 379.

110. Jenkins, p. 192.

111. McKinstry, p. 273.

112. BL Add. MS 76936, Harcourt-Spencer, 26.ii.1894.

113. Gardiner, II, p. 285. Rosebery’s own family seat at Mentmore, which came with his marriage into the Rothschild family, itself had to be sold with some of its contents to pay death duties in 1976.

114. McKinstry, p. 312.

115. Ibid. p. 313.

116. Harris, pp. 101–3.

117. Hansard, Vol. 24 col. 511.

118. Ibid. col. 1186.

119. Ibid. col. 1274.

120. Ibid. col. 1524.

121. Ibid. col. 513.

122. Ibid. col. 524.

123. Ibid. col. 634.

124. Ibid. col. 635.

125. Ibid. Vol. 25 col. 816.

126. Ibid. cols 817–18.

127. The Times, 9 June 1894, p. 8.

128. Hansard, Vol. 25 col. 831.

129. Ibid. col. 851.

130. The Times, 9 June 1894, p. 8.

131. Hansard, Vol. 27 col. 959.

132. Ibid. col. 954.

133. Ibid. col. 957.

134. Ibid. col. 958.

135. Ibid. col. 960.

136. See Giles Worsley, ‘Country houses: the lost legacy’ (The Daily Telegraph, 15 June 2002), at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3578853/Country-houses-the-lost-legacy.html

137. Searle, p. 83.

138. Galsworthy, TCH, p. 133.

139. Ibid. p. 177.

140. Ibid. p. 241.

141. Ibid. p. 277.

142. Galsworthy, Letters, p. 5.

143. Marrot, p. 185.

144. BL Add. MS 45291 f. 158.

145. Galsworthy, Letters, p. 6.

146. Ibid. p. 75.

147. Pinero, TCM, p. 56.

148. Ibid. p. 17.

149. Ibid. p. 24.

150. Ibid. p. 54.

151. Rose, GV, p. 87.

152. The Times, 19 February 1870, p. 13.

153. Ridley, p. 130.

154. Galsworthy, TCH, p. 136.

155. The Times, 27 October 1879, p. 4.

156. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House, 3M: Series E, Beresford correspondence 12 July 1891.

157. Ibid. 3 August 1891.

158. Ibid. 30 November 1891.

159. Ibid. 17 December 1891.

160. Ibid. 18 December 1891.

161. Ibid. 19 December 1891.

162. Ibid. 21 December 1891.

163. The Times, 2 June 1891, p. 11.

164. Ibid. 10 June 1891, p. 9.

165. Ridley, p. 285.

166. The Times, 10 June 1891, p. 9.

167. Longford, p. 512.

168. Allfrey, p. 23.

169. BL Add. MS 52513 f. 98.

170. BL Add. MS 52513 f. 102.

171. Jenkins, p. 220.

172. Healy, I, p. 215.

173. McKinstry, p. 151.

174. The Times, 13 February 1886, p. 12.

175. Ibid. 4 May 1886, p. 8.

176. BL Add. MS 43874 f. 73.

177. The Times, 27 November 1889, p. 7.

178. NA: DPP 1/95/3.

179. See Aronson, p. 27.

180. Hyde, p. 30.

181. NA: DPP 1/95/1.

182. NA: DPP 1/95/1.

183. ESHR: 12/3/1.

184. NA: DPP 1/95/1.

185. ESHR: 12/3/4.

186. ESHR: 12/3/7.

187. ESHR: 12/3/18.

188. NA: DPP 1/95/1.

189. NA: DPP1/95/1.

190. Hyde, pp. 59–60.

191. Lees-Milne, p. 80.

192. NA: DPP 1/95/3.

193. The Times, 7 January 1890, p. 13.

194. Hyde, p. 53.

195. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House, 3M: Series E, Webster correspondence, 18 September 1889.

196. ESHR: 12/3/31.

197. ESHR: 12/3/166.

198. NA: DPP 1/95/3.

199. NA: DPP 1/95/1.

200. Lees-Milne, p. 79.

201. NA: DPP 1/95/1.

202. ESHR: 12/3/48.

203. ESHR: 12/3/49.

204. ESHR:12/3/57.

205. ESHR: 12/3/55.

206. NA: DPP 1/95/1.

207. NA: DPP 1/95/1.

208. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House 3M: Series F, Probyn correspondence, 19 October 1889.

209. Hyde, p. 96.

210. ESHR: 12/3/59.

211. ESHR: 12/3/58.

212. NA: DPP 1/95/3.

213. The Times, 16 January 1890, p. 6.

214. ESHR: 2/8, journal entry for 5 November 1890.

215. The Times, 24 December 1889, p. 10.

216. New York Herald, 22 December 1889, p. 8.

217. The Times, 16 January 1890, p. 6.

218. Ibid. 17 January 1890, p. 7.

219. Hansard, Vol. 341 col. 1534.

220. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House, 3M: Series F, Knollys Correspondence, 2 March 1890.

221. ESHR: 12/3/141.

222. Hansard, Vol. 341 col. 1535.

223. Ibid. col. 1536.

224. Ibid. col. 1537.

225. NA: DPP 1/95/1.

226. Hansard, Vol. 341 col. 1538.

227. Ibid. col. 1539.

228. Ibid. col. 1543.

229. Ibid. col. 1544.

230. Ibid. col. 1546.

231. Ibid. col. 1548.

232. See Chapter 5.

233. Hansard, Vol. 341 col. 1619.

234. Roberts, pp. 545–6.

235. Ridley, p. 275.

236. ESHR: 12/3/99.

Chapter 2: The Rise of the Pooters

1. Crossick, p. 19.

2. Lewis, p. 75.

3. Harris, p. 9.

4. Bennett, Anna, p. 25.

5. Bennett, Clayhanger, p. 417.

6. Bennett, Card, p. 18.

7. Bennett, WGHJ, p. 126.

8. Crossick, p. 107.

9. Wells, EA, I, p. 285.

10. Nowell-Smith, p. 148.

11. Nesbit, p. 10.

12. Michael Heller, ‘Work, income and stability: the Victorian and Edwardian male clerk revisited’, Business History, Vol. 50, No. 3, p. 256.

13. Ibid. pp. 44–5.

14. Ibid. p. 44; p. 40.

15. Bennett, Card, p. 256.

16. See Heffer, HM, pp. 445–62.

17. Rose J, p. 61.

18. Jones J, p. 105.

19. Cox, p. 24.

20. Gissing, p. 400.

21. Jones J, p. 73.

22. The Girl’s Own Paper, 30 October 1886, p. 79.

23. Jones J, pp. 79–80.

24. The Boy’s Own Paper, 22 November 1890, p. 128.

25. L&A, p. 170.

26. The Magnet, Vol. 2, No. 46, p. 3.

27. Ibid. p. 6.

28. Ibid. p. 10.

29. Ibid. p. 14.

30. Ibid. pp. 4–5.

31. Retrieved from http://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/boys/english/e_boys

32. Retrieved from http://www.friardale.co.uk/Ephemera/Newspapers/George%20Orwell_Horizon_Reply.pdf

33. Henty, p. 119.

34. Ibid. p. 58.

35. Ibid. pp. 152–3.

36. Ibid. p. 162.

37. Chothia, p. 23.

38. BL Add. MS 45291 ff. 142–3.

39. Holroyd, Shaw, II, p. 93.

40. BL Add. MS 45290 f. 39.

41. Retrieved from http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/discover-more/welcome-to-the-national-theatre/the-history-of-the-national-theatre/stage-by-stage/the

42. Ibid.

43. See Heffer, HM, pp. 285–339.

44. BL Add. MS 43874 f. 22.

45. Parry papers, Shulbrede: Grove to Parry, 30 December 1882.

46. Parry papers, Shulbrede: Grove to Parry, 18 March 1886.

47. Kennedy, VW, p. 15.

48. Dibble, p. 258.

49. Fry, p. 44.

50. Holt, p. 76.

51. Vamplew, p. 60.

52. Fry, p. 216.

53. Wisden, 1896, p. 367.

54. Ibid. p. 376.

55. I am grateful to Mr David Frith for this information.

56. Wisden, 1896, p. liii.

57. Fry, p. 107.

58. Thomson, p. 167.

59. Ibid. p. 159.

60. Wisden, 1903, p. 283.

61. Fry, p. 235.

62. Thomson, p. 159

63. Newbolt, p. 131.

64. Vamplew, p. 55.

65. Long, p. 5.

66. Nankivell, p. 3.

67. Ibid. p. 21.

68. Ibid. p. 10.

69. Nicolson, p. 61.

70. Ponsonby, p. 281.

71. Crosland, p. 80.

72. Ibid. p. 9.

73. Shaw, Prefaces, p. 193.

74. Shaw, Plays, p. 729.

75. Shaw, Prefaces, p. 118.

76. Ibid. p. 119.

77. Wells, EA, I, p. 247.

78. Webb, Diaries, I, p. 111.

79. Ibid. p. 115.

80. Ibid. p. 118.

81. Ibid. p. 211.

82. Webb, Diaries, II, p. 190.

83. Lewis, p. 96.

84. Webb, Diaries, I, p. 322.

85. Holroyd, Shaw, I, p. 172.

86. Ibid. p. 125.

87. Ibid. p. 127.

88. Webb, Diaries, I, p. 329.

89. Ibid. pp. 329–30.

90. Ibid. p. 354.

91. Ibid. pp. 355–6.

92. Wells, NM, p. 131.

93. Ibid. p. 135.

94. Ibid. p. 198.

95. Wells, AV, p. 110.

96. Roberts, p. 501.

97. Holroyd, Shaw, I, p. 410.

98. Webb, Diaries, II, p. 16.

99. Ibid.

Chapter 3: The Workers’ Struggle

1. For an analysis of the true unemployment situation in Britain during the period leading up to the Great War, see George R. Boyer and Timothy J. Hatton, ‘New estimates of British unemployment 1870–1913’, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 62, No. 3, p. 643ff.

2. Rowntree, p. viii.

3. Ibid. p. 11.

4. Ibid. p. 25.

5. Ibid. p. 31.

6. Ibid. p. 33.

7. Ibid. p. 39.

8. Ibid. p. 36.

9. Ibid. p. 77.

10. Ibid. p. 78.

11. Ibid. p. 135.

12. Girouard, p. 2.

13. Girouard, p. 5.

14. Retrieved from http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/census/living/food/beer.htm

15. Figures retrieved from http://www.historyandpolicy.org/opinion-articles/articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-drinking-in-britain

16. Pope, p. 9.

17. Ibid. p. 140.

18. Ibid. p. 141.

19. Ibid. p. 38.

20. Ibid. p. 148.

21. Bennett, Anna, pp. 18–19.

22. Holt, p. 170.

23. Ibid. p. 135.

24. Bennett, Clayhanger, p. 155.

25. The Link, No. 21, 23 June 1888, p. 1.

26. Ibid. No. 22, 30 June 1888, p. 2.

27. Holmes, EM, p. 322.

28. The Times, 24 September 1889, p. 10.

29. See http://www.tuc.org.uk/about-tuc/union-history/section-why-not-have-congress-our-own

30. Martin, p. 31.

31. Broadhurst, p. 79.

32. Ibid. p. 186.

33. Ibid. p. 111.

34. Ibid. p. 153.

35. Ibid. p. 206.

36. Holmes, EM, p. 233.

37. BL Add. MS 45341 f. 57.

38. Broadhurst, p. 82.

39. MacCarthy, pp. 422–3.

40. Morris, IIA, p. 356, p. 590.

41. BL Add. MS 45341 f. 45.

42. BL Add. MS 45341 f. 48.

43. BL Add. MS 45341 f. 87.

44. The Times, 9 February 1886, p. 6.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid. p. 9.

47. Ibid. 13 February 1886, p. 7.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid. 18 February 1886, p. 7.

50. Holroyd, Shaw, I, p. 183.

51. The Times, 22 February 1886, p. 7.

52. Ibid. 25 February 1886, p. 12.

53. Ibid. 10 April 1886, p. 5.

54. Ibid. 12 April 1886, p. 7.

55. Holroyd, Shaw, I, p. 186.

56. Morgan, p. 18.

57. Ibid. p. 33.

58. Ibid. p. 54.

59. The Times, 13 April 1891, p. 10.

60. Ibid. 14 April 1891, p. 10.

61. Ibid. 14 January 1893, p. 7.

62. Hansard, Vol. 19 col. 1180.

63. Wells, NM, p. 94.

64. Ibid. p. 96.

65. Ibid. p. 204.

66. Ibid. p. 206.

Part II: Coming Storms
Chapter 4: Imperial Tensions

1. OHBE, III, p. 349.

2. Seeley, p. 1.

3. Ibid. p. 2.

4. Ibid. p. 10.

5. Ibid. p. 12.

6. Ibid. p. 13.

7. Ibid. p. 14.

8. Ibid. p. 16.

9. Ibid. p. 37.

10. Ibid. p. 59.

11. Ibid. p. 65.

12. Ibid. p. 66.

13. Ibid. pp. 45–6.

14. Ibid. p. 55.

15. Ibid. p. 166.

16. Ibid. p. 234.

17. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 522.

18. BL Add. MS 44644 f. 124.

19. BL Add. MS 44644 f. 126.

20. BL Add. MS 44645 f. 8.

21. Lees-Milne, p. 56.

22. Pollock, p. 202.

23. Ibid. p. 264.

24. Ibid. p. 265.

25. Ibid. p. 264.

26. Ibid. p. 266.

27. The Pall Mall Gazette, Vol. 39, No. 5879, p. 11.

28. Ibid. p. 1.

29. QV2, III, p. 477.

30. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 111 (n).

31. Hansard, Vol. 284 col. 696.

32. Ibid. cols 697–8.

33. BL Add. MS 44645 f. 46.

34. Hamilton, II, p. 584.

35. Hansard, Vol. 286 col. 1528.

36. Pollock, p. 297.

37. Hamilton, II, p. 602.

38. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 145.

39. Hansard, Vol. 288 col. 35.

40. Ibid. col. 52.

41. BL Add. MS 44645 f. 138.

42. BL Add. MS 44645 f. 150.

43. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 181.

44. Ibid. p. 190.

45. Pollock, p. 300.

46. Ibid. p. 306.

47. Hamilton, I, p. 686.

48. Pakenham, p. 223.

49. Hansard, Vol. 294 col. 438.

50. Pollock, p. 311.

51. Pakenham, p. 234.

52. BL Add. MS 44147 f. 218.

53. Recorded in Pollock, p. 317.

54. The Times, 6 February 1885, p. 5.

55. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 291 (n).

56. Ibid. p. 289.

57. Hamilton, II, p. 789.

58. QV2, III, p. 597.

59. Pollock, pp. 303–4.

60. QV2, III, p. 598.

61. Ibid. p. 603.

62. The Times, 6 February 1885, p. 5.

63. Ibid. p. 9.

64. Pakenham, p. 264.

65. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 295.

66. QV2, III, p. 608.

67. Hamilton, II, p. 798.

68. BL Add. MS 44547 f. 181.

69. Hansard, Vol. 294 col. 1080.

70. Ibid. col. 1100.

71. Ibid. col. 1114.

72. Ibid. col. 1628.

73. Morley, II, p. 416.

74. The Times, 28 February 1885, p. 13.

75. Morley, II, p. 417.

76. Seeley, p. 10.

77. Wells, NM, p. 223.

78. Webb, Diaries, II, p. 31.

79. G&A, III, p. 5.

80. The Times, 25 May 1912, p. 9.

81. Ibid. p. 5.

82. BL Add. MS 49683 ff. 56–57.

83. BL Add. MS 49683 f. 61.

84. The Times, 12 November 1895, p. 6.

85. G&A, III, p. 11.

86. A&E, p. 34.

87. Hansard, Vol. 72 col. 172.

88. Kipling, Verse, p. 320.

89. Hansard, Vol. 258 col. 1954.

90. G&A, III, p. 44.

91. The Times, 12 November 1895, p. 6.

92. G&A, III, p. 55.

93. Kipling, p. 191.

94. G&A, III, p. 73.

95. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House,3M, Series A, Chamberlain correspondence, 26 December 1895.

96. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House, 3M: Series A, Jameson Raid Telegrams, 30 December 1895.

97. Ibid. 29 December 1895.

98. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House, 3M: Series A, Jameson Raid Telegrams, 29 December 1895.

99. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House, 3M: Series A, Chamberlain Correspondence, 31 December 1895.

100. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House, 3M: Series A, Jameson Raid Telegrams, 30 December 1895.

101. G&A, III, p. 89.

102. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House, 3M: Series A, Jameson Raid Telegrams, 31 December 1895.

103. Ibid.

104. Pakenham, p. 503.

105. Hansard, Vol. 37 col. 90.

106. Bennett, Clayhanger, p. 371.

107. Hansard, Vol. 72 col. 598.

108. The Times, 10 October 1899, p. 3.

109. Webb, Diaries, II, p. 164.

110. The Times, 11 October 1899, p. 7.

111. Pakenham, p. 571.

112. Spencer, II, p. 279.

113. Cost estimated by National Archives at http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/census/events/britain7.htm

114. Hansard, Vol. 89 col. 397.

115. Ibid. col. 401.

116. Ibid. col. 404.

117. Ibid. col. 405.

118. Ibid. col. 1180.

119. Ibid. col. 1240.

120. Ibid. col. 1247.

121. The Times, 15 June 1901, p. 12.

122. Ibid. p. 11.

123. Hansard, Vol. 95 col. 574.

124. Ibid. col. 583.

125. The Times, 19 June 1901, p. 10.

126. See Heffer, PP, p. 120ff.

127. The Times, 4 January 1902, p. 9.

128. Wells, NM, p. 211.

129. Grigg, YLG, p. 293.

130. Rhodes, p. 51.

131. Ibid. p. 58.

Chapter 5: Ireland

1. This and other statistics in this section are to be found at http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/ireland/ire-land.htm, quoted in Winstanley, op cit.

2. Searle, p. 8.

3. Morley, I, p. 886.

4. BL Add. MS 44544 f. 5.

5. Bew, p. 115.

6. Ranelagh, p. 153.

7. The Spectator, 14 August 1880, p. 2.

8. The Times, 2 October 1880, p. 11.

9. BL Add. MS 44544 f. 71.

10. The Times, 18 October 1880, p. 6.

11. QV2, III, p. 149.

12. The Times, 18 October 1880, p. 9.

13. Ibid. 1 November 1880, p. 6.

14. BL Add. MS 44157 f. 186.

15. The Times, 4 November 1880, p. 6.

16. Ibid. 5 November 1880, p. 4.

17. Ibid. 8 November 1880, p. 6.

18. Ibid. 9 November 1880, p. 6.

19. Ibid. 10 November 1880, p 10.

20. QV2, III, p. 168.

21. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 616.

22. BL Add. MS 44625 f. 19.

23. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 647 (n).

24. QV2, III, p. 165.

25. Ibid. p. 166.

26. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 655.

27. The Times, 29 December 1880, p. 8.

28. Ibid. 30 December 1880, p. 10.

29. Ibid. 31 December 1880, p. 8.

30. Ibid. 26 January 1881, p. 10.

31. Ibid. 25 January 1881, p. 7.

32. Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. 136, p. 50.

33. Hamilton, I, p. 104.

34. The Times, 4 February 1881, p. 10.

35. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 17.

36. Hansard, Vol. 258 col. 68.

37. Ibid. Vol. 259 col. 829.

38. BL Add. MS 44544 f. 148.

39. Hansard, Vol. 260 col. 890.

40. Lyons, p. 49.

41. Hansard, Vol. 260 col. 909.

42. Ibid. col. 923.

43. Ibid. col. 1104.

44. Ibid. cols 1322–3.

45. Ibid. col. 1612.

46. Ibid. Vol. 261 col. 95.

47. Ibid. col. 661.

48. BL Add. MS 44545 f. 11.

49. CUL: Churchill papers, Add. MS 9248/618

50. Bew, p. 81.

51. The Times, 27 September 1881, p. 5.

52. BL Add. MS 44159 f. 27.

53. Bew, p. 82.

54. BL Add. MS 43385 f. 298.

55. Reid, II, p. 341.

56. The Times, 8 October 1881, p. 7.

57. Ibid. 14 October 1881, p. 5.

58. QV2, III, p. 244.

59. BL Add. MS 44545 f. 35.

60. Reid, II, p. 362.

61. Ibid. p. 368.

62. Salisbury Papers: Hatfield House, 3M: Series D, Waterford Correspondence, 9 November 1881.

63. BL Add. MS 62114 f. 4.

64. Bew, p. 93.

65. Reid, II, p. 428.

66. BL Add. MS 62114 f. 5.

67. BL Add. MS 62114 f. 6.

68. BL Add. MS 44160 f. 160.

69. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 247.

70. Reid, II, p. 441.

71. Ibid. pp. 442–3.

72. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 247.

73. Hamilton, I, p. 263.

74. QV2, III, p. 278.

75. Ibid. p. 281.

76. The Times, 5 May 1882, p. 9.

77. Spencer, I, p. 184.

78. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p 253.

79. Hamilton, I, p. 265.

80. QV2, III, p. 283.

81. Spencer, I, p. 189.

82. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 255.

83. BL Add. MS 44545 f. 132.

84. BL Add. MS 44545 f. 132.

85. Hansard, Vol. 269 col. 323.

86. The Times, 8 May 1882, p. 7.

87. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 257.

88. BL Add. MS 43874 ff. 42–43.

89. Hamilton, I, p. 267.

90. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 256.

91. The Times, 8 May 1882, p. 11.

92. QV2, III, pp. 298–9.

93. The Times, 13 May 1882, p. 7.

94. Ibid. 22 January 1885, p. 10.

95. Morley, II, p. 434.

96. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 337.

97. Hansard, Vol. 299 col. 1098.

98. Ibid. col. 1119.

99. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 372.

100. Roberts, p. 348.

101. BL Add. MS 44769 f. 217.

102. G&A, II, p. 5.

103. Ibid. p. 11.

104. BL Add. MS 44316 f. 27.

105. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 389.

106. BL Add. MS 44148 f. 132.

107. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 394.

108. Ibid. p. 395.

109. Ibid. p. 403.

110. BL Add. MS 44269 ff. 234–6.

111. The Times, 10 November 1885, p. 6.

112. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 448.

113. Morley, II, p. 501.

114. BL Add. MS 56445 f. 144.

115. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 451.

116. Spencer, II, p. 94.

117. G&A, II, p. 145.

118. Spencer, II, p. 96.

119. CUL: Churchill papers, Add. MS 9248/1210.

120. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 481.

121. G&A, II, p. 166.

122. Morley, II, pp. 527–8.

123. QV3, I, p. 26.

124. Ibid. p. 32.

125. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 487.

126. Bennett, Clayhanger, p. 366.

127. BL Add. MS 44255 f. 54.

128. QV3, I, pp. 35–6.

129. The Times, 23 February 1886, p. 10.

130. G&A, II, p. 185.

131. QV3, I, p. 84.

132. BL Add. MS 44647 f. 41.

133. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 519.

134. Hansard, Vol. 304 col. 1038.

135. Ibid. col. 1054.

136. Ibid. col. 1057.

137. Ibid. col. 1085.

138. Ibid. col. 1086.

139. Ibid. col. 1089.

140. Ibid. col. 1104.

141. Ibid. col. 1200.

142. Ibid. col. 1201.

143. Webb, Diaries, I, p. 162.

144. Hansard, Vol. 304 col. 1244.

145. QV3, I, p. 102.

146. Hansard, Vol. 304 col. 1344.

147. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 549.

148. Hansard, Vol. 305 col. 602.

149. Ibid. col. 666.

150. ESHR 2/8: Journal entry for 20 May 1886.

151. Hansard, Vol. 306 col. 1239.

152. Gladstone, Diaries, XI, p. 566.

153. Wilde, Letters, p. 369.

154. CUL: Churchill papers, Add. MS 9248/502.

155. CUL: Churchill papers, Add. MS 9248/1261a.

156. Spinner, p. 127.

157. QV3, I, p. 162.

158. ESHR: 2/8, journal entry for 25 December 1886.

159. Rosebery, p. 181.

160. Ibid. p. 72.

161. Adams, Balfour, p. 80.

162. Hansard, Vol. 321 col. 231.

163. Dugdale, I, p. 108.

164. Ibid. p. 109.

165. Hansard, Vol. 321 col. 239.

166. Ibid. col. 289.

167. Ibid. col. 290.

168. Ibid. col. 305.

169. Ibid. col. 310.

170. Ibid. col. 356.

171. The Times, 15 November 1887, p. 8.

172. Balfour, Letters, p. 46.

173. Adams, Balfour, p. 95.

174. The Times, 18 April 1887, p. 8.

175. Bew, p. 157.

176. S&A, I, p. 59.

177. Adams, Balfour, p. 93.

178. BL Add. MS 62114 f. 9.

179. BL Add. MS 44773 f. 48ff.

180. Gladstone, Diaries, XII, p. 254.

181. BL Add. MS 44773 f. 170.

182. Gladstone, Diaries, XII, p. 271.

183. BL Add. MS 564448 f. 45.

184. Gardiner, II, p. 83.

185. ESHR: 2/8, journal entry for 2 December 1890.

186. Gladstone, Diaries, XIII, p. 59.

187. QV3, II, p. 132.

188. BL Add. MS 44774 f. 41.

189. Gladstone, Diaries, XIII, p. 126.

190. Asquith, MR, I, p. 133.

191. BL Add. MS 44648 f. 28.

192. The Nineteenth Century, No. CLXXXVIII, p. 509.

193. Ibid. p. 510.

194. Ibid. p. 522.

195. BL Add. MS 44549 f. 44.

196. Hansard (Fourth Series) Vol. 8 col. 1243.

197. Ibid. col. 1275.

198. Ibid. col. 1298.

199. Ibid. col. 1299.

200. Ibid. col. 1411.

201. Ibid. col. 1734.

202. Ibid. cols 1743–4.

203. BL Add. MS 44648 f. 92.

204. Gladstone, Diaries, XIII, p. 235.

205. Hansard, Vol. 15 col. 727.

206. Gardiner, II, p. 224.

207. QV3, II, p. 290.

208. Hansard, Vol. 16 col. 1838.

209. Spencer, II, p. 221.

210. Hansard, Vol. 17 col. 48.

211. Ibid. col. 640.

212. BL Add. MS 44258 f. 328.

213. BL Add. MS 44137 f. 486.

214. BL Add. MS 44776 f. 57.

215. Gladstone, Diaries, XIII, p. 439.

216. Ibid. p. 440.

217. BL Add. MS 44776 f. 64.

218. Rose, GV, p. 240.

Chapter 6: The Death of God

1. Hansard, Vol. 252 col. 20ff.

2. Bonner, II, 211.

3. QV2, III, p. 100.

4. The Times, 21 May 1880, p. 4.

5. Hansard, Vol. 252 cols 188–9.

6. Ibid. col. 191.

7. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 529.

8. Hansard, Vol. 252 cols 200–201.

9. Ibid. col. 215.

10. Ibid. col. 315.

11. Bonner, II, p. 227.

12. Ibid. pp. 229–30.

13. QV2, III, p. 103.

14. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 533.

15. BL Add. MS 441944 f. 202.

16. Bennett, Clayhanger, p. 702.

17. Ibid. p. 155.

18. Ibid. pp. 201–2.

19. The Times, 17 June 1880, p. 10.

20. Bonner, II, p. 231.

21. The Times, 22 June 1880, p. 9.

22. Gladstone, Diaries, IX, p. 543.

23. Hansard, Vol. 253 col. 462.

24. Ibid. col. 506.

25. Ibid. col. 564.

26. Ibid. col. 571.

27. Ibid. col. 572.

28. Ibid. col. 573.

29. Ibid col. 631.

30. Ibid. col. 634.

31. Ibid. col. 637.

32. Ibid. col. 638.

33. Ibid. col. 647.

34. Ibid. col. 648.

35. Ibid. col. 649.

36. Bonner, II, p. 244.

37. Hansard, Vol. 253 col. 651.

38. Ibid. col. 658.

39. The Times, 24 June 1880, p. 10.

40. Bonner, II, p. 245 (n).

41. Hansard, Vol. 253 col. 835.

42. Hamilton, I, p. 21.

43. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 45.

44. Hansard, Vol. 260 col. 1187.

45. Ibid. col. 1194.

46. Ibid. col. 1199.

47. Ibid. col. 1204.

48. Ibid. col. 1208.

49. Ibid. col. 1209.

50. Ibid. col. 1211.

51. Ibid. col. 1212.

52. Ibid. col. 1216.

53. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 58.

54. Hamilton, I, p. 134.

55. Hansard, Vol. 260 col. 1244.

56. The Times, 27 April 1881, p. 11.

57. Bonner, II, p. 250.

58. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 65.

59. Hansard, Vol. 260 col. 1559.

60. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 80.

61. Ibid. p. 91.

62. Hansard, Vol. 266 col. 74.

63. The Times, 22 February 1882, p. 9.

64. BL Add. MS 44545 f. 113.

65. Bonner, II, p. 310.

66. BL Add. MS 44546 f. 100.

67. Hansard, Vol. 278 col. 956.

68. Ibid. col. 965.

69. Ibid. col. 967.

70. Ibid. col. 973.

71. Ibid. col. 1196.

72. Ibid. col. 1603.

73. CUL: Churchill papers, Add. MS 2948/1279–1281.

74. Hansard, Vol. 302 col. 23.

75. Bennett, Clayhanger, p. 156.

76. See https://faithsurvey.co.uk/download/csintro.pdf

77. BL Add. MS 45291 f. 157.

78. Heffer, PP, p. 108.

79. The Times, 24 November 1880, p. 10.

80. Ibid. 14 January 1881, p. 8.

81. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 121.

82. BL Add. MS 44196 f. 216.

83. Gladstone, Diaries, X, p. 125.

84. The Times, 13 February 1889, p. 4.

85. Ibid. 5 February 1890, pp. 3–5.

86. Ibid. 22 November 1890, p. 4.

87. Ibid. p. 6.

Chapter 7: The Civilising Mission

1. QV2, III, p. 118.

2. BL Add. MS 44544 f. 59.

3. QV2, III, p. 108.

4. Ibid. p. 130.

5. Ibid. p. 131.

6. See Heffer, HM, pp. 663–7.

7. Harrison M, p. 26.

8. Ibid. p. 31.

9. Ibid. p. 11.

10. LG/C/11/1/39.

11. The Times, 27 October 1883, p. 9.

12. Hamilton, II, p. 499.

13. See Heffer, HM, p. 675ff.

14. Heffer, PP, p. 60.

15. Ibid.

16. Hansard, Vol. 284 col. 1686.

17. Ibid. cols 1688–9.

18. Ibid. col. 1694.

19. Ibid. col. 1698.

20. Ibid. Vol. 299 col. 889.

21. Ibid. col. 890.

22. Ibid. col. 891.

23. Gray, p. 22.

24. See Heffer, HM, p. 800–802.

25. Hansard, Vol. 299 col. 892.

26. Ibid. col. 893.

27. Ibid. col. 1170.

28. Ibid. col. 1171.

29. Ibid. col. 1177.

30. Ibid. col. 1771.

31. Ibid. Vol. 300 col. 1596.

32. Ibid. (Fourth Series) Vol. 3 col. 739.

33. Gray, p. 23.

34. Hansard, Vol. 4 col. 675.

35. ESHR: 2/8, journal entry for 26 January 1889.

36. CUL: Churchill papers, Add. MS 9248/1422.

37. Rose J, p. 149.

38. See for example Rose J, p. 169.

39. Hansard, Vol. 183 col. 1540.

40. Ibid. Vol. 185 col. 343.

41. Hansard, Vol. 335 col. 194.

42. Ibid. col. 197.

43. Ibid. col. 201.

44. Ibid. col. 1442.

45. Ibid. col. 1443.

46. Ibid. Vol. 338 col. 950.

47. Ibid. Vol. 339 col. 301.

48. Hansard (Lords), Vol. 25 col. 1609.

49. Hansard, Vol. 183 col. 1434.

50. Ibid. col. 1436.

51. Ibid. Vol. 141, col. 776.

52. Ibid. Vol. 184 col. 30.

53. Carlebach, p. 83.

54. NA: HO 45/9396/50134.

55. Hansard, Vol. 21 col. 2163.

56. Ibid. Vol. 21 col. 2165.

57. Ibid. Vol. 21 col. 2172.

58. Ibid. Vol. 21 col. 2176.

59. Ibid. Vol. 21 col. 2177.

60. Ibid. Vol. 22 col. 1152.

61. Ibid. Vol. 22 col. 2003.

62. Churchill, Companion, II, II, p. 1199.

Chapter 8: Protecting Women

1. Lewis, p. 5.

2. Geoffrey Chamberlain, ‘British maternal mortality in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, November 2006, pp. 559–63.

3. Retrieved from http://visual.ons.gov.uk/how-has-life-expectancy-changed-over-time

4. Hansard, Vol. 107 col. 408.

5. Lewis, p. 5.

6. Sharpe, p. 457.

7. Ibid. p. 218.

8. The Times, 4 May 1896, p. 9.

9. Ibid. 23 May 1896, p. 15.

10. Lewis, p. 17.

11. Retrieved from http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.111/chapterId/2347/Prostitution-in-maritime-London.html

12. Hansard, Vol. 266 col. 1827.

13. The Pall Mall Gazette, 4 July 1885: reproduced at http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/pmg/tribute/notice.php

14. Reproduced at http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/pmg/tribute/mt1.php

15. Hansard, Vol. 298 col. 1827.

16. Ibid. Vol. 299 col. 199.

17. Ibid. col. 281.

18. Ibid. col. 910.

19. Ibid. Vol. 300 col. 579.

20. Ibid. col. 580.

21. Ibid. col. 582.

22. Ibid. col. 587.

23. Ibid. col. 1397.

24. The Times, 24 October 1885, p. 4.

25. Ibid. 4 November 1885, p. 3.

26. Ibid. 5 November 1885, p. 4.

27. Ibid. 9 November 1885, p. 3.

28. See Heffer, HM, pp. 534–5.

29. Vicinus, p. 77.

30. Hansard, Vol. 279 col. 65.

31. Ibid. Vol. 303 col. 981.

32. Ibid. col. 983.

33. Ibid. col. 1912.

34. Ibid. col. 1914.

35. Ibid. Vol. 43 col. 1949.

36. The Times, 20 May 1912, p. 6.

37. Ibid. 22 May 1912, p. 13.

38. Ibid. 11 July 1912, p. 4.

39. Ibid. 17 July 1912, p. 10.

40. Ibid. 24 July 1912, p. 4.

41. Hansard, Vol. 43 col. 1857.

42. The Times, 25 October 1912, p. 3.

43. Ibid. 13 November 1912, p. 16.

44. Hansard, Vol. 43 col. 1901.

45. Ibid. col. 1927.

46. The Times, 25 November 1912, p. 6.

47. Hansard, Vol. 43 col. 1928.

48. The Times, 14 December 1912, p. 6.

49. Ibid. 20 January 1913, p. 3.

50. Ibid. 27 November 1912, p. 6.

51. See Heffer, HM, p. 544ff.

52. Hansard, Vol. 273 col. 1604.

53. Gissing, p. 374.

54. Searle, p. 47.

55. Ibid. p. 73.

56. Weeks, Ch. 3.

57. Wells, Anticipations, p. 126.

Part III: Public Debates, Public Doubts
Chapter 9: The Future

1. BL Add. MS 76936, Harcourt-Spencer 6.viii.1895.

2. Holroyd, Shaw, II, p. 131.

3. Wells, Anticipations, p. 14.

4. Ibid. p. 15.

5. Ibid. p. 57.

6. Ibid. pp. 128–9.

7. Ibid. p. 135.

8. Ibid. p. 147.

9. Ibid. p. 171.

10. Ibid. p. 32(n).

11. Ibid. p. 191.

12. Ibid. p. 195.

13. Wells, Utopia, p. 400.

14. Churchill, Companion, I, p. 98.

15. Galton, Inquiries, pp. 24–5.

16. Hynes, p. 32.

17. The Times, 5 June 1873, p. 8.

18. Quoted in Victoria Brignell, ‘The eugenics movement Britain wants to forget’, New Statesman, 9 December 2010.

19. See article by Sir Martin Gilbert at http://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-152/leading-churchill-myths-churchills-campaign-against-the-feeble-minded-was-deliberately-omitted-by-his-biographers

20. For a detailed discussion of Keane’s ideas see Victorian Studies, Vol. 31, p. 426 ff.

21. ICPD, p. 3.

22. Ibid. p. 13.

23. Ibid. p. 17.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid. p. 22.

26. Ibid. p. 26.

27. Shaw, Prefaces, p. 170.

28. Ibid. p. 296.

29. Ibid. p 299.

30. Wells, Anticipations, pp. 252–3.

31. Ibid. p. 254.

32. Ibid. pp. 254–5.

33. Ibid. p. 256.

34. See Heffer, PP, p. 155ff.

35. Wells, Anticipations, p. 279.

36. Ibid. p. 311.

37. Williams, p. 1.

38. Ibid. pp. 10–11.

39. Balfour, Decadence, pp. 6–7.

40. Ibid. p. 59.

41. Hansard, Vol. 160 col. 656.

42. Ibid. col. 662.

43. Ibid. col.658.

44. Bostridge, p. 120.

45. Le Queux, pp. 85–6.

46. Churchill, Companion, II, II, p. 1127.

47. Ibid. p. 1108.

48. Le Queux, p. 542.

49. Saki, p. 169.

50. Ibid. pp. 170–71.

51. Ibid. p. 172.

52. Ibid. p. 158.

53. Ibid. p. 175.

54. Ibid. p. 229.

55. Ibid. p. 203.

56. Ibid. p. 259.

Chapter 10: Nostalgia

1. Bennett, Clayhanger, p. 658.

2. Ibid. p. 663.

3. Pevsner, London N, p. 547.

4. Wells, NM, p. 33.

5. Ibid. p. 35.

6. Ibid. p. 36.

7. Ibid. p. 37.

8. Ibid. p. 38.

9. Forster, HE, p. 15.

10. Ibid. p. 23.

11. Ibid. pp. 113–14.

12. Hansard (Lords), Vol. 272 col. 833.

13. Ibid. (Commons), Vol. 273 col. 1599.

14. RCHM, p xi.

15. SL, p. 3.

16. London County Council (General Powers) Act, 1898, Section 60.

17. SL, p. 5.

18. See Heffer, HM, p. 675ff.

19. The Times, 4 May 1882, p. 10.

20. Retrieved from https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Preservation_of_Places_of_Interest_or_Beauty

21. Pevsner, Lancashire LSW, p. 344.

22. Davey, p. 24.

23. Ibid. p. 84.

24. Wells, EA, II, p. 638.

25. ACE, p. 88.

26. Bolsterli, p. 8.

27. ACE, p. 12.

28. Ibid. pp. 13–14.

29. Ibid. p. 18.

30. Howard 1898, p. 9.

31. Ibid. p. 10.

32. Howard 1902, p. 167.

33. Miller, p. 5.

34. Ibid. p. 61.

35. Davey, p. 171.

36. Davey, p. 175.

37. Belloc, p. 3.

38. Ibid. p. 9.

39. Ibid. p. 21.

40. Thomas, p. 33.

41. Hardy, TL, p. 128.

42. Ibid. p. 27.

43. Ibid. p. 99.

44. Ibid. p. 168.

45. Housman, p. 57.

46. Ibid. p. 30.

47. Ibid. p. 83.

48. Henley, p. 166.

49. Brooke, Poems, p. 67.

50. Ibid. p. 68.

51. Ibid. p. 70.

52. Ibid. p. 71.

53. Ibid. p. 67.

54. Ibid. pp. 71–2.

55. Thompson, p. 138.

56. UVW, p. 66.

57. Ibid. p. 69.

58. Ibid. p. 70.

Chapter 11: Imperial Consequences

1. Wells, NM, p. 211.

2. Churchill, Companion, II, I, p. 195.

3. Ibid. p. 219.

4. Ibid. p. 223.

5. Ibid. p. 237.

6. Webb, Diaries, I, p. 266.

7. Nowell-Smith, p. 61.

8. OHBE, III, p. 429.

9. Ibid. p. 432.

10. Ibid. pp. 434–5.

11. Gilmour, p. 30.

12. BL Add. MS 50074.

13. BL Add. MS 49683 f. 164.

14. BL Add. MS 49685 f. 13.

15. BL Add. MS 49685 f. 26.

16. BL Add. MS 49685 ff. 33–4.

17. BL Add. MS 49685 f. 42.

18. BL Add. MS 49685 f. 43

19. BL Add. MS 49685 f. 44.

20. BL Add. MS 49685 ff. 50–51.

21. BL Add. MS 49685 ff. 98–9.

22. In his Rectorial Address at Glasgow University, 7 November 1923.

23. Hansard (Lords), Vol. 154 col. 1443.

24. B-P, p. 15.

25. Ibid. p. 9.

26. Ibid. p. 19.

27. Ibid. p. 22.

28. Ibid. p. 25.

29. Ibid. pp. 25–6.

30. Ibid. p. 28.

31. Ibid. p. 45.

32. Ibid. p. 149.

33. See Heffer, HM, pp. 205–10.

34. B-P, p. 295.

35. Ibid. p. 273.

36. Hynes, p. 29.

37. B-P Guides, p. 340.

38. Wells, NM, p. 211.

39. Wells, NM, p. 87.

40. Ibid. p. 88.

41. Newbolt, pp. 131–3.

42. OHBE, IV, p. 47.

43. Ibid. pp. 543–4.

44. Scott, p. 592.

45. Ibid. p. 595.

46. Hansard, Vol. 48 cols 717–18.

47. Ibid. (Lords), Vol. 13 cols 1013–14.

48. Jones, p. 204.

49. Scott, p. 422.

Chapter 12: Art and Life

1. Wilde, Letters, p. 632.

2. Ellmann, p. 414.

3. Hyde, p. 240.

4. Wilde, Letters, pp. 559–60.

5. Ibid. p. 594.

6. Ibid. p. 646.

7. The Times, 27 May 1895, p. 4.

8. Wilde, DP, pp. 117–18.

9. Ibid. p. 87.

10. Ibid. p. 90.

11. Hansard, Vol. 325 col. 1708.

12. Ibid. col. 1709.

13. Ibid. col. 1710.

14. Ibid. col. 1719.

15. Hynes, p. 307.

16. BL Add. MS 49685 f. 2.

17. BL Add. MS 49685 f. 3.

18. BL Add. MS 73198 f. 9.

19. BL Add. MS 45291 f 146.

20. BL Add. MS 45291 f. 147.

21. BL Add. MS 45291 f. 150.

22. Galsworthy, Letters, p. 145.

23. BL Add. MS 45291 f. 153.

24. The Times, 29 October 1907, p. 15.

25. Garnett, p. ix.

26. Ibid. p. x.

27. Ibid. p. xiv.

28. Barker, p. 17.

29. Barker, p. 229.

30. Holroyd, Shaw, II, p. 226.

31. Garnett, p. xv.

32. Ibid. p. xxi.

33. Ibid. p. xxvii.

34. The Times, 27 November 1907, p. 8.

35. JSC, p. 198.

36. The Times, 29 June 1909, p. 12.

37. Ibid. 30 June 1909, p. 10.

38. JSC, p ix.

39. Ibid. p. 15.

40. Ibid. p. 16.

41. Ibid. p. 17.

42. Ibid. p. 19.

43. Ibid. p. 24.

44. Ibid. p. 26.

45. Ibid. p. 28.

46. Ibid. p. 35.

47. Ibid. p. 38.

48. Ibid. p. 39.

49. Ibid. p. 47.

50. Ibid. p. 48.

51. Ibid. p. 49.

52. Ibid. p. 50.

53. Ibid. p. 71.

54. Ibid. p. 72.

55. Ibid. p. 73.

56. Ibid. p. 75.

57. Ibid. p. 77.

58. Ibid. p. 93.

59. Ibid. p. 101.

60. Ibid. p. 102.

61. Ibid. p. 127.

62. Ibid. p. 128.

63. Ibid. p. 129.

64. Ibid. p. 151.

65. Ibid. p. 153.

66. Ibid. p viii.

67. Ibid. pp. viii–ix.

68. Ibid. p. x.

69. Ibid. p. xiii.

70. The Times, 16 February 1912, p. 8.

71. Shaw, Plays, p. 729.

72. Ibid. p. 736.

73. The Times, 21 March 1913, p. 2.

74. Woolf, B&B, p. 4.

75. Ibid. p. 5.

76. Ibid. p. 12.

77. See http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10/p. 10moath.htm

78. Quoted in Holroyd, Strachey, I, p. 395.

79. BL Add. MS 50534 f. 86.

80. BL Add. MS 50534 f. 88.

81. BL Add. MS 50534 f. 89.

82. BL Add. MS 50534 ff. 91–3.

83. BL Add. MS 50534 f. 94.

84. BL Add. MS 50534 f. 95.

85. BL Add. MS 50534 f. 96.

Chapter 13: The Uses of Literacy

1. Bennett, Letters II, p. 90.

2. Ibid. p. 115.

3. Ibid. p. 318.

4. Holroyd, Shaw, I, p. 205.

5. James, p. 281.

6. Carey, p. 5.

7. Wells, EA, I, p. 323.

8. Ibid. p. 328.

9. P&H, p. 79.

10. Ferris, p. 36.

11. P&H, p. 115.

12. Ibid. p. 122.

13. Gissing, p. 485.

14. Ibid. p. 505.

15. Ferris, p. 72.

16. P&H, p. 200.

17. BL Add. MS 62384, entries for 3 and 4 May 1896.

18. Ferris, p. 83.

19. Roberts, p. 311; BL Add. MS 62292A ff. 14–15.

20. BL Add. MS 62292A ff. 4–5.

21. Roberts, p. 668.

22. BL Add. MS 62153 ff. 1–2.

23. BL Add. MS 62292A f. 13.

24. BL Add. MS 62153 ff. 3–4.

25. Bennett, Letters II, p. 73.

26. BL Add. MS 62153 ff. 9.

27. BL Add. MS 62391 entry for 1 November 1903.

28. BL Add. MS 62153 f. 18.

29. BL Add. MS 62153 f. 20.

30. BL Add. MS 62201 ff. 20–21.

31. BL Add. MS 62201 f. 1.

32. BL Add. MS 62391, entry for 4 November 1903.

33. BL Add. MS 62201 f. 88.

34. BL Add. MS 62201 f. 24.

35. BL Add. MS 62243 ff. 2–3.

36. P&H, p. 309.

37. BL Add. MS 62243 f. 11.

38. BL Add. MS 49797 f. 49.

39. BL Add. MS 62243 f. 156.

40. BL Add. MS 62243 f. 168.

41. BL Add. MS 62253 f. 10.

42. BL Add. MS 62243 f. 222.

43. BL Add. MS 62253 f. 12.

44. BL Add. MS 62253 f. 14.

45. BL Add. MS 62157 ff. 1–2.

46. BL Add. MS 62157 ff. 7.

47. Ferris, p. 142.

48. Ibid. p. 143.

49. BL Add. MS 49797 f. 39.

50. BL Add. MS 49797 f. 40.

51. BL Add. MS 49797 f. 42.

52. BL Add. MS 49797 f. 43.

Part IV: Strife
Chapter 14: Men and Power

1. Rose, GV, p. 96.

2. The Times, 2 February 1911, p. 6.

3. Churchill, Companion, II, II, p. 1217.

4. The Times, 2 February 1911, p. 6.

5. Nicolson, p. 143.

6. The Times, 2 February 1911, p. 7.

7. Churchill, Companion, II, II, p. 1237.

8. Nicolson, p. 144.

9. VBC, p. 296.

10. Asquith, VS, p. 19.

11. Ibid. p. 21.

12. Ibid. p. 24.

13. Ibid. p. 45.

14. Ibid. p. 49.

15. Ibid. p. 107.

16. See Grigg, PW, pp. 44–5.

17. Carey Evans, pp. 63–4.

18. Grigg, Champion, p. 185.

19. The Times, 13 March 1909, p. 3.

20. Ibid. p. 4.

21. Lloyd George, p. 112.

22. Grigg, Champion, p. 187.

23. Ibid. p. 146.

24. Grigg, PW, p. 73.

25. Stevenson, p. 217.

26. Hague, p. 231.

27. Grigg, PW, p. 73.

28. Ibid. p. 80.

29. NA: CAB 37/107/63.

30. Ward, p. 288.

31. Judd, p. 96.

32. The Times, 1 October 1912, p. 4.

33. Hansard, Vol. 42 col. 667.

34. Ibid. col. 672.

35. Ibid. col. 712.

36. Ibid. col. 713.

37. Ibid. col. 715.

38. Ibid. col. 716.

39. Ibid. col. 718.

40. Ibid. col. 726.

41. Ward, p. 292.

42. Ibid. p. 293.

43. The Times, 20 March 1913, p. 8.

44. BL Add. MS 62157 ff. 22–3.

45. BL Add. MS 62157 f. 24.

46. Judd, p. 102.

47. Samuel, p. 75.

48. The Times, 26 March 1913, p. 3.

49. Ibid. p. 4.

50. Hansard, Vol. 50 col. 1629.

51. Ibid. col. 1630.

52. Asquith, MR, I, p. 210.

53. The Times, 29 March 1913, p. 3.

54. Ibid. p. 4.

55. Ward, p. 296.

56. VBC, p. 382

57. The Times, 6 June 1913, p. 4.

58. Ibid. 28 May 1913, p. 4.

59. Ibid. 6 June 1913, p. 4.

60. Ibid. 7 June 1913, p. 5.

61. Ibid. 9 June 1913, p. 4.

62. Ibid. p. 9.

63. Ibid. 10 June 1913, p. 8.

64. Ibid. 11 June 1913, p. 8.

65. Ward, p. 302

66. Baker, p. 146.

67. The Times, 14 June 1913, p. 8.

68. Ibid. 14 June 1913, p. 9.

69. PA: LG/C/6/12/2.

70. Hansard, Vol. 54 col. 405.

71. Ibid. cols 448–9.

72. PA: LG/C/6/12/2.

73. The Times, 19 June 1913, p. 9.

74. Chesterton, p. 205.

75. The Times, 14 June 1913, p. 8.

76. PA: LG/C/7/2/7.

77. Hansard, Vol. 29 col. 1368.

78. Heffer, PP, p. 125.

79. Belloc, Verse, p. 232.

80. Grigg, Champion, p. 250.

81. Churchill, Companion, II, II, p. 905.

Chapter 15: Dukes and Dreadnoughts

1. Retrieved from http://www.quarterly-review.org/famous-last-words/

2. BL Add. MS 52512 f. 110.

3. BL Add. MS 52513 f. 60.

4. BL Add. MS 49685 f. 112.

5. Esher, II, p. 303.

6. BL Add. MS 52513 ff. 67–8.

7. Nowell-Smith, p. 27.

8. Webb, Diaries, III, p. 110.

9. A&E, p. 34.

10. Hansard, Vol. 176 col. 1429.

11. S&A, I, p. 232.

12. Hansard, Vol. 184 col. 1748.

13. Hansard, Vol. 185 col. 175.

14. For a detailed discussion of the COS, see Heffer, pp. 668–75.

15. Bosanquet, p. 184.

16. Springhall, p 48.

17. Hansard, Vol. 188 col. 463.

18. Ibid. col. 472.

19. Ibid. col. 475.

20. Ibid. Vol. 190, cols 564–86.

21. Ibid. Vol. 192 col. 1377.

22. Ibid. (Fourth Series), Vol. 1 col.13.

23. PA: LG/C/6/11/6.

24. PA: LG/C/6/11/4.

25. NA: CAB 37/100/99.

26. S&A, I, p. 241.

27. PA: LG/C/14/1/2.

28. Grigg, Champion, p. 177.

29. C&G, II, p. 323.

30. Hansard, Vol. 4 col. 473.

31. Ibid. col. 475.

32. Ibid. col. 480.

33. Ibid. col. 481.

34. Ibid. col. 482.

35. Ibid. col. 486.

36. Ibid. col. 548.

37. S&A, I, p. 255.

38. Hansard, Vol. 4 col. 560.

39. BL Add. MS 62201 ff. 35–6.

40. BL Add. MS 62201 f. 36.

41. BL Add. MS 62201 f. 40.

42. BL Add. MS 62201 f. 41.

43. BL Add. MS 62201 ff. 36–7.

44. BL Add. MS 49797 f. 188.

45. BL Add. MS 49797 f. 190.

46. BL Add. MS 49797 f. 192.

47. The Times, 17 July 1909, p. 6.

48. Churchill, Companion, II, II, p. 900.

49. The Times, 31 July 1909, p. 9.

50. S&A, I, p. 256.

51. BL Add. MS 49797 f. 196.

52. Grigg, Champion, p. 208.

53. Ibid. p. 209.

54. Ibid. p. 210.

55. NA: CAB 37/100/121.

56. NA: CAB 37/100/123.

57. S&A, I, pp. 263–4.

58. Ibid. p. 257.

59. Ibid. p. 258.

60. Newton, p. 378.

61. The Times, 11 October 1909, p. 6.

62. Ibid. p. 9.

63. Hansard, Vol. 12 col. 2115.

64. Hansard, (Lords) Vol. 4 col. 731.

65. Ibid. col. 750.

66. Ibid. col. 751.

67. Ibid. col. 754.

68. Ibid. col. 767.

69. Hansard, Vol. 13 col. 501.

70. Ibid. col. 546.

71. Ibid. col. 547.

72. Ibid. col. 558.

73. Webb, Diaries, III, pp. 131–2.

74. S&A, I, p. 261.

75. See, for example, a letter from J. St Loe Strachey to A. J. Balfour, BL Add. MS 49797 f. 201, in which he urges this reconciliation in the wider interest of defeating the government.

76. BL Add. MS 62153 f. 36.

77. BL Add. MS 62153 ff. 39–40.

78. Webb, Diaries, III, p. 134.

79. Hansard, Vol. 16 col. 25, for example.

80. NA: CAB 37/102/1.

81. NA: CAB 37/102/3.

82. NA: CAB 37/102/7.

83. The Times, 6 May 1910, p. 10.

84. Dangerfield, p. 31.

85. Grigg, Champion, p. 259.

86. NA: CAB 37/102/20.

87. BL Add. MS 49692 f. 101.

88. NA: CAB 37/102/23.

89. S&A, Vol. I, p. 286.

90. Newton, p. 401.

91. Adams, Balfour, p. 245.

92. BL Add. MS 49692 f. 102.

93. PA: LG/C/4/1/1.

94. PA: LG/C/4/1/2.

95. Hansard (Lords) Vol. 6 col. 850.

96. S&A, I, p. 287.

97. The Times, 12 November 1910, p. 11.

98. Dangerfield, p. 39.

99. The Times, 26 November 1910, p. 10.

100. BL Add. MS 62153 f. 41.

101. BL Add. MS 62153 ff. 42–3.

102. VBC, p. 228.

103. The Times, 22 November 1910, p. 8.

104. Ibid. p. 11.

105. Grigg, Champion, p. 283.

106. Ronaldshay, III, p. 56.

107. Churchill, Companion, II, II, p. 1031.

108. BL Add. MS 49686 f. 67.

109. Newton, p. 408.

110. BL Add. MS 49686 f. 68.

111. Newton, p. 411.

112. Hansard (Lords), Vol. 7 col. 4.

113. Hansard, Vol. 21 col. 1746.

114. Ibid. col. 1748.

115. Ibid. col. 1764.

116. Ibid. col. 1765.

117. Ibid. col. 1934.

118. Ibid. Vol. 22 col. 110.

119. C&G, II, p. 344.

120. Newton, p. 415.

121. Hansard (Lords), Vol. 8 cols 703–4.

122. S&A, I, p. 309.

123. Hansard (Lords), Vol. 9 col. 596.

124. S&A, I, p. 310.

125. Balfour, Letters, p. 266.

126. The Times, 22 July 1911, p. 8.

127. Ibid. p. 9.

128. Balfour, Letters, p. 267.

129. The Times, 22 July 1911, p. 8.

130. Newton, p. 422.

131. Ibid. p. 423.

132. The Times, 24 July 1911, p. 8.

133. Hansard, Vol. 28 col. 1467.

134. Ibid. col. 1468.

135. Ibid. col. 1469.

136. Ibid. col. 1470

137. Ibid. col. 1473.

138. The Times, 25 July 1911, p. 8.

139. Balfour, Letters, p. 268.

140. Hansard, Vol. 28 cols 1478–9.

141. The Times, 25 July 1911, p. 8.

142. Ibid. p. 9.

143. BL Add. MS 49686 f. 40.

144. BL Add. MS 49686 f. 42.

145. BL Add. MS 49686 f. 44.

146. Churchill, Companion, II, II, p. 1111.

147. Hansard (Lords), Vol. 9 col. 896.

148. Ibid. col. 900.

149. Ibid. col. 920.

150. Ibid. col. 999.

151. Ibid. col. 1000.

152. Ibid. col. 1069.

153. Ibid. col. 1073.

154. Gilmour, p. 394.

155. Balfour, Letters, pp. 269–70.

156. Adams, Balfour, p. 255.

157. PA: LG/C/6/11/9.

158. Grigg, Champion, p. 289.

159. BL Add. MS 62161 f. 4.

160. The list is an appendix in S&A, I, pp. 329–31.

161. Dangerfield, p. 6.

162. C&G, II, pp. 305–6.

163. Ibid. p. 307.

164. Ibid. pp. 309–10.

165. Gissing, p. 471.

Chapter 16: The Great Unrest

1. Garnett, p. 7.

2. Galsworthy, Strife, p. 9.

3. Ibid. p. 13.

4. Ibid. p. 14.

5. Ibid. p. 22.

6. Ibid. p. 20.

7. Ibid. p. 36.

8. Ibid. p. 62.

9. Ibid. p. 63.

10. Ibid. p. 58.

11. Ibid. p. 48.

12. Ibid. p. 49.

13. Ibid. p. 67.

14. LSE, Fawcett letters, 9/01.

15. James, p. 285.

16. BL Add. MS 52512 f. 13.

17. Hansard, Vol. 152 col. 196.

18. Wilson, p. 505.

19. Hansard, Vol. 154 cols 1301–2.

20. Hansard, Vol. 163 col. 1460.

21. Ibid.