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Spectacular Chemical Experiments
Foreword by George A. Olah
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Herbert W. Roesky Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Georg-August-University of Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
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The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.
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ISBN: 978-3-527-31865-0
Whoever is ignorant
of the four elements ,
of the strength they wield
and of their quality ,
cannot master
the band of the spirits .
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust I, Study
In Faust , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe shows, in masterly fashion, the magic attraction of the elements or alchemy (chemistry), whilst at the same time claiming that another field – the one of the spirits or, in a more open interpretation, the one of philosophy and arts – is of fundamental importance. In the present collection of spectacular chemical experiments, Herbert W. Roesky has created a fascinating amalgam of brilliant chemical experiments, in addition to a variety of amusing and pensive aphorisms, quotations, anecdotes, and small stories originating from this universe that is almost lost to the scientist or, more generally speaking, to homo technicus or at least far away from him. In his book Chemical Curiosities , the author has already proved convincingly, that this synthesis of natural science and arts is not a combination of fire and water but rather two sides of the same medal. It is very good that again a bridge has been thrown across two disciplines of the modern world which seem to be far away from each other.
This book contains new “bang and smoke” experiments that make people’s hearts beat faster (see Münchhausen’s canon ball, bromide and potassium!!). It can also revive playful instincts (“sodium billiards”) or raise magic reactions (“the alchemist’s gold”). It is possible that some people might prefer the aesthetics of some experiments or the fascination of art (beautiful color experiments). In this book, the varied journey through an easily understandable pure scientific universe with anecdotes, quotations, and brief stories introducing every experiment not only becomes an adventure but also perhaps gives us back some of the magic that is inherent in the worlds of both chemistry and arts.
George A. Olah
Table of Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title
The Author
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
Part I: Water
Experiment 1: Spontaneous Ignition by Adding Water
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Experiment 2: Blowing-Up an Iron Ball
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Experiment 3: Hydration
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 4: Osmosis
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 5: Re-Gelation of Ice
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Experiment 6: Sugar Coal by Splitting off Water from Sugar with Sulfuric Acid
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 7: Sodium Billiards
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 8: Boiling Water in a Paper Bowl
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Reference
Experiment 9: The Density Differences of H2 O and D2 O
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Reference
Experiment 10: Fire Under Water
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 11: Safe Production of Detonating Gas
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 12: Fuel Cell for Hydrogen and Oxygen
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 13: Hydrogen in Status Nascendi
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 14: Effusion of Hydrogen
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 15: Freezing Mixture
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 16: Rapid Crystallization
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 17: Magic Eggs
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 18: Colored Kinetics
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 19: Flushing Peppermint Tea
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
References
Experiment 20: Chemiluminescence
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 21: The Colors White-Yellow-Black
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 22: Nitrogen and Hydrogen by Electrolysis
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 23: Demonstration of the Plasma State: A “sparkling cross”
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Caution!
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Part II: The Color Blue
Experiment 24: Witching Hour
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 25: Molybdenum Blue
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
References
Experiment 26: Combustion of Sulfur in Oxygen
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 27: Phosphorus Salt Pearl or Cobalt Salt Pearl
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 28: Fehling’s Solution
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 29: Activated Carbon Decolorizes Water Blue
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 30: Blue Bottle – The Blue Miracle
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
References
Experiment 31: Generation of Blue (N2 O3 ) Dinitrogen Trioxide
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Experiment 32: Bleaching with a Household Product
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
References
Experiment 33: Ink Blue – Solvated Electrons
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Part III: The Color Red
Experiment 34: Purple or Colorless: An Entertaining Demonstration
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 35: A “Red Component” in Newspapers
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 36: Bleaching of Tomato Juice with Chlorine on a Micro Scale
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 37: Production of Non-Drinkable Red Wine
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 38: Red Wine as a Color Indicator
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Part IV: Colloids, Sols, and Gels
Experiment 39: Silica Gel from Alkali Silicates
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 40: Red Gold
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 41: Red Gold Sol
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 42: Blue Gold Sol
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 43: Cherry Red Gold Sol
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 44: The Blue Gold
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 45: Silver Sol by Electric Discharge
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 46: How to Make a Silver Sol
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 47: The Reaction of Silver Nitrate with Tannin
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Part V: Fascinating Experiments by Self-Organization
Experiment 48: Dissipative Structures: Chemical Patterns in Aqueous Solution
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
References
Experiment 49: Acidic Acid Butyl Ester in the Presence of Bromocresol Green
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 50: Precipitation Using the Gas Phase
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 51: Methods Become Accepted: Nessler’s Reagent and Gaseous Ammonia
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 52: Reduction of KMnO4 with Ethyl Alcohol
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 53: Alcohol Test
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 54: An Old Hat with New Feathers: the Precipitation of AgCl with HCl Gas
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Part VI: Chemical Varieties
Experiment 55: A Chemical Buoy
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
References
Experiment 56: Flower Power
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 57: Münchhausen: The Flying Styrofoam Ball
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Experiment 58: The Remarkable Rocket
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Reference
Experiment 59: Eatable Burning Banana
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Experiment 60: Burning Pecan
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 61: Sparks and Shining Fire
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 62: Like Magic … the Reduction of Copper Oxide
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 63: Electric Current from a Beer Can
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 64: Magnesium Powder Burning in the Air
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Attention!
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 65: The Alchemist’s Gold
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Experiment 66: Imitate a Spider
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 67: Is it Methyl Alcohol or Ethyl Alcohol ? (A Simple Test with Boric Acid)
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 68: Oxygen Content of the Air
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 69: Rapid Rust
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 70: Shining Dry Ice
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 71: Smoke Rings
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 72: Saturn’s Rings
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Experiment 73: Oxygen from Ag2 O
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 74: Flour Dust Explosion
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Experiment 75: Bromine and Potassium
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Waste Disposal
Experiment 76: Current-Free Shining Flat-Bottomed Cylinder
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
References
Experiment 77: Rotating Advertising Column
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Reference
Experiment 78: S 4 N4 – A Pick-Me-Up
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
References
Experiment 79: Thunderclap
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Experiment 80: A Heavyweight does not Stick to the Bottom
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Waste Disposal
Experiment 81: Icarus and the Sun
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Experiment 82: Disposal of Sodium and Potassium Residues
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Reference
Part VII: The Art Gallery of Chemistry
Experiment 83: Color Composition: Chemistry is Art
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Experiment 84: Underwater Dance
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Waste Disposal
Experiment 85: Blue Mist
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Explanation
Waste Disposal
Experiment 86: Colorful Clouds
Apparatus
Chemicals
Attention!
Experimental Procedure
Waste Disposal
References
Conclusion
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Experiment 1: Spontaneous Ignition by Adding Water
Experiment 1: A beaker with burning wood shavings and sodium peroxide.
Experiment 2: Blowing-Up an Iron Ball
Experiment 2: The iron ball, before and after being blown up.
Experiment 3: Hydration
Experiment 3: The set-up for measuring temperature changes.
Experiment 4: Osmosis
Experiment 4: Pfeffer’s cell, with capillary.
Experiment 5: Re-Gelation of Ice
Experiment 5: The re-gelation of ice.
Experiment 6: Sugar Coal by Splitting off Water from Sugar with Sulfuric Acid
Experiment 6: The production of sugar coal.
Experiment 7: Sodium Billiards
Experiment 7: The apparatus used for “sodium billiards”.
Experiment 17: Magic Eggs
Experiment 17: Magic eggs.
Experiment 19: Flushing Peppermint Tea
Experiment 19: The red fluorescence of chlorophyll.
Experiment 20: Chemiluminescence
Experiment 20: Chemiluminescense. Left: rhodamine B; center: luminol; right: sodium fluorescein.
Experiment 26: Combustion of Sulfur in Oxygen
Experiment 26: The combustion of sulfur in oxygen.
Experiment 27: Phosphorus Salt Pearl or Cobalt Salt Pearl
Experiment 27: Cobalt salt pearl on a magnesia stick.
Experiment 28: Fehling’s Solution
Experiment 28: Fehling’s solution. Left: copper sulfate solution; center: after the addition of tartaric acid; right: copper(I) oxide.
Experiment 33: Ink Blue – Solvated Electrons
Experiment 33: The experimental set-up before the condensation of the NH3 (left) and after the addition of metallic sodium (right).
Experiment 35: A “Red Component” in Newspapers
Experiment 35: The red component in newspapers.
Experiment 37: Production of Non-Drinkable Red Wine
Experiment 37: The production of red wine. The beaker in the middle contains water, and the one on the left contains iron(III) chloride solution. In the wine bottle is the NH4 SCN solution and the FeCl3 solution.
Experiment 42: Blue Gold Sol
Experiment 42/41: Left: red gold sol. Right: blue gold sol.
Experiment 44: The Blue Gold
Experiment 44/43: Left: blue gold sol. Right: red gold sol.
Experiment 48: Dissipative Structures: Chemical Patterns in Aqueous Solution
Experiment 48: The iodine-starch reaction. On top: I5 − ions. At the bottom: I3 − and I5 − ions.
Experiment 52: Reduction of KMnO4 with Ethyl Alcohol
Experiment 52: Reduction of a KMnO4 solution with ethyl alcohol. On top: KMnO4 solution. At the bottom: partly reduced KMnO4 solution.
Experiment 53: Alcohol Test
Experiment 53: On top: K2 Cr2 O7 solution. At the bottom: partly reduced K2 Cr2 O7 solution.
Experiment 54: An Old Hat with New Feathers: the Precipitation of AgCl with HCl Gas
Experiment 54: Precipitation of AgCl with HCl over the gas phase.
Experiment 56: Flower Power
Experiment 56: The reaction of sodium in the presence of n- and iso- propanol and bromothymol blue.
Experiment 57: Münchhausen: The Flying Styrofoam Ball
Experiment 57: Experimental set-up of the flying Styrofoam ball.
Experiment 58: The Remarkable Rocket
Experiment 58: The “flying polyethylene terephthalate bottle”.
Experiment 61: Sparks and Shining Fire
Experiment 61: Bromine and aluminum wire.
Experiment 70: Shining Dry Ice
Experiment 70: On top: the block of dry ice and magnesium powder. At the bottom: during the reaction.
Experiment 71: Smoke Rings
Experiment 71: On top: the experimental set-up. At the bottom: a smoke ring in front of a black background.
Experiment 74: Flour Dust Explosion
Experiment 74: Flour dust explosion; the experimental set-up.
Experiment 83: Color Composition: Chemistry is Art
Experiment 83: Color composition.
Experiment 84: Underwater Dance
Experiment 84: Methylene blue in water.
Experiment 85: Blue Mist
Experiment 85: Cu2+ aq solution after the addition of varying amounts of aqueous ammonia solution.
Experiment 86: Colorful Clouds
Experiment 86: On top: precipitation of AgSCN in the presence of Ponceau 4R E 124 (blue). At the bottom: precipitation of AgSCN in the presence of Brilliant Green E 142.
Guide
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Table of Contents
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