For Mum, Shaun, Tracey, Emma and Anna
and in memory of my Dad
Second edition
polity
Copyright © Paul Hopper 2018
The right of Paul Hopper to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First edition published in 2012 by Polity Press
This second edition published in 2018 by Polity Press
Polity Press
65 Bridge Street
Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK
Polity Press
350 Main Street
Malden, MA 02148, USA
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-1054-2
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hopper, Paul, 1963- author.
Title: Understanding development / Paul Hopper.
Description: Malden, MA : Polity Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017021116 (print) | LCCN 2017023716 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509510535 (Mobi) | ISBN 9781509510542 (Epub) | ISBN 9781509510504 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509510511 (pbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: Economic development. | Sustainable development. | Social policy. | Commercial policy. | Emigration and immigration.
Classification: LCC HD82 (ebook) | LCC HD82 .H597 2018 (print) | DDC 338.9--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017021116
The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.
For further information on Polity, visit our website:politybooks.com
This revised and expanded edition of Understanding Development incorporates the key recent events and trends that are shaping international development, such as international migration, humanitarianism, population displacement, the global refugee crisis, the rise in the number of fragile states and the contested nature of trade and trade deals. This second edition also covers development in relation to global policy formation, focusing on the end of the UN Millennium Development Goals in 2015 and the start of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, which will run until 2030. Three new chapters are added to this second edition dealing with these matters. However, the book builds on the framework of the original edition which presented a comprehensive introduction to the multidimensional and evolving nature of international development.
I am extremely grateful to Dr Louise Knight and Nekane Tanaka Galdos, and their colleagues at Polity Press, for their helpful advice and professional assistance at every stage in the production of the second edition of this book. I would also like to thank my anonymous reviewers who provided me with extensive notes on my manuscript and much to think about. Tony Inglis, my co-director at the Future Policy Organisation, and my brother, Shaun Hopper, helped me with the design of the graphics. My students on the BA (Hons) Globalisation: History, Politics, Culture and the MA Globalisation: Politics, Conflict and Human Rights at the University of Brighton deserve special mention both for allowing me to course-test this book and for their enthusiasm. I thoroughly enjoyed teaching and working with you all. As with my previous books, I dedicate this book to my family.
AAA | Accra Agenda for Action |
AAPPG | Africa All Party Parliamentary Group |
ACP | Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific region |
ADB | African Development Bank |
ADF | African Development Fund |
AFTA | ASEAN Free Trade Area initiative |
AGE | advisory group of experts |
AIDS | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
AIIB | Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank |
AOAV | Action on Armed Violence |
ART | anti-retroviral therapy |
ARV | anti-retroviral |
ASEAN | South East Asian Nations |
ASI | Adam Smith Institute |
ATPC | African Trade Policy Centre |
AU | African Union |
BNA | Basic Needs Approach |
BRICS | Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa |
BWIs | Bretton Woods Institutions |
CAP | Common Agricultural Policy |
CAR | Central African Republic |
CBDR | ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’ |
CBOs | community-based organizations |
CFCs | chlorofluorocarbons |
CGD | Commission on Growth and Development |
CHS | Commission on Human Security |
CPEs | complex political emergencies |
CSD | Commission on Sustainable Development |
CSOs | civil society organizations |
DAC | Development Assistance Committee |
DAWN | Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era |
DDR | disarmament, demobilization and reintegration |
DFID | UK Department for International Development |
DPKO | UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations |
DRR | disaster risk reduction |
ECLA | Economic Commission for Latin America |
ECLAC | Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |
ECOSOC | United Nations Economic and Social Council |
EFA | Education for All |
EJM | environmental justice movement |
EPAs | Economic Partnership Agreements |
ERM | European Exchange Rate Mechanism |
ESAF | Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility |
EU | European Union |
FDI | foreign direct investment |
FFD3 | Third Financing for Development summit |
FIDES | Fonds d’Investissement pour le Développement Economique et Social |
FLO | Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International |
FTAs | free trade agreements |
G-77 | Group of 77 countries |
G8 | Group of 8 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) |
G20 | Group of 20 countries. |
GAD | Gender and Development |
GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
GDI | Gender-related Development Index |
GDP | gross domestic product |
GEF | Global Environment Facility |
GEG | global environmental governance |
GEM | Gender Empowerment Measure |
GHI | Global Hunger Index |
GII | Gender Inequality Index |
GNI | gross national income |
GNP | gross national product |
GOARN | Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (part of the WHO) |
GPEDC | Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation |
HDI | United Nations Human Development Index |
HIPC | Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative |
HLF | High Level Forum |
HLP | High-Level Panel |
HSRP | Human Security Report Project |
HSU | UN Human Security Unit |
IATI | International Aid Transparency Initiative |
ICANN | Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |
ICC | International Criminal Court |
ICPD | International Conference on Population and Development |
ICTs | information and communication technologies |
IDA | International Development Association |
IDC | International Development Committee (UK) |
IDPs | internally displaced persons |
IDPS | International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding |
IDS | Institute of Development Studies (Brighton, UK) |
IEAG | Independent Expert Advisory Group |
IFIs | international financial institutions |
IFPRI | International Food Policy Research Institute |
IGO | international intergovernmental organization |
IISS | International Institute for Strategic Studies |
ILO | International Labour Organization |
IMF | International Monetary Fund |
INGOs | international non-governmental organizations |
IOM | International Organization for Migration |
IPA | International Peace Academy |
IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
IPD | infectious and parasitic disease |
IPFA | Information Project for Africa |
ISI | import-substitution industrialization |
ITU | International Telecommunication Union |
KRIBP | Kribhco Indo-British Farming Project |
LA21 | Local Agenda 21 |
LDCs | least developed countries |
LEDCs | less economically developed countries |
LRRD | linking relief, rehabilitation and development |
MDGs | Millennium Development Goals |
MDGGTF | MDG Gap Task Force |
MDRI | Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative |
MEAs | multilateral environmental agreements |
MEDCs | more economically developed countries |
MERCOSUR | Southern Cone Common Market |
MMR | maternal mortality rate |
MNCs | multinational corporations |
MRG | Minority Rights Group International |
MSF | Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) |
NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement |
NAM | Non-Aligned Movement |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NGOs | non-governmental organizations |
NICs | newly industrializing countries |
NIEO | new international economic order |
NNGOs | northern non-governmental organizations |
NPA | New Policy Agenda |
NSDS | national sustainable development strategy |
OCHA | Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |
ODA | official development assistance |
ODI | UK Overseas Development Institute |
OECD | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
OWG | UN Open Working Group |
P2DT | Post-2015 Data Test initiative |
P5 | Permanent Five members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) |
PAR | participatory action research |
PBC | Peacebuilding Commission |
PPA | participatory poverty assessment |
PPPs | public–private partnerships |
PRA | participatory rural appraisal |
PRGF | Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility |
PRSs | poverty reduction strategies |
PUA | participatory urban appraisal |
PWC | Post-Washington Consensus |
R2P | responsibility to protect |
RRA | rapid rural appraisal |
SADC | Southern African Development Community |
SAF | Structural Adjustment Facility |
SAPRIN | Structural Adjustment Participatory Review International Network |
SAPs | structural adjustment programmes |
SARS | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
SDGs | Sustainable Development Goals |
SDSN | Sustainable Development Solutions Network |
SDT | special and differential treatment |
SMS | short message service |
SNGOs | southern non-governmental organizations |
TB | tuberculosis |
TNCs | transnational corporations |
TPP | Trans-Pacific Partnership |
TRIPs | Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights |
TTIP | Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership |
UN | United Nations |
UNAIDS | Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS |
UNAMID | African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur |
UNCED | United Nations Conference on Environment and Development |
UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
UNDESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |
UNDG | United Nations Development Group |
UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
UNDPKO | United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations |
UNECA | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |
UNEF | United Nations Emergency Force |
UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
UNFPA | United Nations Population Fund |
UNGA | United Nations General Assembly |
UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |
UNICEF | United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund |
UNIFEM | United Nations Development Fund for Women |
UNMD | United Nations Millennium Declaration |
UNOCHA | UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |
UNPD | United Nations Population Division |
UNPROFOR | United Nations Protection Force |
UNSC | United Nations Security Council |
USAID | United States Agency for International Development |
WAD | Women and Development |
WB | World Bank |
WBIEG | World Bank Independent Evaluation Group |
WCED | World Commission on Environment and Development |
WED | Women, Environment and Development |
WEO | World Environment Organization |
WFP | World Food Programme |
WHO | World Health Organization |
WHS | World Humanitarian Summit |
WID | Women in Development |
WTO | World Trade Organization |