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Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Part I: Theoretical Perspectives
1. 1 Alone Again: Revisiting Psychological Perspectives on Solitude
  1. Editors’ Note: Solitude in the Time of COVID‐19
  2. Alone Again: Revisiting Psychological Perspectives on Solitude
  3. References
2. 2 Evolutionary and Neuroscientific Perspectives on Adaptive Shyness
  1. Are There Adaptive Functions of Shyness?
  2. What Are Some of the Regulatory Mechanisms of Adaptive Shyness?
  3. How Are These Self‐Regulatory Mechanisms Instantiated in the Brain in Adaptive Shyness?
  4. Conclusion
  5. References
3. 3 An Attachment Perspective on Solitude and Loneliness
  1. References
4. 4 What Does Animal (Nonhuman) Research Tell Us About Social Deprivation and Social Isolation?
  1. What Does Animal (Nonhuman) Research Tell Us About Social Deprivation and Social Isolation?
  2. The Importance of Understanding the Effects of Social Deprivation and Social isolation
  3. Brief History of Theory and Research on the Role of Social Relationships for Development
  4. Nonhuman Primate Models
  5. Rodent Models
  6. Conclusion and Future Directions
  7. References
5. 5 The Origins of Beneficial Solitude: Psychoanalytic Perspectives
  1. The Solitary Self
  2. The Capacity to Be Alone
  3. Companions in Solitude
  4. Conclusions
  5. References
6. 6 Culture, Social Withdrawal, and Development
  1. Culture, Social Withdrawal, and Development
  2. References
Part II: Solitude Across the Life Span
1. 7 Behavioral Inhibition and Psychopathology in Childhood
  1. Stability of Behavioral Inhibition
  2. Factors Contributing to Development and Maintenance of BI
  3. Conclusion and Future Directions
  4. References
2. 8 Solitary Activities from Early Childhood to Adolescence: Causes, Content, and Consequences
  1. Nonsocial Play in Peer Contexts
  2. Solitary Activities Outside of School
  3. Conclusions and Future Directions: Considering Contexts
  4. References
3. 9 Manifestations of Solitude in Interpersonal Contexts and Negative Peer Experiences:
  1. Manifestations of Solitude in Interpersonal Contexts and Negative Peer Experiences: Peer Rejection, Exclusion, and Victimization
  2. The Construct of Solitude and Identification of Solitary Subtypes
  3. The Concept of Negative Peer Experiences and Corresponding Relational Forms
  4. Solitude’s Relation to Negative Peer Experiences: Developmental Course and Directions of Effect
  5. References
4. 10 Social Withdrawal During Adolescence: The Role of Peers
  1. Overview of Social Withdrawal Research
  2. Social Withdrawal and Peers During Adolescence
  3. Group‐Level Peer Experiences
  4. Dyadic‐Level Peer Experiences
  5. Future Research Directions
5. 11 Social Withdrawal During Emerging Adulthood
  1. Conclusion
  2. References
6. 12 Current and Future Paths in Research on Singlehood
  1. References
7. 13 Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Solitude in Older Adulthood
  1. Introduction
  2. A Multifaceted View of Time Alone: Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Solitude
  3. Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Solitude in Adulthood: Links with Physical and Mental Health
  4. Solitude in Older Adulthood: Time Matters
  5. Solitude in Older Adulthood: Explanatory Mechanisms
  6. Moderators of Solitude‐Health Links
  7. Future Directions
  8. Conclusion
  9. Acknowledgments
  10. References
Part III: Understanding Solitude: Constructs, Processes, and Contexts
1. 14 Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations
  1. Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations
  2. Approach and Avoidance as Two Fundamental Systems
  3. Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations and Related Constructs
  4. Historical Roots of the Research on Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations
  5. Establishing and Maintaining Social Relationships as a Function of Social Motivations
  6. Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Processes of Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations
  7. The Origins and Development of Social Approach and Avoidance Motivation Across the Life Span
  8. Implications for Interventions
  9. Conclusions and Future Directions
  10. References
2. 15 Ostracism and Solitude
  1. “I Want To Be Alone”: Self‐Ostracism/Being Alone.
  2. Summary
  3. References
3. 16 The Possibilities of Aloneness and Solitude: Developing an Understanding Framed Through the Lens of Human Motivation and Needs
  1. Introduction
  2. Distinguishing Aloneness and Solitude
  3. Effects of Aloneness and Solitude
  4. The Role of Autonomy in Aloneness and Solitude
  5. Personality and Being Alone
  6. Authenticity in Solitude
  7. References
4. 17 Getting Even Lonelier?
  1. Problematic Use of Media
  2. Loneliness as a Cause of Problematic Use of Media, and Mediating Factors Linking the Two
  3. Loneliness as an Outcome of Problematic Use of Media
  4. Vicious Bidirectional Cycle Between Loneliness and Problematic Use of Media
  5. Two Competing Theoretical Models to Explain the Bidirectional Cycle
  6. Buffers to Problematic Use of Media: Face‐to‐Face Interaction and Social Support
  7. Where Do We Go From Here?
  8. Conclusion
  9. References
5. 18 New Media and Solitude: Implications for Peer Relations
  1. New Media and Solitude: Implications for Peer Relations
  2. Theoretical Overview
  3. Mobile Phone Use
  4. Social Networking Site Use
  5. Social Exclusion
  6. Cybervictimization
  7. Future Directions and Conclusions
  8. References
6. 19 Alone Versus Together: Finding the Right Balance for Creativity
  1. References
7. 20 Solitude as a Means to Obtaining Mental Rest in Skilled Athlete Populations
  1. Solitude as a Means to Obtaining Mental Rest in Skilled Athlete Populations
  2. Eccles and Kazmier’s (2019) Model of the Psychology of Rest in Athletes
  3. Conclusions
  4. References
8. 21 From Shyness to Social Anxiety: Understanding Solitude in the Context of Immigration
  1. From Shyness to Social Anxiety: Understanding Solitude in the Context of Immigration
  2. References
Part IV: Solitude, Health, and Psychopathology
1. 22 Introversion, Solitude, and Happiness
  1. Introversion, Solitude, and Happiness
  2. References
2. 23 Solitary and Social Aspects of Restoration in Nature
  1. Restoration Studies Using Individuals and Small Groups as Participants
  2. Private Spaces in Childhood and Adolescence
  3. Restorative Experiences, Solitude, and Social Relationships in Natural Favorite Places
  4. The Social Context of Restoration
  5. Conclusions and Future Directions
  6. References
3. 24 Intentional Solitude and Mindfulness
  1. Seeking Solitude Through Mindfulness and Meditation
  2. Positive Solitude/Mindfulness for Children and Adolescents
  3. Gaining Acceptance and Perspective in Positive Mindful Solitude in Adulthood
  4. Developing Positive Mindful Solitude
  5. Conclusion
  6. References
4. 25 Loneliness and Associated Mental Health Sequelae in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
  1. Theoretical Basis of Loneliness
  2. Loneliness in ASD
  3. Understanding Loneliness in ASD
  4. The Experience of Loneliness in ASD
  5. Multiple Reporters on Friendships in ASD: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?
  6. Summary
  7. Potential Negative Sequelae of Loneliness
  8. Protective Factors Against Loneliness Among Individuals with ASD
  9. Potential for Interventions
  10. Looking Forward: A Focus on Interventions for Adults with ASD
  11. Conclusion
  12. References
5. 26 Social Anxiety Disorder and Emotional Solitude
  1. Social Anxiety Disorder and Emotional Solitude
  2. References
6. 27 Hikikomori: Risks and Consequences of Extreme Self‐imposed Social Marginalization
  1. Introduction
  2. The Well‐Being of Young People Who Live in High‐Income Countries
  3. Hikikomori – Prolonged Socially Withdrawn Individuals
  4. Theoretical Understandings of Hikikomori
  5. The Three‐Process Framework of Hikikomori: Risks and Consequences
  6. Challenges and Future Directions
  7. Conclusion
  8. References
7. 28 Solitary Confinement Is Not “Solitude”:
  1. The Adverse Effects of Social Isolation, Social Exclusion, and Loneliness
  2. Solitary Confinement Is a Form of “Toxic” Social Isolation
  3. The Specific Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement
  4. Extreme and Prolonged Effects of Solitary Confinement
  5. Reducing and Eliminating the Use of Solitary Confinement
  6. Conclusion
Part V: Magnum Opus
1. 29 Social Withdrawal in Childhood: A Personal History of Theory and Research That Guided a Program of Developmental Research
  1. Social Withdrawal in Childhood: A Personal History of Theory and Research That Guided a Program of Developmental Research
  2. Remembering Your Ancients
  3. Carmichael’s Manual of Child Psychology, Third Edition (1970)
  4. Beginnings
  5. The Waterloo Longitudinal Project (WLP)
  6. Parental Beliefs, Parenting, and Social Withdrawal: The Child in the Family Study
  7. The Waterloo Toddler Project
  8. Summary and Conclusions
  9. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Theroretical Model of the Causes and Consequences of solitude.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Integration of processes across different timescales (combing mi...
2. Figure 13.2 Measurement burst design to combine assessments of processes ope...
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Graph of change in high‐arousal positive affect as a function of...
2. Figure 16.2 Graph of change in high‐arousal negative affect as a function of...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 The vicious bidirectional cycle between loneliness and problemat...
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Interaction of mental fatigue and people on the forest trail (Ko...
2. Figure 23.2 Options to choose or avoid an encounter (Konings & Staats, 2015)...
3. Figure 23.3 Floorplan of a café without or with a reading table (Staats & Va...
Chapter 27
1. Figure 27.1 A conceptual framework of prolonged youth social withdrawal.
Chapter 29
1. Figure 29.1 A conceptual model of the causes, concomitants, and consequences...

This edition first published 2021
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Edition History
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Coplan, Robert J., 1967– editor. | Bowker, Julie C., editor. | Nelson, Larry J., editor. | Wiley‐Blackwell (Firm), publisher.
Title: The handbook of solitude : psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone / edited by Robert J. Coplan, Julie C. Bowker, Larry J. Nelson.
Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021006669 (print) | LCCN 2021006670 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119576389 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119576426 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119576853 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Solitude. | Social isolation. | Loneliness.
Classification: LCC BF637.S64 H36 2021 (print) | LCC BF637.S64 (ebook) | DDC 155.9/2–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021006669
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021006670

The Handbook of Solitude

Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone

Part I
Theoretical Perspectives