Series Editors: Vinay Gidwani, University of Minnesota, USA and Sharad Chari, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Like its parent journal, the Antipode Book Series reflects distinctive new developments in radical geography. It publishes books in a variety of formats – from reference books to works of broad explication to titles that develop and extend the scholarly research base – but the commitment is always the same: to contribute to the praxis of a new and more just society.
Frontier Assemblages: The Emergent Politics of Resource Frontiers in Asia
Edited by Jason Cons and Michael Eilenberg
Other Geographies: The Influences of Michael Watts
Edited by Sharad Chari, Susanne Freidberg, Vinay Gidwani, Jesse Ribot and Wendy Wolford
Money and Finance After the Crisis: Critical Thinking for Uncertain Times
Edited by Brett Christophers, Andrew Leyshon and Geoff Mann
Frontier Road: Power, History, and the Everyday State in the Colombian Amazon
Simón Uribe
Enterprising Nature: Economics, Markets and Finance in Global Biodiversity Politics
Jessica Dempsey
Global Displacements: The Making of Uneven Development in the Caribbean
Marion Werner
Banking Across Boundaries: Placing Finance in Capitalism
Brett Christophers
The Down‐deep Delight of Democracy
Mark Purcell
Gramsci: Space, Nature, Politics
Edited by Michael Ekers, Gillian Hart, Stefan Kipfer and Alex Loftus
Places of Possibility: Property, Nature and Community Land Ownership
A. Fiona D. Mackenzie
The New Carbon Economy: Constitution, Governance and Contestation
Edited by Peter Newell, Max Boykoff and Emily Boyd
Capitalism and Conservation
Edited by Dan Brockington and Rosaleen Duffy
Spaces of Environmental Justice
Edited by Ryan Holifield, Michael Porter and Gordon Walker
The Point is to Change it: Geographies of Hope and Survival in an Age of Crisis
Edited by Noel Castree, Paul Chatterton, Nik Heynen, Wendy Larner and Melissa W. Wright
Privatization: Property and the Remaking of Nature‐Society
Edited by Becky Mansfield
Practising Public Scholarship: Experiences and Possibilities Beyond the Academy
Edited by Katharyne Mitchell
Grounding Globalization: Labour in the Age of Insecurity
Edward Webster, Rob Lambert and Andries Bezuidenhout
Privatization: Property and the Remaking of Nature‐Society Relations
Edited by Becky Mansfield
Decolonizing Development: Colonial Power and the Maya
Joel Wainwright
Cities of Whiteness
Wendy S. Shaw
Neoliberalization: States, Networks, Peoples
Edited by Kim England and Kevin Ward
The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism: Cleaners in the Global Economy
Edited by Luis L. M. Aguiar and Andrew Herod
David Harvey: A Critical Reader
Edited by Noel Castree and Derek Gregory
Working the Spaces of Neoliberalism: Activism, Professionalisation and Incorporation
Edited by Nina Laurie and Liz Bondi
Threads of Labour: Garment Industry Supply Chains from the Workers' Perspective
Edited by Angela Hale and Jane Wills
Life's Work: Geographies of Social Reproduction
Edited by Katharyne Mitchell, Sallie A. Marston and Cindi Katz
Redundant Masculinities? Employment Change and White Working Class Youth
Linda McDowell
Spaces of Neoliberalism
Edited by Neil Brenner and Nik Theodore
Space, Place and the New Labour Internationalism
Edited by Peter Waterman and Jane Wills
Edited by
Jason Cons
Michael Eilenberg
This edition first published 2019
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Jason Cons and Michael Eilenberg to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Office(s)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for
ISBN: 9781119412069 (hardback)
ISBN: 9781119412052 (paperback)
Cover image: Frontier infrastructure, newly asphalted road crossing a bridge into forest interior of West Kalimantan, Indonesia © Michael Eilenberg
Cover design by Wiley
Figure 1.1 | A billboard in Khulna advertising inputs for high‐yield commercial shrimp aquaculture operations. Major development agencies such as USAID support such programs to expand and intensify the cultivation of shrimp for export throughout Khulna’s coastal zone. |
Figure 1.2 | Shrimp ponds in Khulna. |
Figure 2.1 | Real vs. model graph drawn by Marwan, May 2011. |
Figure 2.2 | Subsurface simulation model, 2011. |
Figure 2.3 | Jebel Hafeet, 2011. |
Figure 3.1 | In a suosuo forest, inspecting rou congrong bodies allowed to seed for next year’s crop. |
Figure 3.2 | Rou congrong supermarket. |
Figure 4.1 | Overview of the district of Berau. |
Figure 4.2 | A truck hauling oil palm fruit bunches from a plantation near the village boundaries of Gunung Madu, one of the BFCP model villages. |
Figure 4.3 | A 3D model of Song Kelok, one of the BFCP model villages, and the surrounding environment, developed through a participatory mapping process led by TNC. Markers identify existing land and resource rights, right holders, important landscape features and the village boundaries. |
Figure 5.1 | Map of Tajikistan. |
Figure 5.2 | A farmer takes pride in the trees which he grafted with more profitable apple varieties in an orchard that he inherited from a defunct Soviet collectivized farm in the Pamir mountains of Tajikistan. |
Figure 6.1 | Map showing Hokkaido and the North Pacific. |
Figure 6.2 | A hatchery worker prepares recently fertilized salmon eggs for transfer to an incubator. |
Figure 7.1 | Tianjin Sino‐Singapore Eco‐City visitor centre. |
Figure 7.2 | Statue of Mazu, a sea goddess known as the protector of fishers and sailors, in the Tianjin Tourism Area. |
Figure 7.3 | Abandoned houses, Caofeidian International Eco‐City. |
Figure 8.1 | Machines work the coal seam in the pit of the Heidaigou coalmine, in Ordos Municipality, Inner Mongolia. |
Figure 8.2 | (a) and (b) The Kangbashi New District in Ordos Municipality has developed as a site of financial speculation and grand visions of urban change on China’s mining frontier. |
Figure 9.1 | Advertisement for cosmetic surgery at Shija hospital featuring what appears to be a Korean woman, referencing both an aspiration for a certain kind of beauty and a country famous for cosmetic surgery. December 2012. |
Figure 9.2 | New settlements in Langol. The rows of buildings along the road are small shops. May 2014. |
Figure 9.3 | Pedestrian passing publicity for the Central Reserve Police Force posted on the side of a bunker but on the outside of a bank. December 2012. |
Figure 10.1 | Cinchona reserve of the government of Bengal, 1870. |
Figure 10.2 | The extension of the cinchona frontier. |
Figure 10.3 | Aging cinchona bark in Mungpoo, 2017. |
Figure 10.4 | The government chinchona factory at Mungpoo, 2017. |
Figure 11.1 | The Black River region in Vietnam. |
Figure 11.2 | Sampans arriving in Lai Châu and discharging rice bound for the Điện Biên Phủ front in 1954. The site is now flooded by dam reservoirs. |
The Antipode Book Series explores radical geography ‘antipodally’, in opposition, from various margins, limits, or borderlands.
Antipode books provide insight ‘from elsewhere’, across boundaries rarely transgressed, with internationalist ambition and located insight; they diagnose grounded critique emerging from particular contradictory social relations in order to sharpen the stakes and broaden public awareness. An Antipode book might revise scholarly debates by pushing at disciplinary boundaries, or by showing what happens to a problem as it moves or changes. It might investigate entanglements of power and struggle in particular sites, but with lessons that travel with surprising echoes elsewhere.
Antipode books will be theoretically bold and empirically rich, written in lively, accessible prose that does not sacrifice clarity at the altar of sophistication. We seek books from within and beyond the discipline of geography that deploy geographical critique in order to understand and transform our fractured world.
Zachary R. Anderson is a PhD candidate in the Department of Geography at the University of Toronto. He has conducted research on the cultural politics of conservation, development, and resource extraction in frontier spaces across Southeast Asia. His doctoral research investigates the emergence of the ‘green economy’ in Indonesia in the province of East Kalimantan. He has published in Journal of Peasant Studies, the Austrian Journal of South‐East Asian Studies, Global Environmental Change, and Conservation Biology.
Young Rae Choi is an assistant professor of Geography in the Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies at Florida International University. Her research interrogates the complexity and interwovenness of development‐conservation relations with a focus on large‐scale coastal development in East Asia. Previously, she worked on marine policy and strategic planning of ocean science research at the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology and led the Korean side of the Worldwide Fund for Nature Yellow Sea Ecoregion Support Project as the national conservation coordinator. Her work has been published in Ocean & Coastal Management, Dialogues in Human Geography, and Marine Pollution Bulletin.
Jason Cons is an assistant professor of Anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin. He works on borders in South Asia, especially the India–Bangladesh border; on agrarian change and rural development in Bangladesh; and, most recently on climate change, development, conservation, and security along the India–Bangladesh border. His book, Sensitive Space: Anxious Territory at the India–Bangladesh Border was published by the University of Washington Press in 2016. His work has also been published in Antipode, Cultural Anthropology, Ethnography, Journal of Peasant Studies, Limn, Modern Asian Studies, Political Geography, SAMAJ, and Third World Quarterly. He is an Associate editor of the journal South Asia.
Prasenjit Duara is the Oscar Tang Chair of East Asian Studies at Duke University. In 1988, he published Culture, Power and the State: Rural North China, 1900–1942 (Stanford University Press) which won the Fairbank Prize of the AHA and the Levenson Prize of the AAS, USA. Among his other books are Rescuing History from the Nation (University of Chicago Press, 1995), Sovereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern (Rowman 2003), and most recently, The Crisis of Global Modernity: Asian Traditions and a Sustainable Future (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
Michael Eilenberg is an associate professor of Anthropology at Aarhus University. His research focuses on issues of state formation, sovereignty, autonomy, citizenship and agrarian expansion in frontier regions of Southeast Asia with a special focus on Indonesia and Malaysia. His book, At the Edges of States, first published by KITLV Press (2012) and later reprinted by Brill Academic Publishers (2014), deals with the dynamics of state formation and resource struggle in the Indonesian borderlands. His articles have appeared in Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, Journal of Borderland Studies, Journal of Peasant Studies, Modern Asian Studies and Development and Change.
Gökçe Günel is an assistant professor in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona, and specializes in social studies of energy and climate change. She is the author of Spaceship in the Desert: Energy, Climate Change and Urban Design in Abu Dhabi (Duke University Press, 2019). Her articles have appeared in Ephemera, Public Culture, Anthropological Quarterly, The Yearbook of Comparative Literature, The ARPA Journal, Avery Review, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (IJMES), Engineering Studies, and PoLAR.
Christian C. Lentz is assistant professor of Geography at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He specializes in Southeast Asia with particular focus on agrarian studies, development, state formation, nationalism, and nature‐society relations. His articles have appeared in Geopolitics, Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Political Geography, Modern Asian Studies, and Journal of Peasant Studies. His book manuscript Contested Territory: Dien Bien Phu and the Making of Northwest Vietnam, forthcoming with Yale University Press (2019), explores hidden histories of territorial construction and political struggle during and after the battle that toppled French Indochina in 1954.
Christian Lund is a professor of Development, Resource Management, and Governance, at the Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen. His research focuses on property, local politics and state formation; in particular socio‐legal processes of conflict over land and natural resources. He is the author of Law, Power and Politics in Niger: Land Struggles and the Rural Code (Lit Verlag/Transaction Publishers) and Local Politics and the Dynamics of Property in Africa (Cambridge University Press). He currently is working on a book manuscript, Nine‐Tenths of the Law: Enduring Dispossession in Indonesia.
Duncan McDuie‐Ra is professor of Development Studies at University of New South Wales, Sydney. His most recent books include Northeast Migrants in Delhi: Race, Refuge and Retail (Amsterdam University Press, 2012), Debating Race in Contemporary India (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) and Borderland City in New India: Frontier to Gateway (Amsterdam University Press, 2016). His articles have appeared in South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, Geoforum, Urban Studies, Geographical Journal, Energy Policy, Men and Masculinities, and Violence Against Women among others. He is associate editor for the journal South Asia, for the book series Asian Borderlands (Amsterdam University Press) and editor in chief of the ASAA South Asia monograph series (Routledge).
Townsend Middleton is an associate professor of anthropology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is the author of The Demands of Recognition: State Anthropology and Ethnopolitics in Darjeeling (Stanford University Press, 2015); and author of various articles in journals such as Public Culture (2018), American Anthropologist (2013), American Ethnologist (2011), Ethnography (2014), Political Geography (2013), and Focaal (2013). In addition to his ongoing research on cinchona, he is currently leading a collaborative interdisciplinary project examining logistical and infrastructural ‘chokepoints’ around the world and writing on topics ranging from colonial history to contemporary political violence in South Asia.
Kasia Paprocki is an assistant professor of Environment in the Department of Geography and Environment at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Her research is focused on the political ecology of development and climate change adaptation, particularly in Bangladesh. Her work has been published in academic and popular outlets including Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Geoforum, Climate and Development, Journal of Peasant Studies, Third World Quarterly, Economic and Political Weekly, and Himal Southasian.
Nancy Lee Peluso is Henry J. Vaux Distinguished Professor of Forest Policy and professor of Society and Environment in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management (ESPM) at University of California, Berkeley. Her work explores agrarian and forest politics, focusing in particular on the political ecologies of resource access, use, and control. She is the author of Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java (UC Press, 1992); and co‐editor of six books, including Violent Environments (Cornell Press, 2001, with Michael Watts), New Frontiers of Land Control (2011, Routledge, with Christian Lund) and author or co‐author of more than 70 journal articles and book chapters. She is currently working on a book examining historical entanglements of violence and territorialities in resource landscapes of West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Igor Rubinov is a PhD candidate in Anthropology at Princeton University. He has conducted research on development, migration and the environment in Central Asia. His dissertation project, conducted over 16 months, examines the impact of climate change adaptation on governance and livelihoods in Tajikistan. As state and international agencies worked to incorporate this novel paradigm, people improvised material and social entanglements to nourish life. He has published in Anthropological Quarterly.
K. Sivaramakrishnan is Dinakar Singh Professor of Anthropology, professor of Forestry and Environmental Studies, and co‐director of the Program in Agrarian Studies at Yale University. His current research includes work on environmental jurisprudence in India and urban ecology in Asia. His published work covers environmental history and political anthropology, science and technology studies, and cultural geography. He is the author of Modern Forests (Stanford University Press, 1999). Most recently he is the co‐editor of Places of Nature in Ecologies of Urbanism (Hong Kong University Press, 2017).
Heather Anne Swanson is an associate professor of Anthropology at Aarhus University, deputy director of its Centre for Environmental Humanities, and a member of the Aarhus University Research on the Anthropocene project. Her work investigates entangled human and nonhuman lives in times of anthropogenic disturbance and environmental damage. She is co‐editor of Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet (2017, University of Minnesota Press) with Anna Tsing, Elaine Gan, and Nils Bubandt. Most recently she is the co‐editor of Domestication Gone Wild (2018, Duke University Press) with Marianne Lien and Gro Ween. She has published in Social Analysis, Science as Culture, Environmental Humanities, Geoforum, Environment and Society, and HAU Journal of Ethnographic Theory.
Max D. Woodworth is an assistant professor in the Department of Geography, Ohio State University. His research to date has focused on urban development in mining regions, with an emphasis on the politics of large‐scale development projects in resource boomtowns. He has published in The Journal of Asian Studies, The Professional Geographer, Geoforum, Cities, and Area.
Jerry Zee is an assistant professor of Anthropology at University of California, Santa Cruz. His work explores experiments in environment and politics along the trajectory of dust storms in and beyond China. His work has appeared in Cultural Anthropology, American Anthropologist, and Scapegoat.
The editors would like to thank all the authors for their enthusiasm, active engagement with, and support of this project. We would like, especially, to thank the authors of the commentaries – Christian Lund, Nancy Lee Peluso, K. Sivaramakrishnan, and Prasenjit Duara—for their time and thoughtful and generous readings of these chapters. The majority of the contributors to this project first met in late April 2016 as part of the Frontier Assemblages workshop (convened by Cons and Eilenberg) at the Social Science Research Council’s InterAsian Connections V conference in Seoul. This workshop served as a launching point for this volume and a generative moment for many of the ideas expressed in it. We would like to thank the SSRC’s InterAsia Program – especially Seteney Shami, Holly Danzeisen, and Mona Saghri – for providing intellectual guidance and financial support, and the Seoul National University Asia Center for their hospitality in hosting us and this event. Their support made it possible to assemble such a vibrant group of scholars working on frontiers across Asia. Prasenjit Duara, Sahana Ghosh, Angela Ki‐che Leung, and K. Sivaramakrishnan provided valuable questions and commentary during the workshop. Of the original participants, Mike Dwyer, Dolly Kikon, and Jasnea Sarma have not included essays in this volume. We thank them for participating in the workshop and providing support and encouragement to the project. A longer and substantially different version of Chapter 1 was published in Antipode Volume 51, Issue 1.
We would like to thank Lloyd Farley for his work in assembling the bibliography for this book. We received supportive and constructive feedback on the introduction from Emmy Dawson, Sabrina Lilleby Duncan McDuie‐Ra, Townsend Middleton, Daniel Ng, Kenza Yousfi, and Stephen Zigmund. Erin Lentz, Vasilina Orlova, and James Slotta, provided feedback on earlier iterations of this project. We received invaluable feedback on the manuscript as a whole from two anonymous reviewers. Finally, we wish to thank Jacqueline Scott at Wiley and Vinay Gidwani and Sharad Chari of the Antipode Book Series for their support of this project and their work in bringing it to publication.