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This edition first published 2019
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Edition History
John Wiley & Sons Ltd (1e, 2010)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Franklin, Kirsten, author.
Title: Introduction to biological physics for the health and life sciences / Kirsten Franklin, Paul Muir, Terry Scott, Paul Yates,
and staff of the Department of Physics, University of Otago.
Description: Second edition. | Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : John Wiley & Sons Ltd, [2019] |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018051884 (print) | LCCN 2018060214 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781118934494 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781118934487 (ePub) |
ISBN 9781118934500 (pbk.) | ISBN 1118934504 (pbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: Biophysics—Textbooks. | Physics—Textbooks. | Medical physics—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QH505 (ebook) | LCC QH505 .I68 2019 (print) |
DDC 571.4—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018051884

Cover image: Human heart circulation in a skeleton © shefkate/Adobe, Red blood cells,
© ktsdesign/Adob, Woman's eye, © freshidea/Adobe, all other images courtesy of Michael Crawford Cover design by Michael Crawford
Cover design by Michael Crawford

CONTENTS

Cover

Preface

I Mechanics

1 Kinematics
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Distance and Displacement
3. 1.3 Speed and Velocity
4. 1.4 Acceleration
5. 1.5 Average Velocity or Speed
6. 1.6 Change in Displacement Under Constant Acceleration
7. 1.7 The Acceleration Due to Gravity
8. 1.8 Independence of Motion in Two Dimensions
9. 1.9 Summary
10. 1.10 Problems
2 Force and Newton’s Laws of Motion
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 The Concept of Force
3. 2.3 Kinds of Force
4. 2.4 Newtonian Gravity
5. 2.5 Fictitious Forces
6. 2.6 Summary
7. 2.7 Problems
3 Motion in a Circle
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Description of Circular Motion
3. 3.3 Circular Velocity and Acceleration
4. 3.4 Centripetal Force
5. 3.5 Sources of Centripetal Force
6. 3.6 Summary
7. 3.7 Problems
4 Statics
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Equilibrium
3. 4.3 Torque
4. 4.4 The Principle of Moments
5. 4.5 Centre of Gravity/Centre of Mass
6. 4.6 Stability
7. 4.7 Summary
8. 4.8 Problems
5 Energy
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 What is Energy?
3. 5.3 Work
4. 5.4 Kinetic Energy
5. 5.5 Potential Energy
6. 5.6 Conservative Forces
7. 5.7 Conservation of Total Energy
8. 5.8 Power
9. 5.9 Summary
10. 5.10 Problems
6 Momentum
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Linear Momentum
3. 6.3 Newton's Laws and Momentum
4. 6.4 Collisions
5. 6.5 Elastic Collisions
6. 6.6 Summary
7. 6.7 Problems
7 Simple Harmonic Motion
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Hooke's Law
3. 7.3 Simple Harmonic Motion
4. 7.4 The Simple Pendulum
5. 7.5 Summary
6. 7.6 Problems
8 Waves
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 SHM and Waves
3. 8.3 Frequency, Wavelength, and Speed
4. 8.4 The Form of the Wave
5. 8.5 Types of Wave
6. 8.6 Superposition and Interference
7. 8.7 Beats
8. 8.8 Reflection
9. 8.9 Standing Waves
10. 8.10 Waves and Energy
11. 8.11 Complex Waveforms
12. 8.12 Summary
13. 8.13 Problems
9 Sound and Hearing
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Sound Waves in Media
3. 9.3 Pitch and Loudness
4. 9.4 Resonance and Sound Generation
5. 9.5 The Ear
6. 9.6 The Doppler Effect
7. 9.7 Summary
8. 9.8 Problems

II Solids and Fluids

10 Elasticity: Stress and Strain
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Tension and Compression
3. 10.3 Shear Stress and Strain
4. 10.4 Bulk Stress and Strain
5. 10.5 Elasticity
6. 10.6 Summary
7. 10.7 Problems
11 Pressure
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Pressure
3. 11.3 Density
4. 11.4 Pascal's Principle
5. 11.5 Measurement of Pressure
6. 11.6 Pressure and the Human Body
7. 11.7 Summary
8. 11.8 Problems
12 Buoyancy
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 The Buoyant Force
3. 12.3 Summary
4. 12.4 Problems
13 Surface Tension and Capillarity
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Surface Tension
3. 13.3 Capillarity
4. 13.4 Surfactants and the Lung
5. 13.5 Summary
6. 13.6 Problems
14 Fluid Dynamics of Non-viscous Fluids
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Definitions of Some Key Terms
3. 14.3 The Equation of Continuity
4. 14.4 Bernoulli's Equation
5. 14.5 Summary
6. 14.6 Problems
15 Fluid Dynamics of Viscous Fluids
1. 15.1 Introduction
2. 15.2 Viscosity
3. 15.3 Turbulence
4. 15.4 Summary
5. 15.5 Problems
16 Molecular Transport Phenomena
1. 16.1 Introduction
2. 16.2 Diffusion
3. 16.3 Osmosis
4. 16.4 Applications to Biological Systems
5. 16.5 Summary
6. 16.6 Problems

III Thermodynamics

17 Temperature and the Zeroth Law
1. 17.1 Introduction
2. 17.2 Thermal Equilibrium
3. 17.3 Measuring Temperature
4. 17.4 Thermal Expansion of Materials
5. 17.5 Summary
6. 17.6 Problems
18 Ideal Gases
1. 18.1 Introduction
2. 18.2 The Gas Laws
3. 18.3 Biological Applications
4. 18.4 Kinetic Theory of Gases
5. 18.5 Summary
6. 18.6 Problems
19 Phase and Temperature Change
1. 19.1 Introduction
2. 19.2 Phase Changes
3. 19.3 Temperature Changes
4. 19.4 Energy Conservation
5. 19.5 L and c Values for Water
6. 19.6 Summary
7. 19.7 Problems
20 Water Vapour and the Atmosphere
1. 20.1 Introduction
2. 20.2 Mixtures of Water Vapour and Air
3. 20.3 Partial Pressure and Moisture Content
4. 20.4 Atmospheric Properties
5. 20.5 Psychrometry
6. 20.6 Applications
7. 20.7 Summary
8. 20.8 Problems
21 Heat Transfer
1. 21.1 Introduction
2. 21.2 Conduction
3. 21.3 Convection
4. 21.4 Radiation
5. 21.5 Combined Transfer Processes
6. 21.6 Summary
7. 21.7 Problems
22 Thermodynamics and the Body
1. 22.1 Introduction
2. 22.2 The First Law
3. 22.3 Energy and the Body
4. 22.4 Thermoregulation
5. 22.5 Temperature and Health
6. 22.6 Summary
7. 22.7 Problems
23 Thermodynamic Processes in Ideal Gases
1. 23.1 Introduction
2. 23.2 States, Processes, and Equilibrium
3. 23.3 Reversibility
4. 23.4 Work and P–V Diagrams
5. 23.5 Isobaric, Isochoric, Isothermal, and Adiabatic Processes
6. 23.6 Summary
7. 23.7 Problems
24 Heat Engines And Entropy
1. 24.1 Introduction
2. 24.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
3. 24.3 Entropy
4. 24.4 Cyclic Processes and Heat Engines
5. 24.5 The First Law for Reversible Processes
6. 24.6 T –S Diagrams for Heat Engines
7. 24.7 Entropy and Irreversible Processes
8. 24.8 Absolute Entropy And The Third Law of Thermodynamics
9. 24.9 Summary
10. 24.10 Problems
25 Energy Availability and Thermodynamic Potentials
1. 25.1 Introduction
2. 25.2 Enthalpy
3. 25.3 Helmholtz Energy
4. 25.4 Gibbs Energy
5. 25.5 Chemical Work and the Chemical Potential
6. 25.6 Thermodynamic Potentials and Equilibrium
7. 25.7 Heat Engines and the Efficiency of Metabolism
8. 25.8 Summary
9. 25.9 Problems

IV Electricity and DC Circuits

26 Static Electricity
1. 26.1 Introduction
2. 26.2 Charge
3. 26.3 Conductors and Insulators
4. 26.4 Charging of Objects
5. 26.5 Polarisation
6. 26.6 Summary
7. 26.7 Problems
27 Electric Force and Electric Field
1. 27.1 Introduction
2. 27.2 Coulomb’s Law
3. 27.3 Superposition of Electric Forces
4. 27.4 Inverse Square Laws
5. 27.5 The Electric Field
6. 27.6 Electric Field Diagrams
7. 27.7 Superposition of Electric Fields
8. 27.8 Summary
9. 27.9 Problems
28 Electrical Potential and Energy
1. 28.1 Introduction
2. 28.2 Electrical Potential Energy
3. 28.3 Electrical Potential
4. 28.4 Electrical Potential and Work
5. 28.5 Equipotential and Field Lines
6. 28.6 Electrical and External Forces
7. 28.7 The Heart and ECG
8. 28.8 Summary
9. 28.9 Problems
29 Capacitance
1. 29.1 Introduction
2. 29.2 The Capacitor
3. 29.3 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
4. 29.4 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
5. 29.5 The Dielectric in a Capacitor
6. 29.6 Summary
7. 29.7 Problems
30 Direct Currents and DC Circuits
1. 30.1 Introduction
2. 30.2 Electric Current
3. 30.3 Current and Drift Velocity
4. 30.4 Direct Versus Alternating Current
5. 30.5 Circuits and Circuit Diagrams
6. 30.6 Power Sources
7. 30.7 Resistance and Ohm’s Law
8. 30.8 Resistors and Resistivity
9. 30.9 Wires
10. 30.10 Kirchhoff’s Laws
11. 30.11 Resistors in Series and Parallel
12. 30.12 Power Dissipation
13. 30.13 Alternate Energy Units
14. 30.14 Electric Shock Hazards
15. 30.15 Electricity in Cells
16. 30.16 Summary
17. 30.17 Problems
31 Time Behaviour of RC Circuits
1. 31.1 Introduction
2. 31.2 The RC Circuit
3. 31.3 Discharging RC Circuit
4. 31.4 Charging RC Circuit
5. 31.5 Summary
6. 31.6 Problems

V Optics

32 The Nature of Light
1. 32.1 Introduction
2. 32.2 Electromagnetic Waves
3. 32.3 Reflection
4. 32.4 Refraction
5. 32.5 Dispersion
6. 32.6 Summary
7. 32.7 Problems
33 Geometric Optics
1. 33.1 Introduction
2. 33.2 Ray Diagrams
3. 33.3 Plane Mirrors
4. 33.4 Spherical Mirrors
5. 33.5 Magnification
6. 33.6 Lenses
7. 33.7 Summary
8. 33.8 Problems
34 The Eye and Vision
1. 34.1 Introduction
2. 34.2 The Parts of the Eye
3. 34.3 Emmetropia (Normal Vision)
4. 34.4 Presbyopia
5. 34.5 Myopia
6. 34.6 Hypermetropia (or Hyperopia)
7. 34.7 Astigmatism
8. 34.8 Alternative Structure and Placement
9. 34.9 Colour Vision
10. 34.10 Summary
11. 34.11 Problems
35 Wave Optics
1. 35.1 Introduction
2. 35.2 Superposition and Interference
3. 35.3 Huygens' Principle
4. 35.4 Diffraction
5. 35.5 Young's Double-Slit Experiment
6. 35.6 Single-Slit Diffraction
7. 35.7 Diffraction Gratings
8. 35.8 Circular Apertures and Diffraction
9. 35.9 Visual Acuity
10. 35.10 Thin-Film Interference
11. 35.11 Polarisation
12. 35.12 Summary
13. 35.13 Problems
36 Advanced Geometric Optics
1. 36.1 Introduction
2. 36.2 Image Formation by Reflection at a Spherical Surface
3. 36.3 Image Formation by a Refraction at a Single Spherical Surface
4. 36.4 Image Formation by a Thin Lens
5. 36.5 Vergences
6. 36.6 Multiple Lenses and Thick Lenses
7. 36.7 Summary
8. 36.8 Problems
37 Optical Instruments
1. 37.1 Introduction
2. 37.2 Single Converging Lens: The Magnifying Glass
3. 37.3 Microscopes
4. 37.4 Telescopes
5. 37.5 Summary
6. 37.6 Problems

VI Radiation and Health

38 Atoms and Atomic Physics
1. 38.1 Introduction
2. 38.2 Parts of the Atom
3. 38.3 Electron Orbitals
4. 38.4 The Böhr Model of the Atom
5. 38.5 Multielectron Atoms
6. 38.6 Quantum Mechanics
7. 38.7 Summary
8. 38.8 Problems
39 The Nucleus and Nuclear Physics
1. 39.1 Introduction
2. 39.2 Nuclei and Isotopes
3. 39.3 Energy and Mass Units
4. 39.4 Nuclear Forces
5. 39.5 Nuclear Decay and Stability
6. 39.6 Summary
7. 39.7 Problems
40 Production of Ionising Radiation
1. 40.1 Introduction
2. 40.2 Nuclear Decay Processes
3. 40.3 Activity and Half-Life
4. 40.4 X-ray Production
5. 40.5 Other Sources of Radiation
6. 40.6 Summary
7. 40.7 Problems
41 Interactions of Ionising Radiation
1. 41.1 Introduction
2. 41.2 Attenuation and Cross Section
3. 41.3 X-rays and Gamma Radiation
4. 41.4 Particles
5. 41.5 Detection of Ionising Radiation
6. 41.6 Summary
7. 41.7 Problems
42 Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation
1. 42.1 Introduction
2. 42.2 Mechanisms of Cell Damage
3. 42.3 Dose and Dose Equivalent
4. 42.4 Types of Effect
5. 42.5 Medical Effects and Risk
6. 42.6 Ultraviolet Radiation
7. 42.7 Summary
8. 42.8 Problems
43 Medical Imaging
1. 43.1 Introduction
2. 43.2 X-ray Imaging
3. 43.3 CT Scan
4. 43.4 PET scan
5. 43.5 Gamma Camera and SPECT
6. 43.6 Diagnostic Procedures: Dose
7. 43.7 Ultrasound Sonography
8. 43.8 Summary
44 Magnetism and MRI
1. 44.1 Introduction
2. 44.2 Magnetism
3. 44.3 A Brief Outline of MRI
4. 44.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
5. 44.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
6. 44.6 Summary
7. 44.7 Problems

A Physical Constants

A.1 High Precision Mass Values
A.2 Useful Constants

B Basic Maths and Science Skills

B.1 Measurement and Units
B.2 Basic Algebra
B.3 Exponentials and Logarithms
B.4 Geometry
B.5 Trigonometric Functions
B.6 Vectors

C Answers To Odd Numbered Problems

Selected Further Reading

Index

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