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Cover
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Global Frameworks for Aeolian Geomorphology
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Wind
3. 1.3 Rhythms of Erosivity and Erodibility from the Semi‐Decadal to Hundreds of Thousands of Years
4. 1.4 Frameworks of Sedimentary Supply
5. 1.5 Plate‐Tectonic Frameworks: A Glimpse
6. 1.6 Conclusion
7. Acknowledgements
8. Further Reading
9. References
2 Grains in Motion
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 The Nature of Wind
3. 2.3 Transport Modes
4. 2.4 Ripples
5. 2.5 Initiation of Grain Motion
6. 2.6 Sand Transport: Steady‐State
7. 2.7 Sand Transport: Natural Environments
8. 2.8 Conclusion
9. Further Reading
10. References
3 Wind Erosion
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 The Processes of Wind Abrasion
3. 3.3 Ventifacts
4. 3.4 Yardangs
5. 3.5 Hamadas and Stone Pavements
6. 3.6 Deflation Basins and Pans
7. 3.7 Discussion
8. 3.8 Conclusions
9. Acknowledgements
10. Further Reading
11. References
4 Dust: Sources, Entrainment, Transport
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 What Is Dust?
3. 4.3 Production and Entrainment
4. 4.4 Sources
5. 4.5 Dust Events and Weather Systems
6. 4.6 Dust in Suspension
7. Further Reading
8. References
5 Loess
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Definitions of Loess and its Relationship to Dust
3. 5.3 Distribution and Thickness of Loess Deposits
4. 5.4 Loess Morphology
5. 5.5 The Generation of Loess Sediments
6. 5.6 Other Accumulations of Dust
7. 5.7 The Palaeoclimatic and Palaeoenvironmental Records from Loess and Dust
8. 5.8 Dating Loess and Dust Deposits
9. 5.9 The Role of Dust in Climate Change
10. 5.10 Cultural, Economic, and Environmental Significance of Loess and Dust
11. 5.11 Conclusion
12. Further Reading
13. References
6 Desert Dunes: Form and Process
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 The Classification of Dunes
3. 6.3 Dune Dynamics
4. 6.4 Dune Morphology
5. 6.5 Dune Orientation and Alignment
6. 6.6 Dune Interactions and Equilibrium
7. 6.7 Conclusion
8. Further Reading
9. References
7 Anchored Dunes
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Nebkhas and Nebkha Fields
3. 7.3 Shadow Dunes
4. 7.4 Foredunes
5. 7.5 Lunette or Clay Dunes
6. 7.6 Blowouts
7. 7.7 Parabolic Dunes
8. 7.8 Coastal Transgressive Sand Sheets and Dunefields
9. 7.9 Echo Dunes
10. 7.10 Climbing, Clifftop, Falling, and Lee Dunes
11. 7.11 The Influence of Topography on Wind Flow and Dune Orientation and Migration
12. 7.12 Conclusion
13. Acknowledgements
14. Further Reading
15. References
8 Sand Seas
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 The Distribution of Sand Seas
3. 8.3 Climatic Factors
4. 8.4 Topography
5. 8.5 Sorting Processes
6. 8.6 Geological Factors
7. 8.7 A Basin Model of Sand‐Sea Formation
8. 8.8 Dune Patterns and Their Origins
9. 8.9 Conclusion
10. Further Reading
11. References
9 Dune Sediments
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Dune Sands: Mineralogy, Shape, Surface Textures, and Colour
3. 9.3 Particle‐Size Characteristics
4. 9.4 Dune Structure
5. 9.5 Eolianites
6. 9.6 Conclusion
7. Further Reading
8. References
10 Dune Palaeoenvironments
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 A Date with Dunes
3. 10.3 A Challenge: Inactive Versus Active Dunes
4. 10.4 Complex Dune Development
5. 10.5 Interpreting Dated Dune Records
6. 10.6 A Schematic View of Interpreting Dune Palaeoenvironmental Records
7. 10.7 Conclusion
8. Further Reading
9. References
11 Planetary Aeolian Geomorphology
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Planetary Atmospheres
3. 11.3 Planetary Sediment Transport (Mars, Titan, Venus)
4. 11.4 From Sediment Transport to Aeolian Bedforms
5. 11.5 Planetary Aeolian Deposition Features: Dunes, Sand Seas, Sediment Source
6. 11.6 Aeolian Dust
7. 11.7 Planetary Wind‐Eroded Landforms
8. 11.8 Conclusion
9. Further Reading
10. References
12 Application
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Wind Erosion and Dust Production from Agricultural and Grazing Land
3. 12.3 Shelter, Wind Erosion, and Dust Production: A Possible Confusion of Scale?
4. 12.4 Blown Sand in the Desert
5. 12.5 Blown Sand on the Coast
6. 12.6 Conclusion: Learning from Past Mistakes
7. Further Reading
8. References
Index
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List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Four commonly used bulk sand transport rate equations.
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Definition of commonly used terms related to wind processes.
2. Table 3.2 Key environmental properties that can influence the likelihood of wind...
3. Table 3.3 Calculated averaged ventifact abrasion rates of ‘natural’ rock surface...
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Comparison of the outputs of dust flux models (from Tanaka and Chiba 2...
2. Table 4.2 Characteristics of local, regional and global dust deposits (Lawrence ...
3. Table 4.3 A comparison of the relative effectiveness of silt‐producing mechanism...
4. Table 4.4 Dust codes recorded at staffed and automatic weather stations.
5. Table 4.5 Frequency of dust storms associated with different geomorphologies in ...
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Factors affecting the conditions necessary for dune and sand sea forma...
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Dune activity/mobility indices used to assess changes in climate sinc...
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Properties of planetary atmospheres and surfaces.
2. Table 11.2 Characteristics of saltation transport on Earth, Mars, Venus, and Tit...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Box Figure 1.1 Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev atop a mega‐yardang in his ‘Aeoli...
2. Box Figure 1.2 Ralf Adger Bagnold measuring the wind‐speed profile and the flux...
3. Figure 1.1 The Bodélé low‐level jet in operation, raising a cloud of dust from ...
4. Figure 1.2 Sea breezes on the Sardinian Coast.
5. Figure 1.3 Hurricane Sandy off the Atlantic coast of the USA in October 2012. G...
6. Figure 1.4 A wind rose for a station experiencing katabatic winds descending fr...
7. Figure 1.5 Global and selected local wind systems, dust pathways, etc.
8. Figure 1.6 Typical wind rose for the Westerlies: at the ‘Western Buoy’ off Galw...
9. Figure 1.7 Global land cover, the principal global control of wind erosion. Dar...
10. Figure 1.8 Global distribution of wind speed. The map shows average annual wind...
11. Figure 1.9 Wind rose for the airport in Lanzarote, showing the extraordinarily ...
12. Figure 1.10 Wind rose for Beijing Airport, showing the alternation between the ...
13. Figure 1.11 Europe: Distribution of sandy and loessic soils, associated rivers,...
14. Figure 1.12 Some effects of Pleistocene climatic changes in northern Africa, sh...
15. Figure 1.13 A well‐dated example of multiple periods of dune growth in Mauritan...
16. Figure 1.14 The Cainozoic geography of tectonic uplift, rapid fluvial erosion, ...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 The structure of the turbulent boundary layer: an internal boundary ...
2. Figure 2.2 Very large‐scale motions or ‘super‐structures’ in the inner boundary...
3. Figure 2.3 The four transport modes of grain transport: saltation, creep, suspe...
4. Figure 2.4 Ripple formation driven by reptation.
5. Figure 2.5 Analysis of forces on resting sand grain perched on neighbouring gra...
6. Figure 2.6 The shear velocity threshold for initiation of motion, U_*t, as a fun...
7. Figure 2.7 Particle tracking of a saltation impact with high‐speed camera: succ...
8. Figure 2.8 Vertical profiles of particle mass flux density under four different...
9. Figure 2.9 Predicted bulk transport rates for the four models from Table 2.1, f...
10. Box Figure 2.1a Vertical slot (Fryberger) trap on a wind vane turntable in the ...
11. Box Figure 2.1b Transverse measurement array with two Wenglor particle counters...
12. Box Figure 2.1c A transverse array of Safires, black tubes with the 2 cm‐high s...
13. Figure 2.10 Streamers moving and meandering over a beach (image with enhanced c...
14. Figure 2.11 Effect of surface slope on the shear velocity threshold (Eq. 2.11),...
15. Figure 2.12 Reduction in sand transport rates as a consequence of vegetation co...
16. Figure 2.13 Sand roses showing five patterns of directional variability in sand...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Illustration of the relationship between air density and temperature...
2. Figure 3.2 Wind‐eroded features in Antarctica. (a) Polished and pitted boulder ...
3. Figure 3.3 Global view of the main locations of different wind‐eroded forms not...
4. Figure 3.4 The main morphological elements of a ventifact, including facet and ...
5. Figure 3.5 Examples of ventifact microfeatures from north‐west Ireland: (a) fac...
6. Figure 3.6 Diagram illustrating ventifact evolution over time. (a) Cross‐sectio...
7. Figure 3.7 Examples of yardangs. (a) A field of yardangs from the Bodélé Depres...
8. Figure 3.8 Stone pavement (reg) surfaces from (a) Jordan. and (b) Simpson De...
9. Figure 3.9 Photos of (a) a deflation basin developed on a wind‐eroded diatomite...
10. Figure 3.10 Model of pan evolution, illustrating the relationships between regi...
11. Figure 3.11 Spatial patterns of reconstructed palaeo‐wind direction derived fro...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 (a) Satellite image of ‘Red Dawn’ dust event; (b) MODIS Aerosol Opti...
2. Figure 4.2 Satellite image of dust storm from southern Iceland, 5 October 2004....
3. Figure 4.3 (a) Temporal trend in the dust storm index (DSI) for Australia from ...
4. Figure 4.4 Map of global dust sources and dust trajectories.
5. Figure 4.5 Variation in dust emissions from different land surfaces in southern...
6. Box Figure 4.1 Common dust measurement instruments are vertical arrays of (a) B...
7. Figure 4.6 Dust storm approaching the town of Bedourie in western Queensland, A...
8. Figure 4.7 Cross‐section schematic of a haboob. The leading edge of cool air is...
9. Figure 4.8 Time series of wind direction (grey lines) and PM₁₀ concentrations (...
10. Figure 4.9 (a) Density of dust devil tracks in part of the Ténéré Desert, Niger...
11. Figure 4.10 Three different relationships between dust concentration and visibi...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 A map of loess as identified from remote sensing images in the weste...
2. Figure 5.2 Global distribution map of major loess deposits.
3. Figure 5.3 Distribution and thickness of loess from the mid‐continent of North ...
4. Figure 5.4 The gentle rolling loess hills of Washington State, north‐western US...
5. Figure 5.5 Luochuan in the central Chinese Loess Plateau.
6. Figure 5.6 Schematic models to explain the formation of loess – and other relat...
7. Figure 5.7 ‘Glacial’ model of loess formation involving the production of silt‐...
8. Figure 5.8 Dust in suspension on the Delta River floodplain, near Delta Junctio...
9. Figure 5.9 ‘Desert’ model of loess formation involving the production of silt‐s...
10. Figure 5.10 Changing dust accumulation rates (‘dust flux’) over the last glacia...
11. Figure 5.11 Two examples of loess ‘cave’ dwellings in the Chinese Loess Plateau...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 A simple geomorphological classification of dune types.
2. Figure 6.2 Complex dunes in the western part of Libya's Marzuq Sand Sea. Numero...
3. Figure 6.3 The major controls differentiating dune types, see text for details....
4. Figure 6.4 Streamlines over a simple transverse sand dune. Streamline compressi...
5. Figure 6.5 Perturbations in wind velocity (at different heights, z) and sand tr...
6. Box Figure 6.1 A sonic anemometer measuring 3D instantaneous windflow at the cr...
7. Figure 6.6 The morphology of barchan sand dunes (Hesp and Hastings 1998).
8. Figure 6.7 A 6 m high barchan dune on the Skeleton Coast of Namibia. The horns ...
9. Figure 6.8 The relationship between barchan dune height and migration rate meas...
10. Figure 6.9 A satellite image of the northern edge of the Namib dunefield. The l...
11. Figure 6.10 The along‐dune deflection of the lee‐side eddy on linear sand dunes...
12. Figure 6.11 A seasonal bi‐directional wind regime impacting on a linear sand du...
13. Figure 6.12 Transverse dunes on the flanks of a large linear dune in the northe...
14. Figure 6.13 Satellite photograph of star dunes in Algeria showing the character...
15. Figure 6.14 Complex systems modelling of transverse and linear dune patterns wi...
16. Figure 6.15 Dunefield self‐organization: the emergence of linear and transverse...
17. Figure 6.16 The disequilibrium of a single dune as shown by analytical modellin...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Large nebkhas and shadow dunes seawards of parabolic‐shaped sand str...
2. Figure 7.2 (a) Nebkhas and attendant shadow dunes; (b) Erosional nebkhas formin...
3. Figure 7.3 One possible evolutionary pathway for a nebkha, from initiation to e...
4. Figure 7.4 Streamlines at 0.25 m above the bed around a model nebkha, produced ...
5. Figure 7.5 Established foredune formed in Ammophila brevigulata on Prince Edwar...
6. Figure 7.6 Multiple playas and lunettes in the Lake Pingarnup region of Western...
7. Figure 7.7 Bowl blowout at Cape Cod, MA, USA. The principal depositional lobe i...
8. Figure 7.8 A trangressive and parabolic dunefield complex on the southern coast...
9. Figure 7.9 Transgressive coastal dunefield system near Arcata, northern Califor...
10. Figure 7.10 Transverse and barchanoid‐transverse dunes being colonised by veget...
11. Figure 7.11 Three types of coastal transgressive dunefield morphologies which h...
12. Figure 7.12 A sinuous echo dune formed in front of a concave and notched cliff ...
13. Figure 7.13 Computational fluid dynamics modelled flow over a scarp/cliff (a) s...
14. Figure 7.14 NW St. Anthony, Idaho. Climbing and falling parabolic dunes and dun...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Size distribution of dune areas in the Kalahari (731 925 km²), South...
2. Figure 8.2 Map of global sand seas and large dunefields (shown in black) (Hesse...
3. Figure 8.3 Conditions necessary for sand sea formation.
4. Figure 8.4 Mean surface wind speed (NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data: http://www.esrl....
5. Figure 8.5 Southern African dune expression and climate. Dunefields are shown i...
6. Figure 8.6 South American sand seas and large dunefields. Dunefields are shown ...
7. Figure 8.7 Provenance of Arabian sands (Garzanti et al. 2013, Figure 10). Short...
8. Figure 8.8 Examples of topographic effects on dune patterns; (a) blocking of du...
9. Figure 8.9 Outcrop lithology and sand seas in Australia. Non‐sand bearing litho...
10. Figure 8.10 Tectonic setting of Chinese sand seas in the Asian collision zone w...
11. Figure 8.11 Development of dunes, dunefields, and sand seas in basins dominated...
12. Figure 8.12 Complex dune patterns, Tenere Desert, Niger. (a) Shaded digital ele...
13. Figure 8.13 Mallee sand sea of Southeastern Australia, including parabolic (dar...
14. Figure 8.14 Complex dunes comprising both barchanoid/crescentic ridges and smal...
15. Figure 8.15 Development of the Gran Desierto dunefield (Beveridge et al. 2006) ...
16. Figure 8.16 (a) Generations of superimposed linear dunes, Mauritanian Sahara (L...
17. Figure 8.17 (a) Patterns of different dune types in the northern Rub’ al Khali ...
18. Figure 8.18 (a) Dune patterns in the Taklamakan Desert (Dong et al. 2000), (b) ...
19. Figure 8.19 Patterns of (a) dune morphology, (b) variability of sand drift dire...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Sand dunes in: (a) Iceland, (b) Chad, (c) Namibia, and (d) USA. Whil...
2. Figure 9.2 A comparison of quartz grain surface features from the crest of a co...
3. Figure 9.3 Colour photomicrographs of grains of dune sand from locations around...
4. Figure 9.4 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of dunes sands with differ...
5. Figure 9.5 Particle size frequency distribution (PSD) of a dune surface sample ...
6. Figure 9.6 Sketch of a dune in cross‐section, indicating its parts (a) upwind s...
7. Figure 9.7 An outcrop of aeolian sandstone with sedimentary structures produced...
8. Figure 9.8 Bounding surfaces are erosional structures that truncate sets of cro...
9. Box Figure 9.1 The internal structure of a barchan dune, near Tarfaya in southe...
10. Box Figure 9.2 Three‐dimensional cube of GPR data sliced horizontally to show c...
11. Figure 9.9 Niveo‐aeolian sediments. (a) layers of interbedded sand and snow in ...
12. Figure 9.10 Interdune sediments can be divided into deflationary or depositiona...
13. Figure 9.11 (a) Cross‐stratification in eolianite Bermuda; The height of the fa...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Sarnthein’s (1978) model of the extent of active desert dunes durin...
2. Figure 10.2 Number of published research papers using luminescence dating to pr...
3. Figure 10.3 Bowler’s (1986) schematic diagram of differences in lunette dune fo...
4. Figure 10.4 A large sand ramp that has accumulated on the eastern margin of the...
5. Figure 10.5 Example of the complex and variable stratigraphy that can be record...
6. Figure 10.6 Hand or mechanical auguring of dune sediments using light‐tight sam...
7. Figure 10.7 The ages of linear dunes in the Kalahari Desert (after Thomas and B...
8. Figure 10.8 OSL ages from the Malee dunefield, Australia. This figure presents ...
9. Figure 10.9 A model of dune system responses to climatic changes, from Kocurek ...
10. Figure 10.10 Mineral extraction in the United Arab Emirates has exposed the int...
11. Figure 10.11 Schematic diagram to illustrate why the samples that are dated by ...
12. Figure 10.12 (a) Net dune sand accumulation rates derived from some of the date...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Streamlines of wind flow over a hill of Gaussian profile in the alo...
2. Figure 11.2 Values of L_sat estimated from measurements and predicted from theor...
3. Figure 11.3 A near‐infrared map of Titan, showing major named bright and dark r...
4. Figure 11.4 A Cassini radar image (about 100 × 300km) of the Belet sand sea on ...
5. Figure 11.5 Magellan radar mosaic of the Fortuna‐Mesknet dunefield on Venus. Th...
6. Figure 11.6 Hubble Space Telescope images of Mars taken on (left) 10 July, 2001...
7. Box Figure 11.1 (a) A small (~5m diameter) dust devil on Earth. (b) A much larg...
8. Figure 11.7 Dust/ice layering in Mars's Polar regions. This image shows a rough...
9. Figure 11.8 Latitude Dependent Mantle (LDM). The smoother parts of this scene a...
10. Figure 11.9 Links and feedbacks in the Martian dust cycle. Boxes represent rese...
11. Figure 11.10 Image of etched sandstone taken by the Mastcam on the Curiosity Ro...
12. Figure 11.11 Yardangs on Mars. Section of HiRISE image ESP_023051_1865. North i...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Composite figure of: (i) the location of the Dust Bowl (never preci...
2. Figure 12.2 One way in which roughness can control wind erosion.
3. Figure 12.3 The ‘Erodible Fraction’ (the soil size‐fraction that is most erodib...
4. Figure 12.4 Land use classification of sites of the origins of dust plumes duri...
5. Figure 12.5 Wind erosion in part of Suffolk calculated for the period 1970–1998...
6. Figure 12.6 A wind‐erosion susceptibility map created by using Wind Erosion Pre...
7. Figure 12.7 The reduction of velocity in the lee of a shelterbelt. The x‐axis i...
8. Figure 12.8 Integrated management of encroaching sand in the Hexi Corridor, nor...
9. Figure 12.9 Changes in the morphology of coastal dunes in Mason Bay, Stewart Is...

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Livingstone, Ian, 1957– editor. | Warren, Andrew, 1937– editor.
Title: Aeolian geomorphology : a new introduction / edited by Ian Livingstone (University of Northampton, Northampton, UK), Andrew Warren (University College London, London, UK).
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018026802 (print) | LCCN 2018033964 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118945643 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781118945636 (ePub) | ISBN 9781118945667 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Eolian processes. | Geomorphology. | Physical geography. | Erosion.
Classification: LCC QE597 (ebook) | LCC QE597 .A3425 2018 (print) | DDC 551.3/7–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018026802