| 190 | The Stratosphere: Dynamics, Transport, and Chemistry L. M. Polvani, A. H. Sobel, and D. W. Waugh (Eds.) |
| 191 | Rainfall: State of the Science Firat Y. Testik and Mekonnen Gebremichael (Eds.)192Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments Martin J. Siegert, Mahlon C. Kennicut II, and Robert A. Bindschadler (Eds.) |
| 193 | Abrupt Climate Change: Mechanisms, Patterns, and Impacts Harunur Rashid, Leonid Polyak, and Ellen Mosley‐Thompson (Eds.) |
| 194 | Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems: Scientific Approaches, Analyses, and Tools Andrew Simon, Sean J. Bennett, and Janine M. Castro (Eds.) |
| 195 | Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Record‐Breaking Enterprise Yonggang Liu, Amy MacFadyen, Zhen‐Gang Ji, and Robert H. Weisberg (Eds.) |
| 196 | Extreme Events and Natural Hazards: The Complexity Perspective A. Surjalal Sharma, Armin Bunde, Vijay P. Dimri, and Daniel N. Baker (Eds.) |
| 197 | Auroral Phenomenology and Magnetospheric Processes: Earth and Other Planets Andreas Keiling, Eric Donovan, Fran Bagenal, and Tomas Karlsson (Eds.) |
| 198 | Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations Liviu Giosan, Dorian Q. Fuller, Kathleen Nicoll, Rowan K. Flad, and Peter D. Clift (Eds.) |
| 199 | Dynamics of the Earth’s Radiation Belts and Inner Magnetosphere Danny Summers, Ian R. Mann, Daniel N. Baker, and Michael Schulz (Eds.) |
| 200 | Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere John Lin (Ed.) |
| 201 | Modeling the Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Jospeh D. Huba, Robert W. Schunk, and George V. Khazanov (Eds.) |
| 202 | The Mediterranean Sea: Temporal Variability and Spatial Patterns Gian Luca Eusebi Borzelli, Miroslav Gacic, Piero Lionello, and Paola Malanotte‐Rizzoli (Eds.) |
| 203 | Future Earth – Advancing Civic Understanding of the Anthropocene Diana Dalbotten, Gillian Roehrig, and Patrick Hamilton (Eds.) |
| 204 | The Galápagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences Karen S. Harpp, Eric Mittelstaedt, Noémi d’Ozouville, and David W. Graham (Eds.) |
| 205 | Modeling Atmospheric and Oceanic Flows: Insightsfrom Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulations Thomas von Larcher and Paul D. Williams (Eds.) |
| 206 | Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle Venkat Lakshmi (Ed.) |
| 207 | Magnetotails in the Solar System Andreas Keiling, Caitríona Jackman, and Peter Delamere (Eds.) |
| 208 | Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Rebecca Carey, Valerie Cayol, Michael Poland, and Dominique Weis (Eds.) |
| 209 | Sea Ice: Physics, Mechanics, and Remote Sensing Mohammed Shokr and Nirmal Sinha (Eds.) |
| 210 | Fluid Dynamics in Complex Fractured‐Porous Systems Boris Faybishenko, Sally M. Benson, and John E. Gale (Eds.) |
| 211 | Subduction Dynamics: From Mantle Flow to Mega Disasters Gabriele Morra, David A. Yuen, Scott King, Sang Mook Lee, and Seth Stein (Eds.) |
| 212 | The Early Earth: Accretion and Differentiation James Badro and Michael Walter (Eds.) |
| 213 | Global Vegetation Dynamics: Concepts and Applications in the MC1 Model Dominique Bachelet and David Turner (Eds.) |
| 214 | Extreme Events: Observations, Modeling and Economics Mario Chavez, Michael Ghil, and Jaime Urrutia‐Fucugauchi (Eds.) |
| 215 | Auroral Dynamics and Space Weather Yongliang Zhang and Larry Paxton (Eds.) |
| 216 | Low‐Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas Andreas Keiling, Dong‐Hun Lee, and Valery Nakariakov (Eds.) |
| 217 | Deep Earth: Physics and Chemistry of the Lower Mantle and Core Hidenori Terasaki and Rebecca A. Fischer (Eds.) |
| 218 | Integrated Imaging of the Earth: Theory and Applications Max Moorkamp, Peter G. Lelievre, Niklas Linde, and Amir Khan (Eds.) |
| 219 | Plate Boundaries and Natural Hazards Joao Duarte and Wouter Schellart (Eds.) |
| 220 | Ionospheric Space Weather: Longitude and Hemispheric Dependences and Lower Atmosphere Forcing Timothy Fuller‐Rowell, Endawoke Yizengaw, Patricia H. Doherty, and Sunanda Basu (Eds.) |
| 221 | Terrestrial Water Cycle and Climate Change Natural and Human‐Induced Impacts Qiuhong Tang and Taikan Oki (Eds.) |
| 222 | Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling in the Solar System Charles R. Chappell, Robert W. Schunk, Peter M. Banks, James L. Burch, and Richard M. Thorne (Eds.) |
| 223 | Natural Hazard Uncertainty Assessment: Modeling and Decision Support Karin Riley, Peter Webley, and Matthew Thompson (Eds.) |
| 224 | Hydrodynamics of Time‐Periodic Groundwater Flow: Diffusion Waves in Porous Media Joe S. Depner and Todd C. Rasmussen (Auth.) |
| 225 | Active Global Seismology Ibrahim Cemen and Yucel Yilmaz (Eds.) |
| 226 | Climate Extremes Simon Wang (Ed.) |
| 227 | Fault Zone Dynamic Processes Marion Thomas (Ed.) |
| 228 | Flood Damage Survey and Assessment: New Insights from Research and Practice Daniela Molinari, Scira Menoni, and Francesco Ballio (Eds.) |
| 229 | Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus – Principles and Practices P. Abdul Salam, Sangam Shrestha, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, and Anil K Anal (Eds.) |
| 230 | Dawn–Dusk Asymmetries in Planetary Plasma Environments Stein Haaland, Andrei Rounov, and Colin Forsyth (Eds.) |
| 231 | Bioenergy and Land Use Change Zhangcai Qin, Umakant Mishra, and Astley Hastings (Eds.) |
| 232 | Microstructural Geochronology: Planetary Records Down to Atom Scale Desmond Moser, Fernando Corfu, James Darling, Steven Reddy, and Kimberly Tait (Eds.) |
| 233 | Global Flood Hazard: Applications in Modeling, Mapping and Forecasting Guy Schumann, Paul D. Bates, Giuseppe T. Aronica, and Heiko Apel (Eds.) |
| 234 | Pre‐Earthquake Processes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies Dimitar Ouzounov, Sergey Pulinets, Katsumi Hattori, and Patrick Taylor (Eds.) |
| 235 | Electric Currents in Geospace and Beyond Andreas Keiling, Octav Marghitu, and Michael Wheatland (Eds.) |
| 236 | Quantifying Uncertainty in Subsurface Systems Céline Scheidt, Lewis Li, and Jef Caers (Eds.) |
| 237 | Petroleum Engineering Moshood Sanni (Ed.) |
| 238 | Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity Stéphanie Vialle, Jonathan Ajo‐Franklin, and J. William Carey (Eds.) |
| 239 | Lithospheric Discontinuities Huaiyu Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz (Eds.) |
| 240 | Chemostratigraphy Across Major Chronological Eras Alcides N.Sial, Claudio Gaucher, Muthuvairavasamy Ramkumar, and Valderez Pinto Ferreira (Eds.) |
| 241 | Mathematical Geoenergy:Discovery, Depletion, and Renewal Paul Pukite, Dennis Coyne, and Daniel Challou (Eds.) |
Sophie Decrée
Laurence Robb
Editors
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data is available
ISBN: 9781119290537
Cover image: Courtesy of Laurence Robb
Cover design: Wiley
Jean‐Marc Baele
Department of Geology and Applied Geology
University of Mons
Mons, Belgium
Shaun L. L. Barker
School of Science
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand;
Mineral Deposit Research Unit
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, BC, Canada;
Centre for Ore Deposit and Earth Sciences
University of Tasmania
Hobart, Tasmania
Tamara B. Bayanova
Geological Institute
Kola Science Centre
Russian Academy of Sciences (GI KSC RAS)
Apatity, Russia
Victor V. Chashchin
Geological Institute
Kola Science Centre
Russian Academy of Sciences (GI KSC RAS)
Apatity, Russia
Janine Cole
School of Geosciences
University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg, South Africa;
Geophysics and Remote Sensing Unit
Council for Geoscience
Silverton, Pretoria, South Africa
G. R. J. Cooper
School of Geosciences
University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg, South Africa
L. Corriveau
Geological Survey of Canada
Natural Resources Canada
Québec, QC, Canada
W. J. Davis
Geological Survey of Canada
Natural Resources Canada
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Sophie Decrée
Geological Survey of Belgium
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
Brussels, Belgium
Stijn Dewaele
Department of Geology and Mineralogy
Royal Museum for Central Africa
Tervuren, Belgium;
Department of Geology and Soil Science
Ghent University
Ghent, Belgium
Gregory M. Dipple
Mineral Deposit Research Unit
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, BC, Canada
R. J. Durrheim
University of the Witwatersrand
School of Geosciences
Johannesburg, South Africa
Niels Hulsbosch
KU Leuven
Geodynamics and Geofluids Research Group
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Leuven, Belgium
E. J. Hunt
University of the Witwatersrand
School of Geosciences
Johannesburg, South Africa
Alexey U. Korchagin
Geological Institute, Kola Science Centre
Russian Academy of Sciences (GI KSC RAS), Apatity, Russia;
JSC “Pana,”
Apatity, Russia
John N. Ludden
British Geological Survey
Keyworth, Nottingham, UK
M. S. Manzi
University of the Witwatersrand
School of Geosciences
Johannesburg, South Africa
S. Master
Economic Geology Research Institute
School of Geosciences
University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg, South Africa
Ryan Mathur
Department of Geology
Juniata College
Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, USA
Maarten Minnen
KU Leuven
Geodynamics and Geofluids Research Group
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Leuven, Belgium
Alexander F. Mitrofanov
SRK ConsultingToronto, Canada
Felix P. Mitrofanov
Geological Institute
Kola Science Centre
Russian Academy of Sciences (GI KSC RAS)
Apatity, Russia
J.‐F. Montreuil
Formerly Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
Québec, QC, Canada;
Red Pine Exploration Inc.
Toronto, ON, Canada
Philippe Muchez
KU Leuven
Geodynamics and Geofluids Research Group
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Leuven, Belgium
N. M. Ndhlovu
School of Geosciences
University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg, South Africa
Lyudmila I. Nerovich
Geological Institute
Kola Science Centre
Russian Academy of Sciences (GI KSC RAS)Apatity, Russia
E. G. Potter
Geological Survey of Canada
Natural Resources Canada
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Brian Rusk
Department of Geology
Western Washington University
Bellingham, Washington, USA
Stephanie E. Scheiber‐Enslin
School of Geosciences
University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg, South Africa
Pavel A. Serov
Geological Institute
Kola Science CentreRussian Academy of Sciences (GI KSC RAS)
Apatity, Russia
Da Wang
State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources
School of Earth Sciences and Resources
China University of Geosciences Beijing, China
Susan J. Webb
School of Geosciences
University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg, South Africa
Dmitry V. Zhirov
Geological Institute
Kola Science Centre
Russian Academy of Sciences (GI KSC RAS)
Apatity, Russia
The volatility of financial markets over the past decade has had a major impact on the upstream sector of the global resource industry. Exploration and replenishment of natural resources have not kept pace with consumption, and the declining rate of discovery of new, viable mineral deposits is cause for concern. Coupled with this is the fact that world‐class mineral deposits are increasingly difficult to find because large, shallow ores have largely been discovered. A major challenge of the 21st century, therefore, is how to locate buried mineral deposits that do not have a footprint at the surface, and also how to identify new sources of mineral wealth.
Recent trends in exploration and mining have seen a number of amazing innovations, exemplified by technologies that have, for example, enabled the mining of massive sulphide deposits on the ocean floor. Even more astounding are the developments aimed at exploiting asteroids from near‐Earth orbits. While many might see these innovations as futuristic, they are nevertheless counterbalanced by the ability of geoscientists to continue pushing the frontiers of mineral exploration and seek new land‐bound metallotects, as well as to develop innovative methods for detecting metal anomalies under cover. This book brings together a variety of papers that, in Section I, highlight the features of less conventional mineral deposit styles that offer alternative exploration opportunities, and, in Section II, describe some of the recent technological advances that will assist in the future discovery of mineral deposits.
Whereas most of the world's mineral exploration is still focused on well‐trodden metallotects, such as magmatic arcs and stable cratonic blocks, Section I emphasizes the features of atypical ores such as metamorphosed porphyry deposits of Proterozoic age, stratiform copper deposits hosted in sandstone, and fractionation mechanisms in S‐type granitoids. These examples point to the fact that exploration should not be constrained by geologic didactics that exclude certain targets because of seemingly inappropriate lithology, tectonic setting, or epoch. Some of the great discoveries of the past have been made by thinking intuitively and “out of the box.” Section II presents a variety of techniques that expand the armory of exploration tools available to the geoscientist: from microscopic and laboratory techniques involving mineral cathodoluminescence and isotope vectoring, to big data approaches aimed at geophysically imaging the Earth's crust. Although this book covers but a small fraction of the advances currently being made in mineral exploration science, it is timely because these innovations will catalyze the implementation of resource utilization policies that will, in the future, be more sustainable and environmentally responsive than at any time in the past.