Zoo and Wild Mammal Formulary

Alicia Hahn, DVM, DACZM

Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA












This edition first published 2019
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Hahn, Alicia, author.
Title: Zoo and wild mammal formulary / Alicia Hahn.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2019011595 (print) | LCCN 2019012922 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119514893 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119515081 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119515050 (paperback)
Subjects: | MESH: Veterinary Drugs | Mammals | Animals, Zoo | Animals, Wild | Drug Therapy–veterinary | Formulary
Classification: LCC SF916.5 (ebook) | LCC SF916.5 .H34 2019 (print) | NLM SF 916.5 | DDC 636.089/51–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019011595

Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Paul A. Selvaggio

Preface

This book was born out of a clinical need voiced by myself and my many colleagues in Zoo, Exotic, and Wildlife medicine. For a number of years, I have been needing a resource similar to the Exotic Animal Formulary by Dr Carpenter, but for Zoo and Wild mammals. I hoped “someone” would write such a book, but eventually out of frustration elected to pursue it myself. In all honesty this was a naïve undertaking, as I had no idea how many hundreds of hours would be required to compile all this data. However, it has all been worth it, since it has already come in handy for treating many of my own institution’s cases.

I find as a busy zoo clinician that I often don’t have the time or access to find drug doses used in every species or track down the original paper citing such a dose. As such, like many of you, I have to extrapolate from domestic animals.

To answer this need, I compiled data from textbooks, peer‐reviewed literature, relevant proceedings and personal communications. Wherever able I indicated how many animals and in what capacity the drug was used. I wanted to provide you as a clinician with as much confidence as possible when treating your cases. This is with the acknowledgement, however, that the literature available for some species is limited to n = 1 case reports. In addition, I prevailed upon the generosity of my esteemed colleagues for editing data and contributing doses that have been successful for them. Average weights for relevant species are also listed at the end of each chapter.

I included images of White‐bellied tree pangolins on the cover of this formulary. This was an effort to highlight that pangolins are the most trafficked species in the world. Over one million have been killed in recent years for their scales and meat, and they are thus critically endangered. I am thankful to be a part of the US Pangolin Consortium and for the opportunity to work with this amazing species. I hope that increased awareness of their plight and the hard work of many people with in‐situ research and rehabilitation, combined with research and support in captive collections, will help this imperiled animal.

I hope to continue with further editions of this formulary and welcome any constructive criticism for improvement or ideas for including additional data in the future.

In the end, I hope this formulary will be helpful for you and your patients!

Acknowledgments

This book would not have been possible without the support of my husband, family, friends and colleagues. Jennifer Hicks, you are a creative genius, and I so appreciate all of your help and ideas! I want to thank Paul Selvaggio for the use of his amazing pangolin photographs. Also, thank you very much to my co‐editors and contributors. I really appreciate you devoting your precious time to these chapters! And finally, thank you to Wiley‐Blackwell and my publishing team for your support and having faith in me and my idea.

List of Reviewers

Elizabeth Arnett‐Chin, DVM
Staff Veterinarian
Naples Zoo at Caribbean Gardens, Naples, FL, USA

Anne Burgdorf‐Moisuk, DVM, DACZM
Director of Animal Health
Great Plains Zoo and Delbridge Museum of Natural History, Sioux Falls, SD, USA

A. Margarita Woc Colburn, DVM
Associate Veterinarian
Nashville Zoo at Grassmere, Nashville, TN, USA

Gretchen A. Cole, DVM, DACZM, ECZM (ZHM)
Associate Veterinarian
Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

Shannon Cerveny, DVM, DACZM
Staff Veterinarian
St. Louis Zoo, St Louis, MO, USA

Jennifer D'Agostino, DVM, DACZM
Director of Veterinary Services
Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

Michelle Davis, DVM, DACZM, DECZM (ZHM)
Senior Veterinarian & Clinical Residency Coordinator
Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, USA

Gabriella L. Flacke, DVM, MVSc, PhD
Associate Veterinarian
Zoo Miami, Department of Animal Health, Miami, FL, USA

Amanda Guthrie, DVM, DACZM, DECZM
Senior Veterinary Officer
ZSL London Zoo, London, UK

Elizabeth E. Hammond, DVM, DACZM, DECZM (ZHM)
Senior Veterinarian
Lion Country Safari, Loxahatchee, FL, USA

James G. Johnson III, DVM, MS, CertAqV, DACZM
Associate Veterinarian
Zoo Miami, Miami, FL, USA

Jennifer Kilburn, DVM
Associate Veterinarian
Tulsa Zoo, Tulsa, OK, USA

R. Scott Larsen, DVM, MS, DACZM
Vice President of Veterinary Medicine
Denver Zoo, Denver, CO, USA

Michele A. Miller, DVM, MPH, PhD, DECZM (ZHM)
National Research Foundation South African Research Chair in Animal TB, Cape Town, South Africa
DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa
SAMRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Cape Town, South Africa
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

Adrian Mutlow, MA, VetMB, MSc, MRCVS
Clinical Veterinarian
San Francisco Zoological Society, San Francisco, CA, USA

Hendrik Nollens, DVM, MSc, PhD
Vice President of Animal Health
SeaWorld Parks, Orlando, FL, USA

Luis R. Padilla, DVM, DACZM
Director of Animal Health
St. Louis Zoo, St Louis, MO, USA

Kristen Phair, DVM, DACZM
Associate Veterinarian
Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Kimberly L. Rainwater, DVM
Associate Veterinarian
Fort Worth Zoo, Fort Worth, TX, USA

Rodney Schnellbacher, DVM, DACZM
Staff Veterinarian, Animal Health
Dickerson Park Zoo, Springfield, MO, USA

Ginger Sturgeon, DVM
Director of Animal Health
Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Julie Swenson, DVM, DACZM
Associate Veterinarian
Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, Glen Rose, TX, USA

Allison D. Tuttle, DVM, DACZM
Vice President of Biological Programs
Mystic Aquarium, Mystic, CT, USA

Trevor T. Zachariah, DVM, MS, DACZM
Director of Veterinary Programs
Brevard Zoo Sea Turtle Healing Center, Melbourne, FL, USA

List of Abbreviations

BID
twice daily or every 12 hours
EOD
every other day or every 48 hours
d
days, i.e. 8d is 8 days
IC
intracoelomic
IM
intramuscular
IV
intravenous
PO
per os or by mouth
q
every, i.e. q8d is every 8 days
QID
four times daily or every six hours
SID
once daily
TID
three times daily, or every eight hours
TO
topical administration

1
Platypus and Echidnas

Drug name Drug dose Species Comments
Antimicrobials and Antifungals
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 20 mg/kg IM SID or PO BID [1] Echidnas
12.5 mg/kg IM SID [2] Platypus
Amphotericin B 0.5 mg/kg injected intralesionally twice weekly [3] Platypus For ulcerative mycosis of Mucor amphibiorum.
Ceftazidime 65 mg/kg IM SID [1] Echidnas
Doxycycline 5 mg/kg PO SID [1] Echidnas
Enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg SC or PO SID [1] Echidnas
5 mg/kg IM SID [1] Platypus
Itraconazole 5 mg/kg PO SID [1] Echidnas
Metronidazole 20 mg/kg IV SC PO SID [1] Echidnas
Nystatin 10 000 IU/kg BID [1] Echidnas
Ointment applied topically [1] Echidnas
Oxytetracycline 20 mg/kg IM SID [1] Echidnas
Penicillin with benzathine 10 mg/kg IM SC SID [1] Echidnas
Procaine penicillin 15 mg/kg IM, SC SID [1] Echidnas
Trimethoprim sulfadiazine 5 mg/kg IM SID [1, 2] Echidnas and Platypus
Analgesic
Buprenorphine 1 mg/kg IV IM SID [1] Echidnas Analgesia
Butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV IM BID [1] Echidnas
Flunixin meglumine 0.5 mg/kg IM SC IV SID [1] Echidnas
Ketoprofen 1 mg/kg IV IM SC SID [1] Echidnas
Meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg SC or PO SID [1] Echidnas
0.5 IV mg/kg SC SID [1] Echidnas
Anesthetic
Atipamezole HCl 0.5 mg/kg IM [1] Echidnas
Diazepam 1–5 mg/kg IM [1] Echidnas Sedation
0.5–1.0 mg/kg IM [2] Platypus Sedation for minor procedures.
Ether Mask induction [4] Platypus n = 2 wild caught animals briefly anesthetized for transponder placement and blood draw to analyze blood sample appeared to induce leukocytosis.
Isoflurane Mask induction [2] Platypus Rarely have injectables been used, rather induction with a face mask via isoflurane is usually employed.
Ketamine + medetomidine K: 5 mg/kg + M: 0.5 mg/kg IM, antagonize with 2.5 mg/kg atipamezole [1, 3, 5] Echidnas
K: 5 mg/kg + M: 0.3 mg/kg IM [1] Echidnas
Ketamine + xylazine K: 5–10 mg/kg + X: 1–2 mg/kg IM, antagonize with 0.1 mg/kg yohimbine IV [1, 3, 5] Echidnas
Pentobarbitol 200 mg/kg IV [6] Echidnas Euthanasia.
Telazol 3–10 mg/kg IM [1] Echidnas
Antiparasitic
Fipronil 10 mg/kg Topical, once [1] Echidnas
Ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg SC [1, 2] Echidnas and Platypus To treat acariasis.
Moxidectin 0.2 mg/kg IM SC q7d[1] Echidnas
Praziquantel 5 mg/kg IM PO once [1] Echidnas
Selamectin Topical application [3] Echidnas To treat acariasis.
Toltrazuril 20 mg/kg PO SID × 2d [1, 3] Echidnas To treat coccidiosis.
Other
Bromhexine HCl 1 mg/kg PO TID [1] Echidnas To use as a mucolytic.
Dexamethasone 0.2 mg/kg IM SC SID [1] Echidnas
Formic acid 2% in food at 2% [1] Echidnas
Phytomenadione 0.1 mg/kg PO [1] Echidnas
Species Weights
Echidna (Tachyglosss aculeatus) 2.5–6 kg
Duck‐billed platypus (Orinthorynchus anatinus) 0.2–2 kg

References

  1. 1 Vogelnest, L. and Woods, R. (2008). Echidna. In: Medicine of Australian Mammals (ed. L. Vogelnest and R. Woods), 77–102. Victoria, Australia: Csiro Publishing.
  2. 2 Vogelnest, L. and Woods, R. (2008). Platypus. In: Medicine of Australian Mammals (ed. L. Vogelnest and R. Woods), 77–102. Victoria, Australia: Csiro Publishing.
  3. 3 Holz, P. (2015). Monotremata (Echidna, Platypus). In: Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, vol. 8 (ed. R.E. Miller and M. Fowler), 247–254. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.
  4. 4 Whittington, R.J. and Grant, T.R. (1995). Hencalotopic changes in the platypus (Orinthorynchus anatinus) following capture. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31 (3): 386–390.
  5. 5 Holz, P. (2014). Monotremes (Echidna and Platypus). In: Zoo Animal and Wild Immobilization and Anesthesia (ed. G. West, D. Heard and N. Caulkett), 517–520. Ames, IA: Wiley Blackwell.
  6. 6 Whittington, R., Middleton, D., Spratt, D.M. et al. (1992). Spayenosis in the montremes Tachyglosss aculeatus and Orinthorynchus anatinus in Australia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28 (4): 636–640.