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Logo: Wiley

Practitioner’s Guide to GAAP 2022

Interpretation and Application of GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES

 

 

Joanne M. Flood, MBA, CPA

 

 

 

 

 

Logo: Wiley

PREFACE

Wiley GAAP 2022: Interpretation and Application provides analytical explanations, copious illustrations, and nearly 300 examples of all current generally accepted accounting principles. The book integrates principles promulgated by the FASB in its Accounting Standards Codification.TM Wiley GAAP is organized to align fully with the structure of the FASB Codification. Each chapter begins with a list of the subtopics included within the topic, scope, scope exceptions, technical alerts of any FASB Updates, and an overview of the topic. The remainder of each chapter contains a detailed discussion of the concepts and practical examples and illustrations. This organization facilitates the primary objective of the book—to assist financial statement preparers and practitioners in resolving the myriad practical problems faced in applying GAAP.

Hundreds of meaningful, realistic examples guide users in the application of GAAP to the complex fact situations that must be dealt with in the real world practice of accounting. In addition to this emphasis, a major strength of the book is that it explains the theory of GAAP in sufficient detail to serve as a valuable adjunct to accounting textbooks. Much more than merely a reiteration of currently promulgated GAAP, it provides the user with the underlying conceptual bases for the rules. It facilitates the process of reasoning by analogy that is so necessary in dealing with the complicated, fast-changing world of commercial arrangements and transaction structures. It is based on the author's belief that proper application of GAAP demands an understanding of the logical underpinnings of all its technical requirements.

As a bonus, a comprehensive presentation and disclosure checklist, available online to all Wiley GAAP purchasers, offers practical guidance on preparing financial statements for commercial and not-for-profit entities in accordance with GAAP. For easy reference and research, the checklist also follows the order of the Codification. Go to www.wiley.com/go/GAAP2022 (password: Flood2022).

The author's wish is that this book will serve preparers, practitioners, faculty, and students as a reliable reference tool to facilitate their understanding of, and ability to apply, the complexities of the authoritative literature.

ASUs Issued Since Previous Edition. The following FASB Accounting Standards Updates (ASUs) were issued since Wiley GAAP 2021 and through June 2021. Their requirements are incorporated into this edition of Wiley GAAP, as and where appropriate, and/or in the Technical Alert section at the beginning of the topic referenced in the ASU title.

  • ASU 2020-07, Not-for-Profit Entities (Topic 958): Presentation and Disclosure by Not-for-Profit Entities for Contributed Nonfinancial Assets
  • ASU 2020-08, Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivables, Nonrefundable Fees, and Other Costs
  • ASU 2020-09, Debt (Topic 470): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Release No. 33-10762
  • ASU 2020-10, Codification Improvements
  • ASU 2020-11, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Effective Date and Early Application
  • ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope
  • ASU 2021-02, Franchisors—Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Subtopic 952-606): Practical Expedient
  • ASU 2021-03, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Accounting Alternative for Evaluating Triggering Events
  • ASU 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer's Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity Classified Written Call Options (a concensus of the FASB Emerging Issuers Task Force)

On the Horizon. Significant accounting changes are on the horizon. In the next year, the FASB is expected to make strides on the following major projects and others:

  • Conceptual framework projects on elements, measurement, and presentation
  • Leases
  • Goodwill
  • Credit losses
  • Hedge accounting
  • Identifiable intangible assets
  • Numerous narrow scope projects

Readers are encouraged to check the FASB website for status updates to the above and other FASB projects.

Joanne M. Flood

June 2021

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Joanne Flood, MBA, CPA, is an author and independent consultant on accounting and auditing technical topics and e-learning. She has experience as an auditor in both an international firm and a local firm and worked as a senior manager in the AICPA's Professional Development group. She received her MBA summa cum laude in accounting from Adelphi University and her bachelor's degree in English from Molloy College. Joanne received the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants Award of Honor for outstanding scholastic achievement at Adelphi University. Joanne also has a certificate in Designing Interactive Multimedia Instruction from Teachers College, Columbia University.

While in public accounting, Joanne worked for a Big Four accounting firm, auditing on major clients in retail, manufacturing, and finance and on small business clients in construction, manufacturing, and professional services. At the AICPA, she developed and wrote e-learning, text, and instructor-led training courses on U.S. and international standards. She also produced training materials in a wide variety of media, including print, video, and audio, and pioneered the AICPA's e-learning product line. Joanne resides on Long Island, New York, with her daughter, Elizabeth. Elizabeth is also Joanne’s editorial assistant, providing valuable production and copyediting services. Joanne is the author of the following Wiley publications:

Financial Disclosure Checklist

Wiley GAAP 2022: Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Wiley Practitioner's Guide to GAAS 2021: Covering all SASs, SSAEs, SSARSs, and Interpretations

Wiley GAAP: Financial Statement Disclosures Manual

Wiley Revenue Recognition

CODIFICATION TAXONOMY

Topic # and title Subtopic # and title
I. General Principles and Objectives
105     Generally Accepted Accounting 105-10 Overall Principles
II.    Overall Financial Reporting, Presentation, and Display Matters
A.    Overall Presentation of Financial Statements
205     Presentation of Financial Statements 205-10
205-20
205-30
205-40
Overall
Discontinued Operations
Liquidation Basis of Accounting
Going Concern
210 Balance Sheet 210-10
210-20
Overall
Offsetting
215 Statement of Shareholders' Equity 215-10 Overall
220  Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income 220-10
220-20
220-30
Overall
Unusual or Infrequently
Occurring Items
Business Interruption Insurance
230 Statement of Cash Flows 230-10 Overall
235  Notes to Financial Statements 235-10 Overall
B. Various Financial Reporting, Presentation, and Display Matters
250      Accounting Changes and Error Corrections 250-10 Overall
255      Changing Prices 255-10 Overall
260      Earnings Per Share 260-10 Overall
270      Interim Reporting 270-10 Overall
272      Limited Liability Entities 272-10 Overall
274      Personal Financial Statements 274-10 Overall
275      Risks and Uncertainties 275-10 Overall
280      Segment Reporting 280-10 Overall
III. Transaction-Related Topics
A. Financial Statement Accounts
310      Receivables 310-10
310-20
310-30
310-40
Overall
Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs
Loans and Debt Securities Acquired
with Deteriorated Credit Quality
Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors
Topic # and title Subtopic # and title
320 Investments—Debt and Equity Securities 320-10 Overall Securities
321 Investments—Equity Securities 321-10 Overall
323 Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures 323-10
323-30
Overall Joint Ventures
Partnerships, Joint Ventures, and Limited Liability Entities
325 Investments—Other 325-10
325-20
325-30
325-40
Overall
Cost Method Investments
Investments in Insurance Contracts
Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets
326 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses 326-10
326-20
326-30
Overall
Measured at Amortized Cost
Available-for-Sale Securities
330 Inventory 330-10 Overall
340 Other Assets and Deferred Costs 340-10
340-20
340-30
340-40
Overall
Capitalized Advertising Costs
Insurance Contracts That Do Not Transfer Insurance Risk
Contracts with Customers
350 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other 350-10
350-20
350-30
350-40
350-50
Overall
Goodwill
General Intangibles Other Than Goodwill
Internal-Use Software
Website Development Costs
360 Property, Plant, and Equipment 360-10
360-20
Overall
Real Estate Sales
405 Liabilities 405-10
405-20
405-30
405-40
Overall
Extinguishment of Liabilities
Insurance-Related Assessments
Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liabilities
410 Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations 410-10
410-20
410-30
Overall
Asset Retirement Obligations
Environmental Obligations
420 Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations 420-10 Overall
430 Deferred Revenue 430-10 Overall
440 Commitments 440-10 Overall
450 Contingencies 450-10
450-20
Overall
Loss Contingencies
450-30 Gain Contingencies
Topic # and title Subtopic # and title
460 Guarantees 460-10 Overall
470 Debt 470-10
470-20
470-30
470-40
470-50
470-60
Overview
Debt with Conversion and Other Options
Participating Mortgage Loans
Product Financing Arrangements
Modifications and Extinguishments
Troubled Debt Restructurings by Debtors
480 Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity 480-10 Overall
505 Equity 505-10
505-20
505-30
505-50
505-60
Overall
Stock Dividends and Stock Splits
Treasury Stock
Equity-Based Payments to Non-Empoyees
Spin-offs and Reverse Spin-offs
605 Revenue Recognition 605-20 Revenue Recognition—Provisions for Losses on Separately Priced Extended Warranty and Product Maintenance Contracts
605-35 Revenue Recognition—Provision for Losses on Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts
606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers 606-10 Overall
610 Other Income 610-10
610-20
610-30
Overall
Gains and Losses from the
Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets
Gains and Losses on Involuntary Conversions
705 Cost of Sales and Services 705-10
705-20
Overall
Accounting for Consideration Received from a Vendor
710 Compensation—General 710-10 Overall
712 Compensation—Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits 712-10 Overall
Topic # and title Subtopic # and title
715 Compensation—Retirement Benefits 715-10
715-20
715-30
715-60
715-70
715-80
Overall
Defined Benefit Plans—General
Defined Benefit Plans—Pensions
Defined Benefit Plans—Other Postretirement
Defined Contribution Plans
Multiemployer Plans
718 Compensation—Stock Compensation 718-10
718-20
718-30
718-40
718-50
Overall
Awards Classified as Equity
Awards Classified as Liabilities
Employee Stock Ownership Plans
Employee Share Purchase Plans
720 Other Expenses 720-10
720-15
720-20
720-25
720-30
720-35
720-40
720-45
720-50
Overall
Start-Up Costs
Insurance Costs
Contributions Made
Real and Personal Property Taxes
Advertising Costs
Electronic Equipment Waste Obligations
Business and Technology Reengineering
Fees Paid to the Federal Government by Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Health Insurer
730 Research and Development 730-10
730-20
Overall
Research and Development Arrangements
740 Income Taxes 740-10
740-20
740-30
Overall
Intraperiod Tax Allocation
Other Considerations or Special Areas
B.Broad Transactional Categories
805 Business Combinations 805-10
805-20
805-30
805-40
805-50
Overall
Identifiable Assets and Liabilities, and Any Noncontrolling Interest
Goodwill or Gain from Bargain Purchase, Including Consideration Transferred
Reverse Acquisitions
Related Issues
808 Collaborative Arrangements 808-10 Overall
Topic # and title Subtopic # and title
810 Consolidation 810-10
810-20
810-30
Overall
Control of Partnerships and Similar Entities
Research and Development Arrangements
815 Derivatives and Hedging 815-10
815-15
815-20
815-25
815-30
815-35
815-40
815-45
Overall
Embedded Derivatives
Hedging—General
Fair Value Hedges
Cash Flow Hedges
Net Investment Hedges
Contracts in Entity's Own Equity
Weather Derivatives
820 Fair Value Measurements 820-10 Overall
825 Financial Instruments 825-10
825-20
Overall
Registration Payment Arrangements
830 Foreign Currency Matters 830-10
830-20
830-30
Overall
Foreign Currency Transactions
Translation of Financial Statements
835 Interest 835-10
835-20
835-30
Overall
Capitalization of Interest
Imputation of Interest
840 Leases 840-10
840-20
840-30
840-40
Overall
Operating Leases
Capital Leases
Sale-Leaseback Transactions
842 Leases 842-10
842-20
842-30
842-40
842-50
Overall
Lessee
Lessor
Sale and Leaseback Transactions
Leveraged Lease Arrangements
845 Nonmonetary Transactions 845-10 Overall
848 Reference Rate Reform 848-10
848-20
848-30
848-40
848-50
Overall
Contract Modifications
Hedging-General
Fair Value Hedges
Cash Flow Hedges
850 Related-Party Disclosures 850-10 Overall
Topic # and title Subtopic # and title
852 Reorganization 852-20 Quasi-Reorganization
853 Service Concession Arrangements 853-10 Overall
855 Subsequent Events 855-10 Overall
860 Transfers and Servicing 860-10
860-20
860-30
860-40
860-50
Overall
Sales of Financial Assets
Secured Borrowings and Collateral
Transfers to Qualifying Special-Purpose Entities
Servicing Assets and Liabilities
IV.Industry/Unique Topics
905 Agriculture 905-10 Overall
908 Airlines 908-10 Overall
910 Contractors—Construction 910-10
910-20
Overall
Contract Costs
912 Contractors—Federal Government 912-10
912-20
Overall
Contract Costs
915 Development Stage Entities 915-10 Overall
920 Entertainment—Broadcasters 920-10 Overall
922 Entertainment—Cable Television 922-10 Overall
924 Entertainment—Casinos 924-10 Overall
926 Entertainment—Films 926-10
926-20
Overall
Other Assets—Film Costs
928 Entertainment—Music 928-10 Overall
930 Extractive Activities—Mining 930-10 Overall
932 Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas 932-10 Overall
940 Financial Services—Brokers 940-10
940-20
Overall and Dealers
Broker-Dealer Activities
942 Financial Services—Depository and Lending 942-10 Overall and Lending
944 Financial Services—Insurance 944-10
944-20
944-30
944-40

944-50
944-60

944-80
Overall
Insurance Activities
Acquisition Costs
Claim Costs and Liabilities for Future Policy Benefits
Policyholder Dividends
Premium Deficiency and Loss Recognition
Separate Accounts
Topic # and title Subtopic # and title
946 Financial Services—Investment 946-10
946-20
Overall Companies
Investment Company Activities
948 Financial Services—Mortgage 948-10 Overall Banking
950 Financial Services—Title Plant
952 Franchisors 952-10 Overall
954 Health Care Entities 954-10 Overall
958 Not-for-Profit Entities 958-10
958-20
958-30
Overall
Financially Interrelated Entities
Split-Interest Agreements
960 Plan Accounting—Defined Benefit 960-10
960-20
960-30
960-40
Overall
Accumulated Plan Benefits
Net Assets Available for Plan Benefits
Terminating Plans
962 Plan Accounting—Defined 962-10
962-40
Overall Contribution Pension Plans
Terminating Plans
965 Plan Accounting—Health and Welfare 965-10
965-20
965-30
965-40
Overall
Net Assets Available for Plan Benefits
Plan Benefits Obligations
Terminating Plans
970 Real Estate—General 970-10 Overall
972 Real Estate—Common Interest 972-10 Overall Realty Associations
974 Real Estate—Real Estate 974-10 Overall
976 Real Estate—Retail Land 976-10 Overall
978 Real Estate—Time-Sharing Activities 978-10 Overall
980 Regulated Operations 980-10
980-20
Overall
Discontinuation of Rate-Regulated Accounting
985 Software 985-10
985-20
Overall
Costs of Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Marketed
V. Glossary