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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Calhoun, Craig J., 1952- editor. | Gerteis, Joseph, 1970- editor. | Moody, James W., editor. | Pfaff, Steven, 1970- editor. | Virk, Indermohan, editor. | John Wiley & Sons, publisher.
Title: Classical sociological theory / edited by Craig Calhoun, Joseph Gerteis, James Moody, Steven Pfaff, Indermohan Virk.
Description: Fourth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021052709 (print) | LCCN 2021052710 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119527367 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119527381 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119527336 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Sociology--History. | Sociology--Philosophy.
Classification: LCC HM435 .C53 2022 (print) | LCC HM435 (ebook) | DDC 301.01--dc23/eng/20211207
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052709
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052710
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Craig Calhoun is University Professor of Social Sciences at Arizona State University. He was previously Director of the London School of Economics, President of the Social Science Research Council, and a professor of sociology at NYU, Columbia, and UNC Chapel Hill. Calhoun’s newest book is Degenerations of Democracy (Harvard 2022) with Dilip Gaonkar and Charles Taylor.
Joseph Gerteis is Professor of Sociology and Co-Principal Investigator of the American Mosaic Project at the University of Minnesota. He is author of Class and the Color Line (Duke University Press). His work explores issues of race and ethnicity, social boundaries and identities, and political culture. It has appeared in The Sociological Quarterly, Sociological Forum, American Sociological Review, Social Problems, and elsewhere.
James Moody is Professor of Sociology at Duke University and Director of the Duke Network Analysis Center. He has published extensively in the field of social networks, methods, and social theory with over 70 peer reviewed publications. His work focuses theoretically on the network foundations of social cohesion and diffusion, with a particular emphasis on building tools and methods for understanding dynamic social networks. He has used network models to help understand organizational performance, school racial segregation, adolescent health, disease spread, economic development, and the development of scientific disciplines.
Steven Pfaff is Professor of Sociology at the University of Washington. He is the author of Exit-Voice Dynamics and the Collapse of East Germany (Duke, 2006) and, with Mimi Goldman, The Spiritual Virtuoso (Bloomsbury, 200717), and with Michael Hechter, The Genesis of Rebellion (Cambridge, 2020). He has been awarded the Social Science History Association’s President’s Award and the best book award from the European Academy of Sociology.
Indermohan Virk is the Executive Director of the Patten Foundation and the Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions at Indiana University Bloomington, and she works in the Office of the Vice Provost for Faculty and Academic Affairs. She was previously a lecturer in the Department of Sociology at Indiana University.
The editors and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the copyright material in this book.
Chapter 1
Thomas Hobbes, “Of the Natural Condition and the Commonwealth,” pp. 183–190, 199, 223, 227–231 from Leviathan, edited by C.B. Macpherson. London: Penguin, 1968.
Chapter 2
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “Of the Social Contract,” Book I, from The Social Contract, 1762.
Chapter 3
Immanuel Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” pp. 132–139 from The Philosophy of Kant, translated by Carl J. Friedrich. English translation © 1949 Penguin Random House LLC. Reproduced with permission of Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC.
Chapter 4
Adam Smith, “Of the Division of Labor,” from The Wealth of Nations, 1776.
Chapter5
Alexis de Tocqueville, “Influence of Democracy on the Feelings of the Americans” from Democracy in America. New York: J. & H.G. Langley, 1840.
Chapter 6
Alexis de Tocqueville, from Democracy in America, Vol. 1 (Third American edition), translated by Henry Reeve. New York: George Aldard, 1839.
Chapter 7
Alexis de Tocqueville, pp. 690–695, 699, 701–702 from Democracy in America, edited by J.P Mayer and Max Lerner, translated by George Lawrence. English translation © 1965 Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. Reproduced with permission of HarperCollins Publishers.
Chapter 8
Harriet Martineau, Society in America, Vol. II. London: Saunders and Otley, 1837.
Chapter 9
Jane Addams, “A Belated Industry,” pp. 536–550 from American Journal of Sociology 1: 5 (1896). The University of Chicago Press.
Chapter 10
Karl Polyani, “Freedom in Complex Society,” pp. 257–261, 262–265, 266, 267, 268 from The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. © 2001 Karl Polyani. Reproduced with permission of Beacon Press.
Chapter 11
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, pp. 41, 42, 46–47, 64–66 from The German Ideology, Part I, edited by C.J. Arthur. New York: International Publishers, 1996. English translation © 1947 International Publishers, Inc.; revised translation © 1970 Lawrence & Wishart. Reproduced with permission of International Publishers, Inc.
Chapter 12
Karl Marx, “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,” pp. 270–282 from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 3. New York: International Publishers, 1975. English translation © 1975 International Publishers, Inc. Reproduced with permission of International Publishers, Inc.
Chapter 13
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Manifesto of The Communist Party,” pp. 481–482, 485–506 from Collected Works, Vol. 6. New York: International Publishers, 1975. English translation © 1975 International Publishers, Inc. Reproduced with permission of International Publishers, Inc.
Chapter 14
Karl Marx, “Wage-Labour and Capital,” pp. 249–250, 251–252, 255, 257–258, 258–259, 261–262, 263, 264, 265–266, 266–267, from Selected Writings, edited by David McLellan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. This translation originally appeared in MESW, Vol. 1, pp. 79ff. (considerably modified). Reproduced with permission of Lawrence and Wishart Ltd.
Chapter 15
Karl Marx, “Classes,” pp. 870–871 from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 37. New York: International Publishers, 1975. English translation © 1975 International Publishers, Inc. Reproduced with permission of International Publishers, Inc.
Chapter 16
Karl Marx, “Fetishism of Commodities and The Secret Thereof,” pp. 42–46, 48–49 from Capital: An Abridged Edition, edited by David McLellan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
Chapter 17
Karl Marx, “General Formula of Capital,” pp. 93–98, 99–100 from Capital: An Abridged Edition, edited by David McLellan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
Chapter 18
Emile Durkheim, from The Rules of Sociological Method, 8th edition, translated by Sarah A. Solovay and John H. Mueller, edited by George F.G. Catline. University of Chicago Press., 1938.
Chapter 19
Emile Durkheim, pp. 1–2, 24–29, 38–41, 60–63, 68–71, 83–85,200–205, 301–306 from Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, translated by W.D. Halls. English translation © 1984 The Free Press. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Chapter 20
Emile Durkheim, “The Elementary Forms of The Religious Life,” translated by Joseph W. Swain. G. Allen & Unwin, 1915.
Chapter 21
Emile Durkheim, pp. 209–210, 211, 212, 213, 220–221, 246, 247–248, 249, 252, 253, 258, 274, 275, 276 from Suicide: A Study in Sociology, translated by John A. Spaulding and George Simpson. English translation © 1951 (renewed 1979) The Free Press. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Chapter 22
Max Weber, “Objectivity’ in Social Science,” pp. 89–99, 110–112 from The Methodology of the Social Sciences, edited and translated by Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch. English translation © 1949 The Free Press; © renewed 1977 Edward A. Shils. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Chapter 23
Max Weber, “Basic Sociological Terms,” pp. 88–103, 107–117 from The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, translated by A.M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons. English translation © 1947 (renewed 1975) Talcott Parsons. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Chapter 24
Max Weber, pp. 61–65, 69–79, 86, 151–159 from The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism with Other Writings on the Rise of the West, 4th edition, translated by Stephen Kalberg. Oxford University Press, 2010. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
Chapter 25
Max Weber, “The Distribution of Power within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party,” pp. 180–195 from Essays in Sociology, edited and translated by H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York: Oxford University Press, 1946. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
Chapter 26
Max Weber, “The Types of Legitimate Domination,” pp. 324–325, 328–330, 333–334, 341–343, 358–364, 367, 369–370 from The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, translated by A.M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons. English translation © 1947 (renewed 1975) Talcott Parsons. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Chapter 27
Max Weber, “Bureaucracy,” pp. 135–144, 149–158, 163–164, 173–178 from Essays in Sociology, edited and translated by H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York: Oxford University Press, 1946. English translation © 1946, 1958 H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
Chapter 28
George Herbert Mead, “The Self,” pp. 135–144, 149–158, 163–164, 173–178 from Mind, Self and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist, edited by Charles W. Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934. © 1934 University of Chicago Press. Reproduced with permission of The University of Chicago Press.
Chapter 29
Georg Simmel, “The Stranger,” pp. 143–149 from On Individuality and Social Forms, edited by Donald N. Levine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. © 1971 University of Chicago Press. Reproduced with permission of The University of Chicago Press.
Chapter 30
Georg Simmel, “The Dyad and the Triad,” pp. 145, 146, 147, 148–149, 154, 155–157, 159, 161–162, 167–169 from The Sociology of Georg Simmel, translated and edited by Kurt H. Wolff. English translation © 1950 (renewed 1978) The Free Press. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Chapter 31
Georg Simmel, “The Metropolis and Mental Life,” pp. 324–333, 334–336, 338–339 from On Individuality and Social Forms: Selected Writings, edited by Donald N, Levine. University of Chicago Press, 1971. Reproduced with permission of The University of Chicago Press.
Chapter 32
W.E.B. Du Bois, pp. 1–9 from The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Bantam Books, 1989.
Chapter 33
W.E.B. Du Bois, “The Damnation of Women,” pp. 163–165, 166–173, 174, 179–186 from Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe. 1920.
Chapter 34
Max Horkheimer, “Traditional and Critical Theory,” pp. 188–189, 190–192, 194–195, 197, 205–207, 208–210, 213–216, 221–223, 232–233, 234–236, 237, 241–243 from Critical Theory: Selected Essays, translated by Matthew J. O’Connell et al. New York: Continuum, 1972. Reproduced with permission of The Continuum International Publishing Company.
Chapter 35
Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception,” pp. 95–97, 99–100, 108–113, 115–117, 128–133, 135–136 from The Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments, edited by Gunzelin Schmid Noerr, translated by Edmund Jephcott. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. English translation © 1944 by Social Studies Association, NY; new edition © 1969 by S. Fisher Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 1969. Reproduced with permission of Stanford University Press.
Chapter 36
Herbert Marcuse, pp. 1, 3–5, 7–8, 71–80, 82–83 from Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society. © 1964 by Herbert Marcuse. Reproduced with permission of Beacon Press.
Chapter 37
Hannah Arendt, “Reflections on Violence,” pp. 1–2, 3–4, 11–13, 14–15, 18–19, 21–22, 32–33, 35 from “Political Conflict: Perspectives on Revolution,” Journal of International Affairs 23: 1 (1969). Reproduced with permission of Journal of International Affairs Editorial Board.
Chapter 38
Karl Mannheim, pp. 55–59, 94–96, 192–200, 203–204 from Ideology and Utopias: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge, 1st edition, translated by Louis Wirth and Edward Shils. Routledge, 1991. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Group.
Chapter 39
Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, “The Social Construction of Reality,” pp. 50–62 from The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. © 1966 by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann. Reproduced with permission of Doubleday (an imprint of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC) and Penguin Books Limited.
Chapter 40
Alfred Schutz, pp. 107, 113–16, 126–36 from The Phenomenology of the Social World. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1967. Reproduced with permission of Northwestern University Press.
Chapter 41
Talcott Parsons, pp. 156–163 from “The Position of Sociological Theory,” American Sociological Review 13: 2 (1948).
Chapter 42
Robert K. Merton, “Manifest and Latent Functions,” pp. 114–115, 117–122, 124–126 from Social Theory and Social Structure. © 1967, 1968 The Free Press; © renewed 1985 Robert K. Merton. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Chapter 43
Robert K. Merton, “Social Structure and Anomie,” pp. 672–682 from American Sociological Review 3: 5 (1938).
Chapter 44
George C. Homans, “Social Behavior as Exchange,” pp. 598–606 from American Journal of Sociology 63: 6 (1958). © 1958 American Journal of Sociology. Reproduced with permission of The University of Chicago Press.
Chapter 45
Peter M. Blau, pp. 19–31, 91–5 from Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964. © 1964 Peter M. Blau. Reproduced with permission of Judith Blau.