Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Preface
1. PART I: HIGH‐TEMPERATURE/DEEP EARTH PROCESSES
2. PART II: LOW‐TEMPERATURE/SHALLOW EARTH PROCESSES
3. REFERENCES
About the Companion Website
Dedication Page
Part I: High‐Temperature/Deep Earth Processes
1. 1 High‐Temperature Kinetic Isotope Fractionation of Silicate Materials
  1. 1.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 1.2. DIFFUSION IN MULTI‐COMPONENT CONDENSED SYSTEMS: THEORY AND DEFINITIONS
  3. 1.3. KINETIC ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION DURING DIFFUSION BETWEEN NATURAL MELTS
  4. 1.4. ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY SORET DIFFUSION
  5. 1.5. ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY DIFFUSION IN SILICATE MINERALS
  6. 1.6. ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY EVAPORATION FROM SILICATE MELTS
  7. 1.7. SUMMARY
  8. 1.8. THOUGHTS ON FURTHER RESEARCH
  9. REFERENCES
2. 2 Ca and K Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion in Molten Silicates
  1. 2.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 2.2. METHODS
  3. 2.3. RESULTS
  4. 2.4. DISCUSSION
  5. 2.5. MODELING
  6. 2.6. CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE FUTURE APPLICATIONS
  7. APPENDIX LINEAR VERSUS EXPONENTIAL DEPENDENCE OF ACTIVITY ON SIO²
  8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  9. REFERENCES
3. 3 Calcium Isotope Constraints on Recycled Carbonates in Subduction‐Related Magmas
  1. 3.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 3.2. ANALYTICAL METHODS AND SAMPLES
  3. 3.3. RESULTS
  4. 3.4. DISCUSSION
  5. 3.5. CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
4. 4 Reassessing the Role of Continental Lithospheric Mantle in Cenozoic Magmatism, Southwestern North America
  1. 4.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 4.2. GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND & GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
  3. 4.3. METHODS/DATA
  4. 4.4. RESULTS
  5. 4.5. DISCUSSION
  6. 4.6. CONCLUSIONS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
5. 5 Rhyolite Ignimbrite Generation in the Northern Andes
  1. 5.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 5.2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND AGE OF THE CHALUPAS CALDERA
  3. 5.3. GEOCHEMICAL RESULTS
  4. 5.4. EVOLUTION OF THE CHALUPAS MAGMATIC SYSTEM
  5. 5.5. CRUSTAL STRUCTURE, MAGMA SUPPLY, AND TRANSPORT
  6. 5.6. CHALUPAS ERUPTION VOLUME AND MAGMA SUPPLY
  7. 5.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  8. APPENDIX 5A Appendix
  9. APPENDIX 5B MINERAL CHEMISTRY AND PETROGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS
  10. APPENDIX 5C MODELS FOR CRYSTAL FRACTIONATION, ASSIMILATION-FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION, AND MAGMA FLUXES
  11. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  12. REFERENCES
6. 6 Xenolith Constraints on “Self‐Assimilation” and the Origin of Low δ¹⁸O Values in Mauna Kea Basalts
  1. 6.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 6.2. SAMPLES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
  3. 6.3. RESULTS
  4. 6.4. DISCUSSION
  5. 6.5. CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
  8. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
7. 7 Monitoring Volcanic Activity Through Combined Measurements of CO₂ Efflux and (²²²Rn) and (²²⁰Rn) in Soil Gas
  1. 7.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 7.2. BACKGROUND
  3. 7.3. SAMPLING STRATEGY AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
  4. 7.4. SYNOPSIS OF THIS STUDY’S RESULTS
  5. 7.5. THE SOIL GAS DISEQUILIBRIUM INDEX (SGDI)
  6. 7.6. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FILTERED SGDI DATA AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY OF MT. ETNA
  7. 7.7. SUMMARY
  8. APPENDIX STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF SGDI DATA
  9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  10. REFERENCES
Part II: Low‐Temperature/Shallow Earth Processes
1. 8 The Carbon Isotope Record and Earth Surface Oxygenation
  1. 8.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 8.2. THE CARBON ISOTOPE BUDGET
  3. 8.3. f_org AND THE OXYGEN BUDGET
  4. 8.4. OXYGEN SINKS IN A LOW‐OXYGEN WORLD
  5. 8.5. RESOLVING THE pO₂ – f_org PARADOX
  6. 8.6. PREDICTIONS OF THE AUTHIGENIC FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS
  7. 8.7. CONCLUSIONS
  8. REFERENCES
2. 9 Detrital Garnet Geochronology
  1. 9.1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
  2. 9.2. THEORETICAL FEASIBILITY OF DETRITAL GARNET GEOCHRONOLOGY
  3. 9.3. DETAILED METHODOLOGY
  4. 9.4. CASE STUDIES
  5. 9.5. CONCLUSION
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
3. 10 A Review of the Development of Cr, Se, U, Sb, and Te Isotopes as Indicators of Redox Reactions, Contaminant Fate, and Contaminant Transport in Aqueous Systems
  1. 10.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 10.2. MASS SPECTROMETRY AND SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS
  3. 10.3. CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION
  4. 10.4. APPLICATIONS OF CR, U, AND SE ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS
  5. 10.5. REACTIVE TRANSPORT MODELS: AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE SCIENCE
  6. 10.6. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
  7. APPENDIX
  8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  9. REFERENCES
4. 11 The Effects of Reactive Transport on Sulfur Isotopic Compositions in Natural Environments
  1. 11.1. MOTIVATION
  2. 11.2. SULFUR ISOTOPE INTRODUCTION
  3. 11.3. REACTIVE TRANSPORT EFFECTS ON SULFUR ISOTOPE‐SIGNATURES
  4. 11.4. SUMMARY
  5. REFERENCES
5. 12 A Reactive Transport Framework Describing Covariation in the Isotopic Ratios of Multiple Elements in Natural Systems
  1. 12.1. MOTIVATION
  2. 12.2. A SYNTHETIC MODEL STUDY OF PAIRED ISOTOPE SIGNATURES
  3. 12.3. SUMMARY
  4. REFERENCES
6. 13 Stable Ca Isotope Fractionation in Cenozoic Marine Mammals
  1. 13.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 13.2. BACKGROUND
  3. 13.3. METHODS
  4. 13.4. RESULTS
  5. 13.5. DISCUSSION
  6. 13.6 CONCLUSIONS
  7. APPENDIX 13A MARINE MAMMAL BONE ANALYSIS
  8. APPENDIX 13B BALEEN ANALYSIS I
  9. APPENDIX 13C BALEEN ANALYSIS II
  10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  11. REFERENCES
Index
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List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Summary of the exponents β from laboratory diffusion exper...
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Major element composition of starting materials (fused glasses) m...
2. Table 2.2 Summary of isotopic results.
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Mass‐dependent calcium isotope compositions of igneous rocks and ...
2. Table 3.2 Difference between igneous rocks used to estimate δ⁴⁴Ca of BSE an...
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Whole rock trace element compositions from the Cretaceous Slidero...
2. Table 4.2 Whole rock Nd and Sr isotopic data from Sliderock Mountain Volcan...
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Major and trace element data for samples from the Chalupas calder...
2. Table 5.2 Isotopic analyses of samples from the Chalupas volcanic system.
3. Table 5.3 Major and trace element data for metamorphic basement rocks.
4. Table 5.4 Isotopic analyses of metamorphic basement rocks.
5. Table 5.5 Summary of analytical data resulting from incremental heating exp...
6. Table 5.6 Representative electron microprobe analyses of Chalupas samples....
7. Table 5.7 Major element composition of Chalupas AFT and calculated glass co...
8. Table 5.8 Inputs for finite difference‐AFC modeling.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Mineral Sr‐, Nd‐, Pb‐, and O‐isotope compositions of Mauna Kea xe...
2. Table 6.2 Average clinopyroxene major and trace element compositions
3. Table 6.3 Average mineral major element data (plagioclase, olivine, orthopy...
4. Table S6.1 Clinopyroxene Major and Trace Element Compositions
5. Table S6.2 Olivine major element compositions
6. Table S6.3 Orthopyroxene major element compositions
7. Table S6.4 Plagioclase major element compositions
8. Table S6.5 Spinel major element compositions
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1a Values of soil CO₂ efflux (g/m²/d) and soil activities of ²²²Rn a...
2. Table 7.1b Values of soil CO₂ efflux (g/m²/d) and soil activities of ²²²Rn a...
3. Table 7.1c Values of soil CO₂ efflux (g/m²/d) and soil activities of ²²²Rn a...
4. Table 7.1d Values of soil CO₂ efflux (g/m²/d) and soil activities of ²²²Rn a...
5. Table 7.2a Values of soil CO₂ efflux (g/m²/d) and soil activities of ²²²Rn a...
6. Table 7.2b Values of soil CO₂ efflux (g/m²/d) and soil activities of ²²²Rn a...
7. Table 7.3 Schematic summary of the occurrence of SGDI anomalies divided by ...
8. Table 7.4 Values of SGDI (in dimensionless units) for the sites of the ZE‐S...
9. Table 7.5 Values of SGDI (in dimensionless units) for the sites of the PAT ...
10. Table 7.6 Correlation matrix for filtered SGDI values and corresponding atm...
11. Table 7.7 Correlation matrix for filtered SGDI values and corresponding atm...
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Isotope ratios and age results from preliminary detrital garnet a...
2. Table 9.2 Isotope ratios and age results for both case studies utilizing ga...
3. Table 9.3 Isotope ratios and age results from detrital garnet dating attemp...
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Naturally occurring redox states of Cr, Se, U, Sb and Te, with e...
2. Table 10.2 Interferences encountered during Se isotope measurement by MC‐IC...
3. Table 10.3 Summary of Cr isotopic fractionation factors for Cr(VI) reductio...
4. Table 10.4 Se isotope fractionations associated with various reduction reac...
5. Table 10.5 U isotopic fractionation observed for U(VI) reduction in laborat...
6. Table 10.6 Cr isotope fractionation induced by various oxidation reactions....
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Influent solute composition and isotope ratios at pH 8.2 and 25°...
2. Table 12.2 Model scenarios.
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 All marine mammals (extant and fossil), prey organisms, standard...
2. Table 13.2 Bowhead whale baleen measurements for three different individual...
3. Table 13.3 Isotopic data for common prey items, including necessary taxonom...
4. Table 13.4 Isotopic data for non‐traditional food sources of odontocete spe...
5. Table 13.5 List of all sample codes for specimens examined in this study fr...
6. Table 13.6 Summary of all measurements of NIST1486 made during bone analysi...
7. Table 13.7 Summary of all measurements of CSW (Carolina Seawater) made duri...
8. Table 13.8 Baleen measurements for the one‐year‐old bowhead whale (2012‐B5)...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Normalized concentration of CaO, MgO, K2O, FeO, and SiO2 measured...
2. Figure 1.2 A schematic of the piston cylinder assembly used by Richter et al...
3. Figure 1.3 The panels show the concentration of major oxides measured along ...
4. Figure 1.4 Figure taken from Richter et al. (2003) showing the δ⁴⁴Ca of slab...
5. Figure 1.5 The panel on the left shows a schematic of the piston cylinder as...
6. Figure 1.6 The upper panel on the left shows the weight % MgO measured along...
7. Figure 1.7 The black squares in this figure show the temperature derived fro...
8. Figure 1.8 The panel on the left shows the steady state distribution of the ...
9. Figure 1.9 Thermal fractionation of isotopes of the listed elements in molte...
10. Figure 1.10 Diagram showing the experimental design used to diffused lithium...
11. Figure 1.11 The panel on the left uses black circles to show the lithium con...
12. Figure 1.12 Lithium concentration and isotopic fractionation normalized by t...
13. Figure 1.13 Lithium concentration data normalized by the average value in th...
14. Figure 1.14 Results of a diffusion calculation for the evolution of the lith...
15. Figure 1.15 Chemical concentration (open circles) and isotopic fractionation...
16. Figure 1.16 The panel on the left shows a false color image of a Type B CAI ...
17. Figure 1.17 The unfilled circles and squares are the isotopic fractionation ...
18. Figure 1.18 This figure compares the correlation of the silicon and magnesiu...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Alkali‐silica diagram showing the coordinates of the two starting...
2. Figure 2.2 Piston‐cylinder sample assembly used for the diffusion couple exp...
3. Figure 2.3 Major‐element diffusion profiles from two experiments lasting 2.5...
4. Figure 2.4 Isotopic profiles from two experiments lasting 2.5 hours and 6 ho...
5. Figure 2.5 The Zhang model and its parameters are based on the concept of el...
6. Figure 2.6 Model behavior showing concentration, activity, and transient equ...
7. Figure 2.7 The modified EBD model applied to the data. Top panels: SiO₂ diff...
8. Figure 2.8 β factors from this study (points with an asterisk) compared to l...
9. Figure 2.9 The 2.5 hour run modeled using a linear dependence of CaO activit...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Maps of Central America, Eastern Africa, and Europe showing locat...
2. Figure 3.2 Regional variations in trace element ratios along the Central Ame...
3. Figure 3.3 Calcium isotopic composition of Central American volcanic arc mag...
4. Figure 3.4 Ba/Th‐⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (a), ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd‐⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (b), and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb‐⁸...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Physiographic map of southwest North America. Locations of < 40 M...
2. Figure 4.2 Smoothed 2D histogram of Nd and Sr initial isotopic compositions ...
3. Figure 4.3 N‐MORB normalized trace element abundances from Sliderock Mountai...
4. Figure 4.4 Ta/Th and ε_Nd (T) vs. wt% SiO₂ for < 55 wt% SiO₂ volcanic rocks a...
5. Figure 4.5 Spatial distribution of ε_Nd(T) values for < 40 Ma basaltic volcan...
6. Figure 4.6 Initial ε_Nd vs. wt% P₂0₅/wt% K₂0 for Cenozoic basalts as 2D smoot...
7. Figure 4.7 Initial ε_Nd vs. (Zn/Fe) *1000 for mafic volcanic rocks (wt% MgO ≥...
8. Figure 4.8 Initial ε_Hf vs ε_Nd values for Cenozoic basalts and peridotite xen...
9. Figure 4.9 (a) Measured ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os vs. whole rock wt% Al₂O₃ for peridotite ...
10. Figure 4.10 ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf vs. ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf for whole rock and clinopyroxenes fr...
11. Figure 4.11 Measured ε_Nd values vs.¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd for spinel and garnet peridot...
12. Figure 4.12 Relative probability histograms (left axis) and cumulative proba...
13. Figure 4.13 ε_Nd(T) vs. whole rock Ta/Th for <40 Ma basaltic rocks. The 2D hi...
14. Figure 4.14 Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr vs. Ta/Th for basaltic rocks with wt% SiO₂ ≤ 5...
15. Figure 4.15 Initial ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (a) and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (b) vs. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb for ...
16. Figure 4.16 ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (a) and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (b) vs. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb for high Ta/...
17. Figure 4.17 Ta (ppm) vs. Th (ppm) (a) and (b) ε_Nd (T) vs Ta (ppm) for asthen...
18. Figure 4.18 Wt % P₂O₅/ wt% K₂O (P/K) vs. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (T) for Late Cretaceous S...
19. Figure 4.19 Spatial variations in Nd isotopic compositions of ≥ 20 Ma (a) an...
20. Figure 4.20 Distribution of intermediate and low Ta/Th group volcanic rocks ...
21. Figure 4.21 ε_Nd (T) (a), ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (T) (b), and Ta/Th (c) vs. eruptive age f...
22. Figure 4.22 Cartoons depicting physical settings leading to volcanism of var...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Generalized geologic map of Ecuador showing the major geologic an...
2. Figure 5.2 Geologic map of the Chalupas caldera assembled from field observa...
3. Figure 5.3 Stratigraphic column based on exposures in Naxiche Gorge showing ...
4. Figure 5.4 SiO₂ variation diagrams for the Chalupas lavas. The high‐AhO₃, hi...
5. Figure 5.5 NMORB‐normalized trace element concentrations for representative ...
6. Figure 5.6 Sr‐, Nd‐, and O‐isotope ratios of Chalupas whole rock samples plo...
7. Figure 5.7 Sr‐, Nd‐, and O‐isotope ratios of metamorphic basement samples. A...
8. Figure 5.8 Results of two‐stage finite difference‐AFC modeling of isotopic e...
9. Figure 5.9 Comparison of measured concentrations of Rb, Th, Nb, and K versus...
10. Figure 5.10 Nd isotopic data plotted versus latitude for Andean volcanic roc...
11. Figure 5.11 Variation of melt density with depth compared to crustal density...
12. Figure 5.12 Comparison of estimated magma supply rates for Chalupas, Cotopax...
13. Figure 5.13 Groundmass (a), plagioclase (b), and biotite (c) ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar incre...
14. Figure 5.14 Major element trends in Chalupas lavas and tuffs.
15. Figure 5.15 Schematic two‐stage AFC/FC model for the lavas and tuffs of the ...
16. Figure 5.16 Effects of assimilation on the relationship between SiO₂ concent...
17. Figure 5.17 Model estimates of the magma supply (Q_AFC of Fig. 5.15) needed t...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Cone locations based on maps from Fodor et al. (1997), Fodor (200...
2. Figure 6.2 Primitive mantle‐normalized REE abundances in clinopyroxene from ...
3. Figure 6.3 Comparison of ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb variations in Mauna Kea xenoliths with ...
4. Figure 6.4 Comparison of Sr‐Pb and Nd‐Pb isotope variations in Mauna Kea xen...
5. Figure 6.5 Comparison of δ¹⁸O values of clinopyroxene and olivine from the s...
6. Figure 6.6 Comparison of Sr‐ and O‐isotope compositional variations in Mauna...
7. Figure 6.7 Correlation between mineral Mg# and δ¹⁸O values in Mauna Kea xeno...
8. Figure 6.8 MgO‐CaO trends in Mauna Kea glasses and wholerocks suggest olivin...
9. Figure 6.9 Distribution of forsterite content in olivine phenocrysts from sh...
10. Figure 6.10 Comparison of observed major element correlations in Mauna Kea b...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Simplified volcano‐tectonic map of Mt. Etna volcanowith the l...
2. Figure 7.2 Correlation between the (²²⁰Rn/²²²Rn) and CO₂ efflux in the sampl...
3. Figure 7.3 Location of sites for the measurement of soil CO₂ efflux, soil ra...
4. Figure 7.4 Correlations between (²²²Rn) “activity” and CO₂ efflux in the sam...
5. Figure 7.5 Correlations between (²²⁰Rn) “activity” and CO₂ efflux in the sam...
6. Figure 7.6 Correlation plot between the log values of (²²⁰Rn/²²²Rn) and the ...
7. Figure 7.7 Schematic of closed system ingrowth model of (²²⁰Rn) and (²²²Rn) ...
8. Figure 7.8 Temporal patterns of the average SGDI values calculated for each ...
9. Figure 7.9 Temporal patterns of the average SGDI values calculated for each ...
10. Figure 7.10 – Left plots: Temporal variation of interpolated SGDI values, be...
11. Figure 7.11 Temporal variation of interpolated SGDI values, before and after...
12. Figure 7.12 Simulations of the possible temporal patterns of SGDI values (ye...
13. Figure 7.13 Dendrograms showing the results of cluster analysis on the SGDI ...
14. Figure 7.14 Spectrograms of frequencies for the SGDI time series in each of ...
15. Figure 7.15 Spectrograms of frequencies for the SGDI time series in each of ...
16. Figure 7.16 Normal probability plots for the SGDI data of the four clusters ...
17. Figure 7.17 Normal probability plots for the SGDI data of the three clusters...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Variations in f_org and atmospheric pO₂ over Earth history as infe...
2. Figure 8.2 Carbon cycle parameters consistent with a steady state seawater δ
3. Figure 8.3 Variation in the δ¹³C of seawater and primary marine carbonates (...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Comparison of Detrital Mineral Geochronometers. Garnet provides g...
2. Figure 9.2 Predicted Age Precision as a Function of Starting Grain Diameter....
3. Figure 9.3 Nd Sample‐to‐Blank Ratio vs. Grain Diameter. These predictions of...
4. Figure 9.4 Conceptual workflow showing the major methodological steps for de...
5. Figure 9.5 Ternary diagrams showing garnet chemistry as measured using a tab...
6. Figure 9.6 Hampton Beach (NH) Detrital Garnet Isochrons. Two‐point isochrons...
7. Figure 9.7 Townshend Dam (VT) Garnet Isochrons. (a) shows two‐point isochron...
8. Figure 9.8 Predicted vs. Actual Age Precision on Single Detrital Grains. Rea...
9. Figure 9.9 Scottish Southern Uplands Terrane Detrital Garnet Isochrons. Two ...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 δ⁵³Cr of aqueous Cr(VI) in a Cr‐contaminated shallow aquifer tha...
2. Figure 10.2 δ⁵³Cr of aqueous Cr(VI) in the Snake River Plain aquiferδ⁵³C...
3. Figure 10.3 Concentration (circles) and δ²³⁸U (squares) of aqueous U(VI) in ...
4. Figure 10.4 δ²³⁸U vs inverse of dissolved U concentration during an oxidatio...
5. Figure 10.5 Se(VI) concentration and isotopic composition in a simple model ...
6. Figure 10.6 Rayleigh models for the δ²³⁸U data shown in Fig. 10.3, for aceta...
7. Figure 10.7 Aqueous Cr(VI) concentrations and δ⁵³Cr reported by Berna et al....
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Schematic of the two prevalent sulfur species, oxidized sulfate ...
2. Figure 11.2 (a) an example of classic Rayleigh distillation between reactant...
3. Figure 11.3 (a) Sulfur isotope fractionation factor between reactant sulfate...
4. Figure 11.4 A compilation of four experimental datasets of pure cultures gro...
5. Figure 11.5 Four sets of 30 cm push cores from a salt marsh in the North Nor...
6. Figure 11.6 (a) Measured sulfate (open circles) and sulfide (filled diamonds...
7. Figure 11.7 Dissolved sulfate (blue) and associated δ³⁴S (red) as a function...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 The base case simulation of sulfate reduction across a one‐dimen...
2. Figure 12.2 The reactive transport model implemented in Section 12.2.1 now a...
3. Figure 12.3 Relationships between reaction progress (f) and isotope ratio fo...
4. Figure 12.4 The reactive transport model implemented in Section 12.2.1 now a...
5. Figure 12.5 The reactive transport model implemented in Section 12.2.1 now a...
6. Figure 12.6 Relationships between reaction progress (f) and isotope ratio fo...
7. Figure 12.7 Summary of cross‐plot behavior for sulfur and calcium isotopic c...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Conceptual diagram detailing the paradigm of Ca isotope variatio...
2. Figure 13.2 (a) Mass fractionation plot for marine mammal bone samples, seaw...
3. Figure 13.3 δ^44/42Ca values for all marine mammals included in this study, s...
4. Figure 13.4 δ^44/42Ca values for all extant odontocetes measured in this stud...
5. Figure 13.5 δ^44/42Ca values for all bowhead whale baleen samples and bowhead...
6. Figure 13.6 Elution curve for Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, and Sr acquired on a Perkin...
7. Figure 13.7 All measured baleen δ^44/42Ca values for the one‐year‐old bowhead...

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239 Lithospheric Discontinuities Huaiyu Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz (Eds.)

240 Chemostratigraphy Across Major Chronological Eras Alcides N.Sial, Claudio Gaucher, Muthuvairavasamy Ramkumar, and Valderez Pinto Ferreira (Eds.)

241 Mathematical Geoenergy: Discovery, Depletion, and Renewal Paul Pukite, Dennis Coyne, and Daniel Challou (Eds.)

242 Ore Deposits: Origin, Exploration, and Exploitation Sophie Decree and Laurence Robb (Eds.)

243 Kuroshio Current: Physical, Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Dynamics Takeyoshi Nagai, Hiroaki Saito, Koji Suzuki, and Motomitsu Takahashi (Eds.)

244 Geomagnetically Induced Currents from the Sun to the Power Grid Jennifer L. Gannon, Andrei Swidinsky, and Zhonghua Xu (Eds.)

245 Shale: Subsurface Science and Engineering Thomas Dewers, Jason Heath, and Marcelo Sánchez (Eds.)

246 Submarine Landslides: Subaqueous Mass Transport Deposits From Outcrops to Seismic Profiles Kei Ogata, Andrea Festa, and Gian Andrea Pini (Eds.)

247 Iceland: Tectonics, Volcanics, and Glacial Features Tamie J. Jovanelly248Dayside Magnetosphere Interactions Qiugang Zong, Philippe Escoubet, David Sibeck, Guan Le, and Hui Zhang (Eds.)

249 Carbon in Earth’s Interior Craig E. Manning, Jung‐Fu Lin, and Wendy L. Mao (Eds.)

250 Nitrogen Overload: Environmental Degradation, Ramifications, and Economic Costs Brian G. Katz251Biogeochemical Cycles: Ecological Drivers and Environmental Impact Katerina Dontsova, Zsuzsanna Balogh‐Brunstad, and Gaël Le Roux (Eds.)

252 Seismoelectric Exploration: Theory, Experiments, and Applications Niels Grobbe, André Revil, Zhenya Zhu, and Evert Slob (Eds.)

253 El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate Michael J. McPhaden, Agus Santoso, and Wenju Cai (Eds.)

254 Dynamic Magma Evolution Francesco Vetere (Ed.)

255 Large Igneous Provinces: A Driver of Global Environmental and Biotic Changes Richard. E. Ernst, Alexander J. Dickson, and Andrey Bekker (Eds.)

256 Coastal Ecosystems in Transition: A Comparative Analysis of the Northern Adriatic and Chesapeake Bay Thomas C. Malone, Alenka Malej, and Jadran Faganeli (Eds.)

257 Hydrogeology, Chemical Weathering, and Soil Formation Allen Hunt, Markus Egli, and Boris Faybishenko (Eds.)

258 Solar Physics and Solar Wind Nour E. Raouafi and Angelos Vourlidas (Eds.)

259 Magnetospheres in the Solar System Romain Maggiolo, Nicolas André, Hiroshi Hasegawa, and Daniel T. Welling (Eds.)

260 Ionosphere Dynamics and Applications Chaosong Huang and Gang Lu (Eds.)

261 Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics Wenbin Wang and Yongliang Zhang (Eds.)

262 Space Weather Effects and Applications Anthea J. Coster, Philip J. Erickson, and Louis J. Lanzerotti (Eds.)

263 Mantle Convection and Surface Expressions Hauke Marquardt, Maxim Ballmer, Sanne Cottaar, and Jasper Konter (Eds.)

264 Crustal Magmatic System Evolution: Anatomy, Architecture, and Physico‐Chemical Processes Matteo Masotta, Christoph Beier, and Silvio Mollo (Eds.)

265 Global Drought and Flood: Observation, Modeling, and Prediction Huan Wu, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Qiuhong Tang, and Philip J. Ward (Eds.)

266 Magma Redox Geochemistry Roberto Moretti and Daniel R. Neuville (Eds.)

267 Wetland Carbon and Environmental Management Ken W. Krauss, Zhiliang Zhu, and Camille L. Stagg (Eds.)

268 Distributed Acoustic Sensing in Geophysics: Methods and Applications Yingping Li, Martin Karrenbach, and Jonathan B. Ajo‐Franklin (Eds.)

269 Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry: A Foundation for the Future (English version) Raphael M. Tshimanga, Guy D. Moukandi N’kaya, and Douglas Alsdorf (Eds.)

269 Hydrologie, climat et biogéochimie du bassin du Congo : une base pour l’avenir (version française) Raphael M. Tshimanga, Guy D. Moukandi N’kaya, et Douglas Alsdorf (Éditeurs)

270 Muography: Exploring Earth’s Subsurface with Elementary Particles László Oláh, Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka, and Dezso˝ Varga (Eds.)

271 Remote Sensing of Water‐Related Hazards Ke Zhang, Yang Hong, and Amir AghaKouchak (Eds.)

272 Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage Lianjie Huang (Ed.)

273 Isotopic Constraints on Earth System Processes Kenneth W. W. Sims, Kate Maher, and Daniel P. Schrag (Eds.)

This edition first published 2022
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Sims, Kenneth W. W., editor. | Maher, Katharine, editor. | Schrag, Daniel P. (Daniel Paul), editor.
Title: Isotopic constraints on earth system processes / Kenneth W. W. Sims, Kate Maher, Daniel P. Schrag, editors.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, [2022] | Series: Geophysical monograph series
Identifiers: LCCN 2021052516 (print) | LCCN 2021052517 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119594970 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119594987 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119594963 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Isotope geology. | Geochemistry.
Classification: LCC QE501.4.N9 I893 2022 (print) | LCC QE501.4.N9 (ebook) | DDC 551.9–dc23/eng/20211208
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052516
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052517

Cover Image: © NASA
Cover Design: Wiley

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Danny W. Anderson
Department of Geological Sciences
Jackson School of Geosciences
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas, USA
and
Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island, USA

Jaime D. Barnes
Department of Geological Sciences
Jackson School of Geosciences
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas, USA

Anirban Basu
Department of Earth Sciences
Royal Holloway, University of London
Egham, UK

Ethan F. Baxter
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Boston College
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA

Bernardo Beate
Department of Mineral Resources
National Polytechnic School
Quito, Ecuador

John N. Christensen
Earth and Environmental Science Area Energy Geosciences Division
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Berkeley, California, USA

Mark T. Clementz
Wyoming High Precision Isotope Laboratory
Department of Geology and Geophysics
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming, USA

Alan L. Deino
Berkeley Geochronology Center
Berkeley, California, USA

Donald J. DePaolo
Earth and Environmental Science Area Energy Geosciences Division
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Berkeley, California, USA
and
Department of Earth and Planetary Science
University of California
Berkeley, California, USA

Jennifer L. Druhan
Department of Geology
University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign
Urbana, Illinois, USA

G. Lang Farmer
Department of Geological Sciences, and Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
University of Colorado Boulder
Boulder, Colorado, USA

Salvatore Giammanco
National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology
Etna Observatory
Catania, Italy

Lisa Hammersley
Department of Geology
California State University, Sacramento
California, USA

Noah E. Jemison
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Thomas M. Johnson
Department of Geology
University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign
Urbana, Illinois, USA

Michelle K. Jordan
Earth and Environment Department
Boston University
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
and
Earth and Planets Laboratory
Carnegie Institution for Science
Washington, DC, USA

Thomas A. Laakso
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

John C. Lassiter
Department of Geological Sciences
Jackson School of Geosciences
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas, USA

Kate Maher
School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences
Stanford University
Stanford, California, USA

Kathryn A. Maneiro
Department of Earth and Environmental Science
Wheaton College
Wheaton, Illinois, USA
and
Earth and Environment Department
Boston University
Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Edward W. Marshall
Department of Geological Sciences
Jackson School of Geosciences
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas, USA
and
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences
University of Iceland
Reykjavik, Iceland

Cole M. Messa
Wyoming High Precision Isotope Laboratory
Department of Geology and Geophysics
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming, USA

Frank M. Richter
Department of the Geophysical Sciences
The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois, USA

Frederick J. Ryerson
Atmospheric, Earth and Energy Division
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Livermore, California, USA

Kathrin Schilling
Department of Environmental Health Sciences
Mailman School of Public Health
Columbia University
New York, USA

Daniel P. Schrag
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Sean R. Scott
Wyoming High Precision Isotope Laboratory
Department of Geology and Geophysics
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming, USA
and
Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene
University of Wisconsin‐Madison
Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Justin I. Simon
Center for Isotope Cosmochemistry and Geochronology
Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division
NASA Johnson Space Center
Houston, Texas, USA

Kenneth W. W. Sims
Wyoming High Precision Isotope Laboratory
Department of Geology and Geophysics
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming, USA

Alexandra V. Turchyn
Department of Earth Sciences
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, UK

Daniel Villanueva‐Lascurain
Department of Geological Sciences
Jackson School of Geosciences
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas, USA

Xiangli Wang
Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment
Institute of Geology and Geophysics
Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China

Naomi L. Wasserman
Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division
Physical and Life Sciences Directorate
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Livermore, California, USA

James M. Watkins
Department of Earth Sciences
University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon, USA